eee eer es rer ae) a) Electrical Distribution ue A Simple Approa To Short Circ Ae a ee Bussmann\ fi I ENGINEERING DEPENDABLE PROTECTION—PART ! \ “A SIMPLE APPROACH TO SHORT-CIRCUIT CALCULATION, This Handbook is one of a series prepared to F i help in the Engineering of Dependable Protec- \ tion for Electrical Distributing Systems. INDEX Why Short-Circuit Calculations. ee nae Interrupting Capacity and the Short-Circuit Current. Short-Circuit Current Calculations. ... 36 Short-Circuit Calculation — Ohmic Method Procedure. 6 38 Short-Circuit Calculation — Per-Unit Method Procedur 12 Per-Unit Method Procedure Made Simple — Use of Constants. 18 Index to Tables — Use of Constants... 18 Table A — Utility Short-Circuit KVA — P.U.. 19 Table B — Transformer Impedance Multipliers 19 Table C — Component Impedance Multipliers. . . . 20 Table D — Symmetrical RMS Short-Circuit Current Formulas... Per-Unit Method — Use of Constants... Double Transtormation Per-Unit Method 1 Short-Circuit Calculation on 1 Transformer System. Effect of Low Available Utility KVA....... General Discussions of Short-Circuit Calculation: DataSection......... Index to Data Section Table 1— Transformer Impedance Data Table 2— Current Transformer Reactance Data. Table 3— Disconnecting Switch Reactance Data. Table 4— Circuit Breaker Reactance Data Table 5— Copper Cable Impedance Data. Table 6 — Aluminum Cable Impedance Data. Table 7— Busway Impedance Data Table 8— Asymmetrical Factors. Selective Systems.............-.--+ BUSS Fuse Symbols, Trade Marks, Classes and Interrupting Ratings............-..essseeereeeeeeeee eres Back Cover SSSSSSSSSRREKRSS ve Rhea SO LCL Coa Copyright 1968 Bussmann Mfg. Division -2- McGraw-Edison Co.WHY SHORT-CIRCUIT CALCULATIONS? The protection for an electrical svstem should not ont. be sate under Ho service conditions bur. te msire connmuity of service. it should: be elective as well. A selective system is one wherein only the faulted circum is isolated without disturbing any other par of the system. Overcurrent protection devices should wide shorrcincuit as well as low over current protection for system components, such as bus, wire, mote controllers, ete To obtain sate, selective operation and assure that system components are protected from damage, we must first calculate the available faul LUFTent at various points 1, out ele trical system, Once the short-circuit levels are determined imerrupting requirements, selectively coordina component protection, we can specify proper cour system and provide INTERRUPTING CAPACITY. AND THE SHORT-CIRCUIT CURRENT To begin, let's discuss imerrupting capacity, Interrupting capacity can he defined as “the maximum shortcircait current that a protective device can safely clear.” The 1978 National Electrical Code requires adequate interrupting capacity in Sections 110-9 and 230-98- Section 110-9. Interrupting Rating. Equipment intended to brea current at fault levels shall have an interrupting rating sufficient: for the system voltage and the current which is available at the line ter minals of the equipment. Equipment intended to break current at other than fault levels shall have an interrupting rating at system voltage sufficient for the current that must be interrupted. Section 230-98. Available Short-Circuit Current. Service equipment shall be suitable for the short circuit current available at its supply terminals. Therefore, the first step is to determine the fault current levels of the system. An electric fault is usually an asymmetrical current that may be broken down into symmetrical (steady state! and transient components. A diagram of atypical fault broken dewn into its components is shown below, CURRENT TIME 1, — Asymmetrical Current tr — Transient Component ls — Symmetrical Component —3— MOS OVERA