General Design Criteria
General Design Criteria
General Design Criteria
Contents
• Protection Areas
• Aircraft Categories
• Speeds for Procedure Calculation
• Airspeed Conversions
2 General Design Criteria
Protection Areas ‐ Cross‐section of Primary and Secondary Areas
Figure I-2-1-1. Cross-section of straight segment area showing primary and secondary areas
3 General Design Criteria
Protection Areas ‐ Width of Primary and Secondary Areas
Calculation of secondary area width:
Wsp = Ws1 + Dp/L (Ws2 – Ws1)
WS1 = width of secondary area at first fix
WS2 = width of secondary area at second fix
WSP = width of secondary area at point p
DP = distance of point p from first fix, measured along nominal track
L = distance between the two fixes, measured along the nominal track
4 General Design Criteria
Protection Areas ‐ Width of Primary and Secondary Areas
Example Calculation
Calculate the width of the secondary area at obstacle location given the following
information:
• Segment starts at VOR and extends up to 4NM.
• Distance of obstacle from the VOR, measured along the VOR track is 3200m.
• Width of secondary area at VOR is 950m.
• Width of secondary area at 4NM from VOR is 1457m.
Using the formula: Wsp = Ws1 + Dp/L (Ws2 – Ws1)
• Wsp = 950 + 3200/7408 (1457 – 950)
• Wsp = 1169m
5 General Design Criteria
Protection Areas ‐ Obstacle Clearance in Secondary Areas
Calculation of MOC in secondary area:
MOCp = MOC in primary area
MOCsy = MOC in secondary area for obstacle at distance Y from outer edge of
primary area
Ws = Width of secondary area
Y = Distance of obstacle from the edge of the primary area, measured
perpendicularly to the nominal track
6 General Design Criteria
Protection Areas ‐ Obstacle Clearance in Secondary Areas
Example Calculation
Calculate the MOC required for an obstacle given:
• Full MOC in primary area = 75m
• ½ AW at obstacle location = 2916m
• Y = 729m
7 General Design Criteria
Protection Areas – Mountainous Terrain
• Will likely increase procedure complexity and reduce possible design solutions.
• Mountainous terrain is often associated with adverse weather phenomena.
• MOC should be increased by as much as double where conditions are known to
exist.
8 General Design Criteria
Protection Areas – Mountainous Terrain
• Areas can be assessed based on the change
of 900 m (3000 ft) within a distance of 18.5
km (10.0 NM) or some countries have
designated Mountainous regions.
9 General Design Criteria
Aircraft Categories
• Performance differences between aircraft effect the airspace and visibility they
require during manoeuvres in all phases of flight.
• Speed is the most significant factor in aircraft performance.
• Five main categories of typical aircraft according to their manoeuvrability have
been established in‐order to relate their performance to specific flight
procedures.
• Classification of categories is based on IAS at threshold (Vat)
– Equal to stall speed (Vso) x 1.3 in landing configuration at maximum
certificated landing weight.
10
Aircraft Categories
Category A Less than 169 km/h (91 kt) indicated airspeed (IAS)
• Typical aircraft include single‐engine aircraft and light twins.
11 General Design Criteria
Aircraft Categories
• Typical aircraft include turboprop airliners.
12 General Design Criteria
Aircraft Categories
• Typical aircraft include business jets and smaller jet airliners (A320, B737).
13 General Design Criteria
Aircraft Categories
• Typical aircraft include large jet airlines (A340, B757, B767, B777, B747).
14 General Design Criteria
Aircraft Categories
Category DL Wingspan up to 80m
• Typical aircraft include very large jet airlines (A380).
15 General Design Criteria
Aircraft Categories
• Typical aircraft include military jets.
16 General Design Criteria
Aircraft Categories
Helicopters:
• Stall speed method of calculating aircraft category not applicable.
• May be classified as Category A when operated as aeroplanes.
• Specific procedures designed for helicopters‐only shall be designated Category
H.
• Category H procedures are to be promulgated on separate charts from
aeroplane procedures.
17 General Design Criteria
Aircraft Categories
Aircraft operating at approach speeds higher than its approach speed category:
• If the minima and restrictions for higher category are authorised and complied
with.
• Can facilitate ATC sequencing to have aircraft going faster.
• ATC approval may be required especially in a procedural environment.
18 General Design Criteria
Speeds For Procedure Calculation
• Under normal circumstances, the maximum speed is used in all
calculations, whenever possible.
• Procedure calculations are normally completed in metric units, with a
final conversion to feet and Nautical Miles (NM) being made for
publication.
19 General Design Criteria
Speeds for Procedure Calculation
20 General Design Criteria
Speeds for Procedure Calculation
* Maximum speed for reversal and racetrack procedures.
** Maximum speed for reversal and racetrack procedures up to and including 6 000 ft is 100 kt and maximum speed
for reversal and racetrack procedures above 6 000 ft is 110 kt.
*** Helicopter point‐in‐space procedures based on GNSS may be designed using maximum speeds of 120 KIAS for
initial and intermediate segments and 90 KIAS on final and missed approach segments or 90 KIAS for initial and
intermediate segments and 70 KIAS on final and missed approach depending on the operational need. Refer to
Part IV, Chapter 2.
21 General Design Criteria
Airspeed Conversions
• True Airspeed (TAS) is used for all calculations and drawings in procedure design.
• Indicated Airspeed (IAS) values are promulgated on instrument charts.
• To convert the chosen IAS value for the Aircraft category and procedure to the
equivalent TAS we need to know the following:
– IAS
– Altitude (AMSL)
– Temperature
22 General Design Criteria
IAS and TAS
• Indicated Airspeed (IAS) is the value
shown on the instrument to the pilot and
the speed a pilot will fly.
• True Airspeed (TAS) is the actual speed of
the aircraft when the IAS is corrected for
altitude and temperature.
23 General Design Criteria
Airspeed Conversions – IAS to TAS
PAN‐OPS Part 1, Section 2, Chapter 1, Appendix ‐ Conversion Tables
Table I‐2‐1‐App‐2
24 General Design Criteria
Airspeed Conversions – IAS to TAS
• To calculate TAS, simply multiply the indicated airspeed by the conversion factor at
the given altitude and temperature.
Example:
Assume an altitude of
6 000 ft, an indicated
airspeed of 200 kt and a
temperature of ISA + 15°C.
25 General Design Criteria
Airspeed Conversions – IAS to TAS
The following formula is used for values not listed in the table:
26 General Design Criteria
Airspeed Conversions – IAS to TAS
Example calculation ISA +15, 6000ft, IAS 200 kt
. .
TAS = IAS × 171233 [(288 ±VAR) − 0.00198H] ÷ (288 – 0.00198H)
.
TAS = IAS × 171233 [(288 +15) − 0.00198∗6000] ÷
(288 – 0.00198∗6000) .
. .
TAS = IAS × 171233 [303 − 11.88] ÷ (288 – 11.88)
. .
TAS = IAS × 171233 [291.12] ÷ (276.12)
27 General Design Criteria
Airspeed Conversions – IAS to TAS
Example calculation ISA +15, 6000ft, IAS 200 kt
28 General Design Criteria