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Degree of Reaction

This document discusses the degree of reaction in impulse turbines. It explains that the nozzle outlet angle affects the impulse turbine work output, with a larger angle providing more power output. However, very large angles create very high absolute and relative velocities, resulting in high losses. Losses are minimized for nozzle angles around 30 degrees. A large angle also produces swirl in the exhaust, which is undesirable as it reduces efficiency and creates unwanted torque on an aircraft. The document provides an equation that relates power output, rotor speed, peak temperature, and mean blade speed for a single-stage impulse turbine with axial exhaust velocity. A multi-stage turbine may be needed if the blade speed is too high or diameter too large for a single stage.

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Prashant Raj
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64 views

Degree of Reaction

This document discusses the degree of reaction in impulse turbines. It explains that the nozzle outlet angle affects the impulse turbine work output, with a larger angle providing more power output. However, very large angles create very high absolute and relative velocities, resulting in high losses. Losses are minimized for nozzle angles around 30 degrees. A large angle also produces swirl in the exhaust, which is undesirable as it reduces efficiency and creates unwanted torque on an aircraft. The document provides an equation that relates power output, rotor speed, peak temperature, and mean blade speed for a single-stage impulse turbine with axial exhaust velocity. A multi-stage turbine may be needed if the blade speed is too high or diameter too large for a single stage.

Uploaded by

Prashant Raj
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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9/15/2018 Fluid Machinery

Lecture 14

Degree of reaction

From the velocity diagram, we can see that

i.e.

Then,

(14.2)

The Eq (14.2) illustrates the effect of the nozzle outlet angle on the impulse turbine work output.

It is evident, then, that for large power output the nozzle angle should be as large as possible. Two difficulties are
associated with very large . For reasonable axial velocities (i.e., reasonable flow per unit frontal area), it is evident
that large creates very large absolute and relative velocities throughout the stage. High losses are associated with

such velocities, especially if the relative velocity is supersonic. In practice, losses seem to be minimized for

values of around . In addition, one can see that for large the absolute exhaust
velocity will have a swirl in the direction opposite to U. While we have not introduced the definition of turbine efficiency
as yet, it is clear that, in a turbojet engine where large axial exhaust velocity is desired, the kinetic energy associated
with the tangential motion of the exhaust gases is essentially a loss. Furthermore, application of the angular
momentum equation over the entire engine indicates that exhaust swirl is associate with an (undesirable) net torque
acting on the aircraft. Thus the desire is for axial or near-axial absolute exhaust velocity (at least for the last stage if a
multistage turbine is used). For the special case of constant and axial exhaust velocity and

, the Eq.14.2 becomes,

For a given power and rotor speed, and for a given peak temperature, Eq. (14.2) is sufficient to determine
approximately the mean blade speed (and hence radius) of a single-stage impulse turbine having axial outlet velocity.
If , as is usually the case, the blade speed is too high (for stress limitations), or if the mean diameter is too large
relative to the other engine components, it is necessary to employ a multistage turbine in which each stage does part
of the work.

https://nptel.ac.in/courses/112104117/chapter_5/4_21.html 1/1

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