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Biometrics: 1. Fingerprint Analysis

Biometrics refers to the automatic identification of a person based on physiological or behavioral characteristics. Popular biometric systems include face recognition and fingerprint matching, but others use iris/retinal scans, speech, hand geometry, and facial thermograms. A biometric system identifies users by determining the authenticity of a unique physiological or behavioral trait. Biometrics has advantages over traditional identification methods by requiring in-person identification and eliminating passwords or tokens. Biometric techniques can prevent unauthorized access to devices and networks. Common applications include criminal identification, prison security, and securing ATM, computer, and e-commerce/e-banking access. Fingerprint analysis and face retrieval are two popular biometric techniques.

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Abhimanyu Sukhwal
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56 views

Biometrics: 1. Fingerprint Analysis

Biometrics refers to the automatic identification of a person based on physiological or behavioral characteristics. Popular biometric systems include face recognition and fingerprint matching, but others use iris/retinal scans, speech, hand geometry, and facial thermograms. A biometric system identifies users by determining the authenticity of a unique physiological or behavioral trait. Biometrics has advantages over traditional identification methods by requiring in-person identification and eliminating passwords or tokens. Biometric techniques can prevent unauthorized access to devices and networks. Common applications include criminal identification, prison security, and securing ATM, computer, and e-commerce/e-banking access. Fingerprint analysis and face retrieval are two popular biometric techniques.

Uploaded by

Abhimanyu Sukhwal
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
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Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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BIOMETRICS

Introduction
Biometrics refers to the automatic identification of a person based on his/her
physiological or behavioral characteristics. . With the increased use of computers as
vehicles of information technology, it is necessary to restrict access to sensitive/personal
data. Various types of biometric systems are being used for real-time identification; the
most popular are based on face recognition and fingerprint matching. However, there are
other biometric systems that utilize iris and retinal scan, speech, facial thermograms, and
hand geometry. A biometric system is essentially a pattern recognition system, which
makes a personal identification by determining the authenticity of a specific physiological
or behavioral characteristic possessed by the user.

Advantages over traditional systems:

(i) The person to be identified is required to be physically


present at the point-of-identification. Therefore
impersonation is not possible.

(ii) Identification based on biometric techniques eliminates the need to


remember a password or carry a token.

By replacing PINs, biometric techniques can potentially prevent unauthorized


access to or fraudulent use of ATMs, cellular phones, smart cards, desktop
PCs, workstations, and computer networks.

Applications:

•
Forensics: Criminal Identification.
•
Prison Security
• To prevent unauthorized access to ATMs, desktop PCs, computer networks etc.
• In transactions conducted via the telephone or the Internet.
(ecommerce,ebanking)

Biometrics Techniques:

The following are some of the commonly used techniques in Biometrics-

1. Fingerprint Analysis:

Among all the biometric techniques, fingerprint-based identification is the oldest


method which has been successfully used in numerous applications. Everyone
has unique, immutable fingerprints. A fingerprint is made of a series of ridges
and furrows on the surface of the finger. The uniqueness of a fingerprint can be
determined by the pattern of ridges and furrows as well as the minutiae points.
Minutiae points are local ridge characteristics that occur at either a ridge
bifurcation or a ridge ending.

Minutiae (shown in white)

Fingerprint matching techniques can be placed into two categories:


• Minutiae-based

Minutiae-based techniques first find minutiae points and then


map their relative placement on the finger. However, there are some
difficulties when using this approach. It is difficult to extract the
minutiae points accurately when the fingerprint is of low quality. Also
this method does not take into account the global pattern of ridges and
furrows.

• Correlation based

The correlation-based method is able to overcome some of the


difficulties of the minutiae-based approach. However, it has some of its own
shortcomings. Correlation-based techniques require the precise location of a
registration point and are affected by image translation and rotation.
Correlation based

An example of fingerprint related identification is the FBI database that contains


approximately 70 million fingerprints. To reduce the search time and
computational complexity, it is desirable to classify these fingerprints in an
accurate and consistent manner so that the input fingerprint is required to be
matched only with a subset of the fingerprints in the database.

2. Face Retrieval:

The face retrieval problem, known as face detection, can be defined as


follows: given an arbitrary black and white, still image, find the
location and size of every human face it contains. There are many
applications in which human face detection plays a very important
role: it represents the first step in a fully automatic face recognition
system, it can be used in image database indexing/searching by
content, in surveillance systems and in human-computer interfaces.
Face recognition systems are used in intelligent home security systems.

Speaker Verification:

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