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Session – 1
Training on of 4-Stroke diesel Engine
Muhammad Saiful Islam
Mobile Number: 01914624643

Muhammad Saiful Islam

B.Sc in EEE & ME
Manager Service
Rahimafrooz energy Service Ltd

Subject: Basic diesel engine training for service sales person

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Session Objectives
At the end of this session, the learner will be able to:

Define engine.
Classify Engine
Differentiate between Diesel engine and Petrol engine.
Describe the Working principle of diesel engine.
List out Applications of four stroke diesel engine.

Teaching Learning Material

Black Board and Chalk

PPT
Animation
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Session Plan
Time Learning Aid Skill and
Faculty Typical Student
(in min) Content and Competency
Approach Activity
Methodology Developed

Remembering/
Question and
5 Recap : Engine Facilitates Participates Knowledge
Answer
Intrapersonal

Remembering/

Knowledge
I.C Engine
5 PPT Explains Listens Understanding/
Classification
Comprehension

Remembering/

Knowledge
I.C Engine
15 Components & PPT Explains Listens Understanding/
their functions
Comprehension

Remembering/

Knowledge
Working Principle of
15 PPT/Animation Explains Listens Understanding/
CI engine
Comprehension

Remembering/

Knowledge

Understanding/
5 Applications Quiz Facilitates Participates
Comprehension

Interpersonal

Comparisons between Knowledge/

Choose and compression
5 Petrol and Diesel Facilitates Participates
Defend
Engine Interpersonal
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Session Inputs

Recap: Engine

The learners are already familiar with diesel engines. The same can be
recapped through a question and answer round before introducing the
new topic.

Suggested Activity: Question & Answer

The following questions can serve as sample questions for the activity:

1. What is engine?
2. How engines are classified?
3. What is IC & EC engine?

What is an engine?

• Heat engines are mechanical device converting heat into useful

mechanical work

• Heat is generally generated by chemical reaction, typically from

combustion of all sorts of fuels.

• The original concept is called fire piston, which uses the high
temperature due to a rapid compression of gas to kindle a fire.

How an engine is classified?

• Internal Combustion Engines.

- Combustion takes place inside the cylinder.

• External Combustion Engines.

- Combustion takes place outside the cylinder.
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While explaining the IC and EC engines we can show the following

pictures.

IC Engine classification

The students should know the classification of IC engines as a part of

curriculum; we have to classify the Internal combustion engines by
showing the following pictures.

1. Based on Basic engine design

2. Working cycle (SI & CI engine)

3. Based on Application.
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1. Based on Basic engine design

2. Working cycle (SI & CI engine)

• 2-stroke: 1 power stroke per 1 crankshaft rev

• 4-stroke: 1 power stroke per 2 crankshaft rev

Components of I.C Engine

Before explaining the working principle of 4S diesel engine we have to

explain the components and their functions so that the students can
understand the working principle easily.

The components are broadly classified into:

a) Structural components

b) Moving components
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(a) Structural Components:

1. Engine Block (Multi cylinder Engine)

•
•
Part of e ngine fra me tha t contains cylinders in which pis to n moves
Suppor ts liners & head

• Part of engine frame that contains cylinders in which piston moves

• Supports liners & head

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2. Engine Head or Cylinder Head Assembly

• Serves to admit, confine, and release fuel/air

• Cover to cylinder block
• Supports valve train

3. Crankcase
• Engine frame section that houses the crankshaft.

(b) Moving Components

Three Groups – according to motion

• Reciprocating only (pistons and valves)

• Reciprocation & rotary (connecting rods)
• Rotary only (crankshafts and camshafts)

4. Piston
• Acted on by combustion gases
• Lightweight but strong/durable
• Piston Rings
• Transfer heat from piston to cylinder
• Seal cylinder & distribute lube oil
• Piston Pin
• Pivot point connecting piston to
connecting rod
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5. Connecting Rod

• Connects piston & crankshaft

• Converts reciprocating into rotary motion.

6. Crank Shaft

• Combines work done by each piston

• Drives camshafts, generator, pumps, etc

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7. Flywheel
• Absorbs and releases kinetic energy of power
strokes and converts smoothes rotation of
crankshaft.

8. Valves
• Intake: open to admit air to cylinder.

• Exhaust: open to allow gases to be rejected

9. Camshaft & Cams

• Used to time the addition of intake and
exhaust valves

• Operates valves via pushrods & rocker arms

Working Principle:

After explaining the components of four stroke diesel engine, the students
can understand the working principle easily. The following two figures are
used for explaining the working principle.

Terminology

• TDC: Top Dead Center, position corresponding to smallest volume

in the cycle
• BDC: Bottom Dead Center, position corresponding to largest
volume in the cycle
• Stroke: distance between TDC and BDC
• Bore: diameter of piston
• Displacement volume: volume limited by TDC and BDC
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4-strokeCycle CI Engine Principle of Operation

• Cycle of operation is completed in 4-strokes of the piston or 2

revolutions of the crankshaft.
• Each stroke consists of 180°, of crankshaft rotation and hence a
cycle consists of 720°of crankshaft rotation.
Stroke Valve Position

Suction Valve open

Suction Stroke
Exhaust Valve closed

Compression Stroke Both Valves closed

Expansion or
Both Valves closed
Power Stroke

Exhaust Valve open

Exhaust Stroke
Suction Valve closed

The series of operations of an ideal four-stroke SI engine are as follows:

Intake/Suction Stroke

◼ During the intake stroke, the intake valve opens as the piston
moves down to allow air into the cylinder.

◼ The air is pushed by atmospheric pressure into the cylinder through

the intake valve.

Compression Stroke

◼ After the piston reaches its lower limit, it begins to move upward
and as the piston moves up, the intake valve closes.
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◼ The exhaust valve is also closed, so that at this point in the cycle,
the cylinder is sealed.
◼ As the piston moves upward, the air is compressed and the
compression of the air causes the pressure and the temperature
of the cylinder to increase.

Expansion/Power Stroke

◼ As the piston reaches maximum compression of the air, diesel fuel

is injected to the combustion chamber filled with compressed air.
◼ The heat of the compressed air ignites the fuel spontaneously at
the self-ignition temperature of the fuel.
◼ As the cylinder pressure increases, the piston is forced down into
the cylinder.
◼ The power impulse is transmitted down through the piston, through
the connecting rod, and to the crankshaft, which is rotated due
to the force.

Exhaust Stroke

◼ As the piston reaches the bottom of its stroke, the exhaust valve
opens.
◼ As the piston moves up on the exhaust stroke, it forces the burned
gases out of the cylinder through the exhaust valve.
◼ Then as the piston reaches the top of its stroke, the exhaust valve
closes, and the intake valve opens.
◼ The cycle repeats again with the intake stroke.
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Applications of Diesel engines

The applications of diesel engine can be explained by conducting a

technical quiz activity.

The applications of diesel engines are listed below with pictures for
effective understanding.

Suggested Activity: Quiz

The learners may be asked to suggest the applications of diesel engine by showing
some of the pictures. We can list their answer on the board.

1. Marine engine
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Marine (Largest engine in the world)

3. AGRICULTURE/FARM
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4. TRANSPORTATION

5. Power plants

Comparisons between Petrol and Diesel Engine

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The differences between Petrol and diesel engine can be explained by

conducting an activity. The figure gives them some clear idea about
petrol and diesel engine.

Suggested Activity: Choose and Defend

The entire class can be divided into two groups. Each group has to support one of
the engines. Each group has to predict the advantages of the engine assigned to
them and also disadvantages of the other engines. For each advantage 2 points
can be given and for each disadvantage 1 point. We can draw two columns on
the board with the following headings: ‘diesel engine’ and ‘petrol engine’. A small
space may be provided for noting down the points.

The SI engine offers the following advantages

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1. Low initial cost.

2. Low weight for a given power output
3. Smaller size for a given power output
4. Easy starting
5. Less noise
6. Less objectionable exhaust gas odor and less smoke

The CI engine offers the following advantages

1. Low specific fuel consumption at both full load and part load
conditions.
2. Utilizes less expensive fuels.
3. Reduced fire hazard
4. Long operating life
5. Better suited for supercharging
6. Better suited for two-stroke cycle operating, as there is no loss of
fuel in scavenging
7. The great advantage of CI engine is lower fuel consumption which
counteracts the disadvantage of higher initial cost, if engine used for
long duties.

Disadvantages of diesel engine

1. Engine Weight high.
2. High initial cost.
3. High maintenance cost.

Disadvantages of Petrol engine

1. Fuel cost high.
2. Highly inflammable fuel.
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Summary
In this session, we learnt to:

Define engine & IC engine.

Classify engines
Name all the Components
Describe the working principle
List the applications
Compare the Petrol and Diesel engine.

References
Books

Theory & Practice in IC Engines By C F Taylor

Fundamentals of I C Engines-J B Heywood

Internal Combustion Engines by Ganesan

Internal Combustion Engines by M L Mathur & S P Sharma

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