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Earthquakes and Faults

Earthquakes are caused by shifts in the Earth's crust along faults. Seismologists study earthquakes using instruments like seismographs, which record seismic waves that radiate from the focus of an earthquake. There are different types of faults like normal, reverse, and strike-slip faults which cause blocks of earth to move in various directions. The Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) monitors earthquake activity and provides information to help prepare for and respond to earthquakes.

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111 views1 page

Earthquakes and Faults

Earthquakes are caused by shifts in the Earth's crust along faults. Seismologists study earthquakes using instruments like seismographs, which record seismic waves that radiate from the focus of an earthquake. There are different types of faults like normal, reverse, and strike-slip faults which cause blocks of earth to move in various directions. The Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) monitors earthquake activity and provides information to help prepare for and respond to earthquakes.

Uploaded by

rhon
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Earthquakes & Faults

Earthquake – a shaking or trembling of the Earth that Fold – a bend produced in rock by forces operative after
is volcanic or tectonic (changes in the structure of the the consolidation of rocks
Earth’s surface) in origin; travels in the form of seismic Anticline – up way fold
waves Syncline – down way fold

Tremor – felt or unfelt movements of Earth’s crust

Geologists – study the Earth’s history & life as recorded


in rocks

Seismologists – experts in the study of earthquakes

PHIVOLCS (Phil. Institute of Volcanology & Seismology)


– LGU that is responsible for giving us information on
what to do before, during & after an earthquake Seismic waves – vibrations caused by an earthquake;
travel in all directions from the focus
Fault – is a break/crack in the Earth’s crust along Seismograph – instrument for detecting & measuring
which significant movement has taken place an earthquake
Types: Seismogram – is the printed record from a
1. Normal (Dip-slip) – caused by tension; block above seismograph
an inclined fault moves down Magnitude – measures the amount & duration
movements of energy released by an earthquake
Intensity – measures the amount of damage caused at
a certain location caused by an earthquake

Forms of Seismic Wave:


A. Body waves – faster waves that travel through
Earth’s interior
Graben – multiple normal faults 1. Primary/P-waves – are the first to arrive at a
seismograph station
2. Secondary/S waves – arrive at recording station
after P waves but before surface waves
B. Surface waves – Slower waves that travel along
Earth’s surface; responsible for much of earthquake
damage
1. Rayleigh waves – result in vertical movement of
2. Reverse/thrust (Dip-slip) – caused by compression; surface
block above an inclined fault moves up 2. Love waves – produce a side-to-side movement

Horst – multiple reverse fault

Focus – the point under the Earth’s surface where the


initial slipping or sliding of rocks takes place
3. Strike-slip – blocks on either side of fault move Epicenter – place on the surface of the Earth just above
horizontally, left or right the focus

Active fault – has generated earthquakes before &


capable of causing more in the future

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