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59 views

Home Chemical Hazards Various Chemicals Cargo Stowage Care Tank Cleaning Handling Equipments

Ηη

Uploaded by

Lopo Sigy
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Home || Chemical hazards || Various chemicals || Cargo Stowage ||

Care ||Tank cleaning ||Handling equipments ||

Vapour given off by a flammable liquid while carrying at sea

Vapour given off by a flammable liquid will burn when ignited provided it


is mixed with certain proportions of air, or more accurately with the
oxygen in air. But if there is too little or too much vapour compared to the
air, so that the vapour-and-air mixture is either too lean or too rich, it will
not burn.

The limiting proportions, expressed as a percentage by volume of


flammable vapour in air, are known as the lower flammable limit (LFL)
and the upper flammable limit (UFL), and the zone, in between is the
flammable range. The range of flammable vapour concentrations in air
between the lower and (Explosive Range) upper flammable limits.
Mixtures within this range are capable of being ignited and of burning.

Combustion of a vapour-and-air mixture results in a very considerable


expansion of gases which, if constricted in an enclosed space, can raise
pressure rapidly to the point of explosive rupture. In addition, a
flammable liquid must itself be at or above a temperature high enough
for it to give off sufficient vapour for ignition to occur. This temperature is
known as the flash point.

Some cargoes evolve flammable vapour at ambient temperatures, others


only at higher temperatures or when heated. Safe handling procedures
depend upon the flammability characteristics of each product. Non-
combustible cargoes are those which do not evolve flammable vapours.
The fire risk presented by a flammable cargo depends upon the oxygen
content of the atmosphere above it. By filling the ullage space in a cargo
tank with an inert gas such as nitrogen or the output of an oil fired inert
gas generator, the oxygen content can be reduced to a level at which the
atmosphere will no longer support combustion of flammable vapour. This
is known as inerting a tank.

But it is important to remember that an inerted atmosphere may become


flammable again if air is admitted, for instance during routine measuring
or on venting the mixture to atmosphere or during gas freeing with air

An inert atmosphere must not be considered as being without hazard,


however, as without enough oxygen it will not support life either. Any
person entering a tank which has been inerted must always follow strict
procedures for entry into enclosed spaces.

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Related info

1. Toxicology and associated hazards onboard chemical tankers

Toxicity is the ability of a substance, when inhaled, ingested, or


absorbed by the skin, to cause damage to living tissue, impairment
of the central nervous system, severe illness or, in extreme cases,
death. The amounts of exposure required to produce these results
vary widely with the nature of the substance and the duration of
exposure to it. ....

2. Hazards of vapour given off by a flammable liquid while carrying at


sea

Vapour given off by a flammable liquid will burn when ignited


provided it is mixed with certain proportions of air, or more
accurately with the oxygen in air. But if there is too little or too
much vapour compared to the air, so that the vapour-and-air
mixture is either too lean or too rich, it will not burn. ....

3. Reactivity of various noxious liquid chemicals

Self-reaction: The most common form of self-reaction is


polymerisation. Polymerisation generally results in the conversion
of gases or liquids into viscous liquids or solids. It may be a slow,
natural process which only degrades the product without posing
any safety hazards to the ship or the crew, or it may be a rapid,
exothermic reaction evolving large amounts of heat and gases. .....

4. Most corrosive chemicals carried onboard chemical tankers

Acids, anhydrides and alkalis are among the most commonly


carried corrosive substances. They can rapidly destroy human
tissue and cause irreparable damage. They can also corrode normal
ship construction materials, and create a safety hazard for a ship.....

5. Posoning hazards & first aid treatment

The poison is a very toxic substance which when absorbed into the
human body by ingestion, skin absorption, or inhalation produces a
serious or fatal effect. Poison may enter the human body orally, by
inhalation, or by skin contact. After being absorbed by the body it
may affect certain organs or give a general poisonous effect. Lately
the cancerogene effects of some industrial chemicals have been
noticed. This has led to significant reductions of hereto accepted
TLV- values in many countries.....
6. Specific gravity,Vapour pressure and boiling point,Electrostatic
charging & measuring Viscosity
Tanks on a Chemical Tanker are normally designed to load cargoes
of a higher specific gravity than an oil tanker. Very often the design
strength differs between groups of tanks on the same ship. ....

7. General precautions onboard chemical tankers

Additional precautions for specific cargoes are necessary and


should also be incorporated in the ship’s cargo handling
procedures....

8. Mooring precautions onboard chemical tankers

The consequences of a chemical tanker ranging along a jetty or


breaking away from a berth could be disastrous, especially during a
cargo transfer involving multiple different chemicals. Correct and
sufficient mooring is therefore of the utmost importance.

9. Berth precautions onboard chemical tankers

If an unauthorised craft comes alongside or operates in an area


which may create a danger, it should be reported to the port
authority and, if necessary, cargo transfer operations should cease.
.....

10. Cold weather countermeasures, avoiding electric storms

During cold weather, precautions should be taken to prevent


equipment and systems from freezing. Attention should be given to
pneumatic valves and control systems, fire lines and hydrants,
steam driven equipment, cargo heating systems, pressure/vacuum
valves etc......

11. Restriction on using radio equipments and other mobile devices in


cargo working areas
During medium and high frequency radio transmissions significant
energy is radiated, which can create a danger of incendive sparking
by inducing an electrical potential in unearthed steelwork.

12. Securing cargo tank lids and required safety precautions

Improper closing and sealing of cargo tank hatches can be a major


cause of cargo contamination. A properly closed and sealed tank
hatch/opening will prevent sea water ingress and maintain a
positive pressure Nitrogen blanket in the ullage space. ....

13. Means of access (gangways or accommodation ladders) safety


precautions

Emergency towing-off wires ( fire wires) ,Ship’s readiness to move


Deckhouses and superstructures safety precautions .....

14. Precautions against static electricity

Static electricity is generated by friction that occurs between


different materials during relative motion. Electrostatic charges can
then accumulate in materials which are poor conductors of
electricity or which are good conductors but are insulated.....

15. Cargo tank entry safety precautions

On chemical tankers the entry of personnel into cargo tanks is a


more common practice than on oil tankers as a result of the
requirement for inspections between grades etc; despite this, it is
essential that the necessary checks are conscientiously made and
recorded prior to entry in order to ensure the safety of personnel,
enclosed space rescue equipment must be made ready for
immediate use. .....

Main Info pages!

Home page ||| Chemical hazards ||| Cargo planning & Stowage ||| Cargo
loading ||| Cargo documents ||| Safe stability ||| Cargo care |||
Preparation for unloading ||| Inert gas systems |||Gas freeing |||
Nitrogen handling ||| Chemical handling Safe practice |||Handling
equipments ||| Cargo & Ballast pumps ||| Cargo tanks |||Tank cleaning
|||Special cargoes |||Spills emergencies |||Fire protection

Chemicaltankerguide.com is merely an informational site about various


aspects of chemical tankers and safety tips that may be particular value
to those working in: Chemical Handling, Chemical Storage, Liquefied
Chemical Suppliers, Chemical Shipping, Chemical Transportation,
Chemical Terminals, Bulk Chemical Services and Chemical Processing. If
you are interested in finding out more about chemical tanker guideline
please visit IMO official website. For any comment please Contact us

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