Unit 1 1

UNIT 1:

1.0 INTRODUCTION TO CONCRETE

Concrete is a very important building materials used in construction and popular at present.
This is because the features found on the concrete meets the criteria required to ensure
that it can be used in any situation.

1.1 Definition of Concrete

Concrete is a material that is produced when cement, fine aggregate / sand, coarse
aggregates and water are mixed and blended according to the mixture / specific ratio
allowed to harden to form a structural member. Mix ratio must be determined in
accordance with the determination to produce the required strength. The strength of
concrete depends on the ratio bancuhannya (Refer to Table 1.1).

Table 1.1: Concrete Mixing Ratio By The applications are

Mixing Ratio Use

1: 5: 10 sites in the trenches for the walls of the ground work hard.

1: 3: 6 concrete floor, body, and others.

1: 2: 4 concrete reinforced as columns, beams and others.

1: 1 ½: 3 Concrete firm first, tanks, and others.

While the ingredients are mixed and mixed, water and cement together through a chemical
process called hydration (hydration) and produce the cement paste. Cement paste acts as
binder / adhesive to the concrete components such as fine aggregate / sand and coarse
aggregate (Refer to Figure 1.1).

FIGURE 1.1: Process to Produce Concrete

water

Chemical reactions hidratan

cement paste

cement concrete

aggregates

Active ingredient in concrete is cement and water. While the aggregate is material is inert.
Aggregates gave no action during the hydration process but act as filler space and provide

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strength, durability and resistance from a shrink. Because the aggregate price cheaper than
other materials so it can use the maximum possible extent.

After hydration, the water content of water in the concrete becomes less and gradually
dried.

The concrete has hardened and has a good design must have a void (void / void)
approximately 1%, and cement paste (water / cement / mixed coarse and fine aggregate)
approximately 75%.

Quality of concrete depends on: -

a) The quality of materials used.

b) mixing ratio.

c) Grading of aggregates.

d) The amount of water used.

e) compressing method after being stationed in a mold.

f) Curing is done after hardening.

g) How to mix and transport.

h) The quality of molds used.

Properties of concrete: -
a) The concrete hardens and freezes in the presence of water. These properties are
important in construction, especially construction of foundations in wet places.

b) Concrete does not rust or rot. They are not attacked by termites and other insects.

c) a new concrete mix can be molded into any shape as the mold.

d) heat-resistant concrete and not burn.

e) The materials used to make concrete such as cement, sand, and aggregates are easily
available and cheap.

Conditions for the provision of good concrete

a) Stone aggregate used to be hard and durable as granite.

b) The stone aggregate used shall be properly graded.

c) Content of cement should be sufficient.

d) Water used for mixing must be clean and not contain any dirt or salt.

e) The amount of water must be simple to produce the same concrete konsistansi.

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f) The materials should be properly mixed with concrete to a uniform mixture.

g) density of the concrete must be secured to provide vibration or stab with appropriate and
adequate but not excessive.

h) After the concrete is placed and a frozen, preserving the right to do so get a good quality
concrete.

1.2 Advantages of Concrete

There are several advantages that lead to the popular use of concrete as construction
material, namely:

a) Strong

b) The cost of cheap

c) Easily available

d) Easy shaped mold

e) Durable

f) Have a fire resistance

g) Update

h) Remain under the burden of

i) Not absorb

j) Not A Contract

k) Not Brittle

1.3 Concrete Structures

Concrete used for construction of building structures such as:

a) Column (column)

b) beam (beam)

c) Floor slab (floor slab)

d) Timber Concrete (concrete beams)

e) Site (footing)

f) Foundation (Foundation)

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1.4 Development of Concrete Technology

The demand for concrete as a building material is very extensive. The various types of
buildings and civil engineering structures using these materials. Concrete is able to bear the
burden of large, have an abrasion resistance, acid resistance and prevent another attack
damage.Long span concrete, durable can be produced commercially manufactured plants
and can be used at the construction site with crane.The emergence of the construction
techniques of concrete structures is more economical in terms of cost, time and energy has
attracted many entrepreneurs to explore this area. first cast/ precast concrete techniques as
building components is an effective practice and practice in recent years. Its use appears to
be increased in the construction industry because it provides several advantages such as
faster construction period, the manufacturer may be doing so on a stock, high quality, fewer
employees, can be used to structure a wide range through the concept of pre-tension and
can be operated even in adverse weather conditions.

Precast Concrete example:

Pipes, drains, sewers, piling, structural frames and others.

The use of steel bars placed in concrete structures can increase the load bearing capacity of
concrete. This method is known as concrete reinforcement. Is the concrete compressive
strength and tensile strength of steel bars.

Tough concrete is a technique that used to be popular and is often further developed in
order to increase the load bearing capacity of concrete members, especially for a wide
range.

Light load of concrete can be used to reduce the dead load of the building or structure, also
has good insulation properties and can be used for the production of concrete blocks for the
construction of the wall insulation. This can be produced using a special natural aggregates
or artificial aggregates.

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SELF-ASSESSMENT

4) State 5 (Five) factors that influence the quality of concrete.

5) Explain the 5 (five) factors that cause popular for use in concrete construction.

6) State 4 (Four) construction technique using concrete

ANSWER

4)

i. The quality of materials used.

ii. Mix ratio.

iii. Grading of the aggregates.

iv. The amount of water used.

v. Compressing means after being stationed in a mold.

5)

i. Strong - building a concrete structure can bear the burden.

ii. It is cheap - Materials concrete is cheaper than using other materials such as iron and
metal.

iii. Easily available - materials to produce concrete easily accessed.

iv. Plastic mold - Concrete can be formed according to the mold design than the use of other
materials.

v. Have a fire resistance - The force of the fire resistance of concrete is higher for safety
during a fire.

6)

i. Completion of concrete pour / Pre-cast

ii. Reinforced Concrete

iii. Tough first concrete

iv. Lightweight concrete

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