NOVATEUR PUBLICATIONS

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIONS IN ENGINEERING RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY [IJIERT]

ISSN: 2394-3696
VOLUME 1, ISSUE 2 DEC-2014

Control of grid connected inverter system for sinusoidal current injection with
improved performance
Simeen. S. Mujawar.
Electrical engineering Department, Pune University /PVG’s COET, Pune, India.
[email protected]
Prof. Mrs. G. M. Karve
Department of Electrical Engineering, Pune University /PVG’s COET, Pune, India.
[email protected]

Abstract
The control strategy for the grid connected inverter (GCI) during abnormal conditions like voltage sag, swell
and line to ground fault has been presented. The strategy adopted here operates even during faulty conditions,
unlike the conventional controller which fails to operate during faulty conditions. The Multi-Reference Frame
(MRF) PI Controller is used for this purpose. In order to study the Dynamic Performance of the system, it is
simulated in Matlab Simulink environment. The overall system is simulated for normal condition that is
without the presence of fault, and with the presence of fault. The performance is also studied during abnormal
conditions of the grid and its results are analyzed. The simulation results exhibit improved performance of the
system during normal as well as abnormal conditions.

Introduction
The There has been a substantial increase of interest in distributed generation (DG),that is, generation of power
dispersed throughout the power system. There are a number of power quality issues that must be addressed as a
part of the overall inter-connection evaluation for DG. The advent of power electronic devices has put forth a
new era for the maintenance of power quality as they efficiently interface renew-able energy system to the
grid. However, the asynchronous interface provided by the power electronic converter raises issues regarding
power quality [1]. The power conversion unit basically consists of the source side and the grid side converters.
The grid connected inverter control has taken the centre stage whenever we consider the improvement of
Distributed Generation Systems (DGS). The inverter control consists of balancing the power between the input
side converter and the grid, providing high output power quality and maintaining synchronization with the grid
[2]. Based on recent studies, power quality is an important issue to meet the rising demand for energy. Voltage
sag, voltage swell and other faults are the most frequent disturbances. This leads to the discontinuity of supply
and the economic loss. Presence of low-order harmonics, voltage swell, voltage sag and line to ground fault
represent the most common grid disturbances. A number of control strategies to mitigate the problems have
been proposed and are extensively studied in the available literature [5, 8, and 9]. The main functions of the
controllers are to maintain the power quality and to control the active and the reactive power of the grid
independently. Various control strategies have been proposed and are extensively studied in the available
literature [3]-[5]. Proper power flow regulation using vector control principle has also been proposed in [6].
Dual Vector Current control which was first proposed in [7] uses two VCC’s for positive and negative
sequence components along with DC link voltage control. Synchronous PI current control has also been
proposed in [8] which convert the three phase grid voltages to synchronously rotating (d-q) frame for proper
decoupling. The grid currents become DC variables and thus no steady state-state error adjustment is required.
This paper presents the design of a current controller in order to ameliorate the power quality in the grid. This
technique intends to overcome the hitches faced by the conventional controller working under unbalanced
conditions of the grid. The control strategy adopted here counterbalances the distortions in grid voltage by
injecting sinusoidal current to the grid through a MRF PI controller strategy .Comprehensive study of the
multiple-reference frame (MRF) PI controller design is discussed [10]. The MRF PI controller doesn't need dq
current signal high pass and low pass filtering and yet it injects nearly sinusoidal current to the grid in order to
counteract with the distortions provides a reliable method for power quality improvement. The organization of
the paper is as follows. Section II depicts the mathematical modelling of the Grid Connected Inverter (GCI)

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 NOVATEUR PUBLICATIONS
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIONS IN ENGINEERING RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY [IJIERT]
ISSN: 2394-3696
VOLUME 1, ISSUE 2 DEC-2014

System. Section III explains the control algorithm of the Grid Connected Inverter (GCI) along with detailed
mathematical analysis. Section IV describes simulation results and controller performance. Section V
concludes the paper followed by the references.

Mathematical modelling of grid connected inverter system

The schematic diagram of three phase grid-connected PWM inverter is shown in Fig. 1, which consists of dc
link capacitor, IGBT switches and filter circuit in the grid side.

Fig. 1 Schematic diagram of Grid connected PWM Inverter

Assume that the three phase loop resistance Rand L are of the same value, affection of distribution parameters
are negligible and switching loss and on state voltage drop is negligible. Based on the topology, the dynamic
equation of the output side of the grid connected inverter can be deduced as follows:

(1)

We can write the dynamic equation for the input side of the grid connected inverter as:

The line voltages and the phase currents can be transformed into synchronous reference frame (dq co-
ordinates) by the use of the transformation matrix

is the transformation matrix and is the rotating angle of transformation.

Now we can transform the dynamic equation directly into synchronous reference frame (dq co-ordinates)

By assuming that the three phase voltage source is balanced without the zero sequence components we can
write

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 NOVATEUR PUBLICATIONS
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIONS IN ENGINEERING RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY [IJIERT]
ISSN: 2394-3696
VOLUME 1, ISSUE 2 DEC-2014

The s-domain representation can be shown as follows:

1
7
1
8

For the input side of the converter

9
1

!" 10

$ %& 11

3
$ ) % *)" %" * ! 12
2
3
$ 13
2
3
& "+ ) % *)" %" * 14
2
3
& 15
2

Control for Grid Connected Inverter

1) Current Controller
Conventional current controllers use only cross coupling and feed forward terms. It has been seen that even
with certain modifications in the PLL structure, there is little improvement in the power quality, the main
culprit being the lower order harmonics. It is seen that the distribution grid voltage is considerably distorted
due to the presence of nonlinear loads. This leads to the presence of significant lower order harmonic content
especially of 5th, 7th, 11th and 13th order.

-. / cos 3 4 cos 53 5 cos 73

28 28 28
6. / cos 73 9 4 cos 753 9 5 cos 773 9
3 3 3

28 28 28
:. / cos 73 9 4 cos 753 9 5 cos 773 9
3 3 3

Transforming these into synchronously rotating reference frame we get

/ 4 5 cos 63 // /; cos 123 <

4 5 sin 63 // /; sin 123 <

In addition to these, there are other higher order harmonics present. However, we do not take them into
consideration due to their low magnitudes in the system. Here it is seen that the d-q grid voltage components
have basically frequency components which are multiples of six of the frequency of the grid.

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 NOVATEUR PUBLICATIONS
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIONS IN ENGINEERING RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY [IJIERT]
ISSN: 2394-3696
VOLUME 1, ISSUE 2 DEC-2014

During unbalance conditions such as voltage sags, presence of harmonics and fault conditions the conventional
controller fails to provide the required sinusoidal grid current and voltage which degrades the power quality of
the system.

Fig. 2 MRF PI Current Controller structure

In order to mitigate lower order harmonics in the grid current, we require a modified current controller to
ensure proper operation of the grid under distorted conditions. The use of multiple reference frame (MRF) PI
controller is used here as shown in Fig. 2. The MRF PI controller doesn’t extract harmonics from the current
by the application of high-pass and low pass filter but injects a component antagonistic to the harmonics
present in the same
2) Filter design
It is seen that the converter current is mostly plagued by the lower order harmonics, the major ones being the
lower order harmonics. Appropriate L filters are designed in order to filter out the harmonic components from
the current and thus making them sinusoidal. The design of the L filters can be done according to the formula

Where
Irated is the rated utility current,
∆ripple is maximum ripple magnitude percentage (5 % - 25 %),
Vdc is the DC link voltage,
L is the total filter inductance,
Fsw is the switching frequency (in Hz) and ma is the modulation index.
3) Power control
We use the feedback from the grid in order to generate the current reference. The advantage of dynamic VAR
systems is that they detect and instantaneously compensate for voltage disturbances by injecting leading or
lagging reactive power at crucial junctures to the power transmission grids. Through the dynamic VAR control
system, reactive power is supplied in the grid with fast dynamics. Thus it helps in regulating the system voltage
and stabilizing the grid
It can be seen that the d-component and the q-component are highly coupled which leads to the degradation of
the dynamic performance. The vector controller decouples these terms and thus providing the ability to control
each current component independently.

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIONS IN ENGINEERING RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY [IJIERT]
ISSN: 2394-3696
VOLUME 1, ISSUE 2 DEC
DEC-2014

Fig. 3 Schematic diagram for the Grid Connected Inverter with its control

The elementary principle of the vector oriented control method is to control the instantaneous active and
reactive grid power which can be done by controlling the grid currents, by separate controllers independent of
each other. Two current controllers are employed namely d-current
d controller and q-current
current cont
controller. The
grid voltages and currents are first sensed and with the help of Synchronous Reference Frame (SRF) Phase
Locked Loop, the grid phase angle is detected in order to synchronize the GCI output with grid. The demanded
amount of current and voltage are then estimated from the grid at the desired power factor and the reference
currents in a synchronous frame are calculated.
Consequently, the current controllers try to reduce the error and make the load currents follow the reference
current vector. Thus we try to control the current and therefore controlling the inherent power flow. So by this
process, the active and reactive powers are meticulously controlled. The converter DC voltage is determined
by:

The DC voltage can be regulated using PI controller by choosing the current reference

Where Vdcref is the reference DC link voltage, Kp and Ki are the constant gains of the PI controller.
The reference currents can be given by:

Where,

Now,

where v (t) dref and v (t) qref are the d and q voltage references.
Ud and Uq are the effective voltage references.

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 NOVATEUR PUBLICATIONS
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIONS IN ENGINEERING RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY [IJIERT]
ISSN: 2394-3696
VOLUME 1, ISSUE 2 DEC-2014

? @A BCD @E FG BCD H 29

? @A BCD @E FG BCD H 30
Where Kp and Ki are the constant gains of the PI controller.
Simulation and Results
To validate the MRF PI current controller for Grid Connected Inverter (GCI), extensive computer simulations
were performed using MATLAB. Under distorted and undistorted conditions, the detailed switching model of
the space vector modulated (SVPWM) grid connected inverter has been developed.
The values of the gains Kp and Ki are calculated according to the formulae [10]:

KLM
@A I.
:

IKLM
N
@E
2 :

Where,
L/ R are grid time constant;
L is the coupling inductance between the GCI and the grid,
R is the coupling resistance
Vdc is the dc-link voltage in p.u.
fsw is the switching frequency.

The values of the gains Kp and Ki of the MRF PI controller are calculated according to the formulae [12]

4I
@A
3OPQ :

@E @A /IE

The system parameters used in the simulations are given in the Table-1

Table 1: Parameters used in simulation.

Parameter Label Value
Coupling
inductance L 7.52[mH]
Coupling
resistance R 0.26[Ω]
Grid voltage V 240[V]
DC link voltage Vdc 580[V]
Switching
frequency fsw 5000[Hz]
Base voltage Vb 964[V]
Base current Ib 7.84[A]

a. Current control strategy

In order to authenticate the MRF PI controller we take three different conditions of the grid. The first case
investigates the operation under voltage sag conditions and the second case for voltage swell conditions. Next

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the grid voltages and currents under line to ground fault conditions were analysed and finally we observe the
GCI operation under injection of non-sinusoidal grid voltages. The MRF PI current controller is basically
focused on the mitigation of harmonics in the converter phase currents. However, it also shows considerable
improvement in other unbalanced conditions. The comparative study regarding the presence of harmonics is
analysed in detail here.
1) Voltage sag
The voltage sag conditions are employed with the help of a three phase programmable AC source in Simulink
environment as shown in Fig. 4. The frequency was maintained at 50 Hz. Voltage amplitude was maintained at
0.2468 p.u. The sag is forced at 0.03 sec and maintained up to0.05 sec. Fig 5. The reference d-current is taken
as a step input and the reference q current was maintained at zero. SRF PLL is used for the detection of phase
such that the d component of the grid voltage is maintained at phase voltage and the q component is
maintained at zero.

Figure 4: Converter current to grid during voltage sag condition

Figure 5: Id /Iq current component converter response during voltage sag Condition

Figure 6: Harmonic spectrum of grid current with MRF PI controller for voltage sag
2) Voltage swell condition
Converter current to grid during voltage swell condition with the use of MRF PI
is shown in Fig. 7 while Id and Iq components of the current is shown in Fig. 8. In Fig. 9. it is shown that there
is substantial decrease in THD % as it is upto 2.73%. Thus it can be noticed that use of MRF PI controller
reduces total harmonic distortion during voltage swell as well.

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIONS IN ENGINEERING RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY [IJIERT]
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VOLUME 1, ISSUE 2 DEC-2014

Figure 7: Converter current to grid during voltage swell condition

Figure 8: Id / Iq current component converter response during voltage swell condition

Figure 9: Harmonic spectrum of grid current under presence of MRF PI controller for voltage swell condition
3) Line-to-ground (LG) fault
The line-to-ground fault was created with the help of a three phase programmable AC source same as shown in
Fig. 10. Converter current to grid during LG fault condition with the use of MRF PI is shown in Fig. 10 while
Id and Iq components of the current is shown in Fig. 11.

Figure 10: Converter current to grid during LG fault condition in phase A

In Fig. 12 it is shown that there is substantial decrease in THD % as it is upto 2.61%. Thus it can be noticed
that use of MRF PI controller reduces total harmonic distortion during LG fault. Similarly results were
observed for fault conditions in phase B and phase C.

Figure 11: Id / Iq current component converter response during LG fault condition in phase A

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIONS IN ENGINEERING RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY [IJIERT]
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VOLUME 1, ISSUE 2 DEC-2014

Figure 12: Harmonic spectrum of grid current during LG fault condition in phase A

4) Without L Filter
The behaviour of the converter without the presence of filter is observed for converter current and its Id/Iq
components in Fig. 13 and Fig. 14. Here we consider the presence of MRF PI Controller which considerable
improves the THD%.

Figure 13: Converter current response to the grid without filter.

Figure 14: Id / Iq current component without Filter

Figure 15: Harmonic spectrum of grid current under MRF PI without filter.

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIONS IN ENGINEERING RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY [IJIERT]
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VOLUME 1, ISSUE 2 DEC-2014

Conclusion
An improved current harmonics compensation capability through the use of Multi Reference Frame PI
controller has been achieved in this paper. The performance of the system without filter is also studied. Also
the Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) % for different conditions of the grid was observed. With the use of
MRF PI Controller a reduction was seen in THD. Comparative studies have shown that the MRF PI controller
provides better performance in terms of improvement of grid dynamics as compared to the conventional
controller.

References
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[3] M. Prodanovic, T.C. Green, , "Control and filter design of three-phase inverters for high power quality grid
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[7] Hong-Seok Song; Kwanghee Nam; , "Dual current control scheme for PWM converter under unbalanced
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