References

​https://screencraft.org/2016/06/21/differences-single-camera-multi-camera-tv-pilot-scripts/
​https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_single-camera_situation_comedies
https://www.slideshare.net/snelly111/multi-camera-techniques
https://images.google.com/
https://www.youtube.com/?gl=GB&hl=en-GB
https://samuelpinske.wordpress.com/unit-22-single-camera-techniques/
http://michaelmediawork.weebly.com/uploads/2/5/3/0/2530225/understanding_single_camer
a_formats.pdf

Single Camera Production (individual) Assignment 2

Features of Single Camera Production

Single Camera VS Multi-Camera

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_single-camera_situation_comedies
Single camera techniques are when films or TV programmes are filmed with one
same camera and not filmed in front of an audience. The same camera is used for
every shot and different angles too.Single camera production are usually for music
videos,adverts,prime time dramas and situation comedies and lastly television
films(movies that are only aired on the television and not featured in cinemas and
brought out on dvd in stores.An example of this is a british sitcom called Benidorm
as it filmed on an on location (change of location) and the camera stays the same
throughout the series.The sitcom is also not produced in front of a live audience.

https://youtu.be/iEo1ddq-YLE
https://screencraft.org/2016/06/21/differences-single-camera-multi-camera-tv-pilot-sc
ripts/
However Multi-camera techniques are several different shots in one take and they
tend to also be filmed in front of a live audience. An example of a multi production
would be a british/irish sitcom named Mrs Brown boys,as it filmed in front of many
cameras and different angles and is also performed in front of a live audience.
 https://youtu.be/plfW1Vkdugg
Advantages of Single camera techniques Disadvantages of Single camera
techniques
Can be cheaper as it requires less equipment. Can be expensive if you have to repeat a stunt.

Not much heavy equipment to carry to and from each Time consuming.
locations.

Easy to film (on location). No back up camera, relying on one camera

Takes up less space so have more space. Have to regularly change angle if needed.

Do not have to pay for a specific set. Slow pace

Advantages of Multi-Camera techniques Disadvantages of Multi-Camera

techniques
Quick pace and not time consuming. Have to pay for a set.

Better lighting. Cannot retake scenes when performed in front of live

audience.

Live audience reaction. Heavy equipment and lots of it.

Variety of footage to choose from. Time consuming to set up and put away.

Back up cameras. More expensive in terms of equipment.

https://www.slideshare.net/snelly111/multi-camera-techniques

Formats
An example of a format containing single camera production is:

Series
Series is a sequence of recurring tv programme consisting of the same
regular characters and set location (however sometimes they may go to
another setting).The tend to feel a great bond with the characters after
watching them several times. A series usually has an Jingle or theme tune at
the beginning of each episodes, making the series recognisable and people
will tune in when they hear it. The cinematic shots in a single camera
production are much more flexible and easier to shoot as you are only using
one camera making it easier to get different angles such as close ups.

An example series of single camera production is the inbetweeners as it has

a huge variety of shots;

OVER THE SHOULDER SHOT

The over the shoulder camera shot is used to show that the characters are
having a ongoing conversation and they are on a journey to somewhere

WIDE CAMERA SHOT

The wide camera shot is used to show that all the characters are having a
group conversation.
MEDIUM CAMERA SHOT
This medium camera shot is used to show that Jay is talking to other
characters but we do not need to see the others as we can tell by this frame
that he is interacting with others.

Genres
An example of a genre containing single camera production is:
Sitcoms
Sitcoms are situation comedies based on realistic scenarios, they contain
regular unit of set characters and the characters tend to be stereotypical and
relatable to audience, Sitcoms are usually easy to understand and are often
around 30 minutes long.
An single camera production Sitcom is Phoenix Nights as they branch away
from studio setting and do not film repeatedly in the same set location
therefore it is more portable to use one camera and less time consuming as
you spend as much time setting up multi cameras. They also use a variety of
different camera angles and shots, for example:

MEDIUM CAMERA SHOT

This medium camera shot shows that the character is talking to others
therefore we do not need to see the other characters.

WIDE CAMERA SHOT

This wide camera shot shows the characters having a physical conversation.

CLOSE UP CAMERA SHOT

 This close up is used to show their conversation is quite discreet from the rest
of pub.

Narrative Structures
The narrative structures are linear, non-linear,realist,anti-realist,open ending
and close ending.

Linear is storylines that is just an average story line with no mixture of tense but runs
normally in chronological order. An example is the film Love Simon as it contains no
flashbacks or reverses in time.

Non-linear is storylines that contain flashbacks and complex orders instead of

present tense or past tense or future tense, this can more interesting in storylines as
its different and engages the audience.
In the forrest Gump there is a flashback to when he was younger over a pair of
shoes therefore it is a non linear storyline. ​https://youtu.be/vwKhRdhO6os
Realist are storylines that are either real(based on a true story) or appear real by the
storyline being very realistic using believable scenarios. A film that uses this is
marley and me as the storyline is based on a family dog who dies and the whole
family grief, this is an realistic story as things like this happen every day.

Anti-realism are storylines that are obviously not realistic in the slightest and some
contain editing and effects. A film that uses this is the lego movie as for starters the
characters are all animated and the storyline is bizarre.

Technical Aspects
Camera shots
Each camera shots can convey emotions and show things such as in the Horror Film
IT there are close ups of the clown PennyWise to scare the audience and create
tension.
The is a 180 angle rule
Where 2 actors are face to face symmetrically and the camera directed to the left
side or right side of them causing a 180 degrees angle between to the actors and
cameras.When the actors are directly opposite there is a variety of choice in camera
angles.

Here is an example of the 180 degrees angle rule in action;

In this clip of the inbetweeners the characters are lined at 180 angle from the
camera.
However in Multi-Camera production the actors are filmed from different angles in
one shot which is less time consuming as they do not need to keep on repeating to
get different angled shots, but costs money due to having so much more equipment.
In Single-Camera production the scenes are filmed from each individually by the
same camera meaning the process is a lot more slower and may cost money and
you may be paying to film on a certain set or location so the longer you are there the
more it is going to cost. But it is cheaper in the equipment aspect as you are only
using one single camera, this also makes it much more portable and easier to move
around.

Three point lighting

● Back Light
● Key Light
● Fill Light

Dark light often create a fear factor as it conveys a sense of danger and suspense
such as in horror films darkness makes everything scarier as you cant see and as
humans we are scared of the unknown.
Example; the lighting it the horror film ‘The Nun’

Flashing lights to symbolize quick movement such as in horror films flashing lights
connatates danger.The horror film lights out contains repetition of flashing lights to
cause a terrifying effect.
 Sound

Digestic -All the sound in the frames such as dialogue or noise of

movement.

Non-Digestic -Sounds added during post production such as

Soundtrack,Sound effects or Music.

​ ttps://youtu.be/zMzet0pZmW4
h
After watching a clip from the movie Beauty and the beast i recognised
and wrote down the digestic sounds and the non-digestic sounds.
Digestic Sounds Non-Digestic sounds
Singing Music
Animal Noises (Horses,Chickens and Ducks) Autotune
Footsteps Church Bells
Opening and shutting of windows and doors Trumpet Sounds
Dialogue Instrumental backing track
Getting book of a shelf
Dunking clothing into water

Editing

Effects
Effects are added during post production such as visual effects and
motion.Slow motion can be slowed down during post production to draw
the audience in as it creates a tense outlook.Visual effects are added
during post production for example green screening.

One film that contains editing aspects is Christopher Robin.

Here are some editing as found in this clip of the film.
https://youtu.be/NpstQ4PgPFg

​ Editing in the film Christopher Robin

Background Music
Characters e.g. Winnie the pooh
Voices of the characters
CGI of shot taken from above the train
Mist outside and the trees

CGI
GGI (computer generated imagery) is an form of editing during post
production where you can animate something to make a realistic effect
without the use real life objects e.g. An example would be kicking a
football and then edited it to ‘explode’ and Green screening.

The film ‘Logan’ contains a lot of CGI as it is an action therefore it has

lots of violence including guns so fire is generated to act as if the gun is
really firing. Also there is blood edited into and the face is edited into a
more intense and fierce looking mould as if the actor is unhuman like.
https://youtu.be/-13Y2Pe7kFs

Sound Effects
Sound effects are noises imported into films or TV programme,the sound
effects added edited in during post production are often sounds you can
not tend make in real life.
The film jurassic world contain many sound effects;

Dinosaur raw
Metal bars clashing by dinosaur tail
Gun shot
Dinosaur trying to escape cage
Dinosaur knocking over objects
Intense backing music
Tail knocking off power supply
Biting man's hand off crunch
Breathing of dinosaur
https://youtu.be/CkAf_qzHNwo

Building Tension
To build tension in post production things can be changed,edited to
create a energy of tension.One example of building tension during
editing is adding special fx like in the horror film truth or dare all the
actors faces are adapted into a scary appearance.
Building tension is often used a lot in horrors as there are many intense
jumpscares and close ups.
Another example of building tension is the change of motion and speed
during post production certains frames are slow motion to build tension
like in the TV programme the bodyguard a bomb was set off and the
explosion was produced in slow motion to create more of an intense
effect.

https://youtu.be/zwwg9IuFezg​

Continuity Editing
Different camera angles and related shots merge together. An example
of this a conversation when the camera is always switching the person
when they are talking. An example of this is a conversation between
Simon and his crush Carly having a back and forth chat in the sitcom the
inbetweeners.
https://youtu.be/_jeJ2-TUUfk
 Scripting
Single camera productions are always fully scripted, therefore the actors
get lines and all the scenes are fully planned out and everything is
already planned in advance e.g. where the actors should be stood and
certain specific movements they have to perform.
An example of a fully scripted single camera production is in the sitcom
Benidorm when Hazel is pushed into the pool by joyce as it was scripted
to happen.

https://youtu.be/NNGiA59NNwA​

Building a scene
Everything in the frame such as all the props and costumes everything
that makes the scene of film seem very realistic such as in the period
drama Downton Abbey the costumes and props show use that the show
is set in the olden days.
Building a story

Todorov's narrative theory

This is a theory that a man named Tzvetan Todorov hence the name
Todorov. The theory he made was how narrative structure works. He
thought stories should begin with a state of rest or balance due to the
opposing forces(equilibrium).

Levi-strauss binary opposites

Conflict between two specific opposites to create content in the story.
Here are an example of some conflicting opposites.
● Black VS White
● Man VS women
● Young VS Old
 ● Short VS Tall
● Big VS Small
● Nice VS Bad
● Good VS Evil

A single camera production that contain one of these opposites is in the

sitcom the inbetweeners when one of the characters Will is being bullied
by another character who is being evil towards his victim Will, therefore
this is the use of the opposites good VS evil.

`​Vladimir Propp’s 8 character roles

Character Type Definition Example
Hero Tend to be the main/lead Woody-Toy story
character starred in the
story.Usually save the day
and on a quest to achieve
something.
Villain The villain is always the main Sid Phillips-Toy story
character in every story as
they cause the conflict and
conflict creates the
storyline.Villain try to ruin the
day so seen as evil most of
the time.
The Donor Helps the hero succeed in Army Soldiers-Toy story
their quest by giving them
something that can help
The Helper Supports and guides the Buzz lightyear- Toy story
hero like a shoulder to cry
and sticks with them.
The Princess The object and reward for Little bo peep-Toy story
hero to find.
The Princess Father Allows the hero to have a Andy-Toy story
challenging task preferably
to save the princess and
have her father allowance
and sort of storyline.An
obstacle for the Hero.
The Dispatcher Makes the hero go on the Sid Phillips-Toy story
quest.Sometimes influenced
by family members.
The False Hero A character who pretends to Buzz Lightyear-Toy story
act as if they are a hero.