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Shear Behavior of Self Compacting Reactive

Powder Reinforced Concrete T-beams

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Al-Nahrain University, College of Engineering Journal (NUCEJ) Vol.99 No.1, 2016 pp.1 - 9

Shear Behavior of Self Compacting Reactive Powder

Reinforced Concrete T- beams
Ali H Aziz Luma A. Zghair Awadh E. Ajeel
Highway and Transp. Eng.
Civil Eng. Department Civil Eng. Department
Department
College of Engineering College of Engineering
College of Engineering
Al- Mustansiriya University Al- Mustansiriya University
Al- Mustansiriya University

Abstract New researches on T-section beams show that

The present research can be divided into three the concrete flanges provide a certain level of
categories following the respective three main shear resistance above a certain width (2, 3).
objectives. The first objective is to develop a self- In the present research, shear behavior of
compacting reactive powder concrete (SCRPC). reinforced concrete T-Beams which made with
The second objective is to study the effect of new type of concrete, self compacting reactive
steel fiber content on mechanical properties of powder concrete (SCRPC), were studied as well
(SCRPC). The third objective is to study the as the properties of concrete in fresh and
effect of steel fiber content on shear behavior of hardened states.
(SCRPC) RC T-beams. Therefore, five beam 2-Objective of the Present Study
specimens were tested, one of which were made The present research can be divided into three
with (NSC) (reference beam), while, the others categories following the respective three main
were constructed with (SCRPC) with different objectives. The first objective is to develop a self
steel fiber volume fraction. Besides the beam compacting reactive powder concrete (SCRPC)
specimens, a series of casting and testing were through a mix composed from (1000 kg/m3) of
carried out to study the properties of (SCRPC) in cement, (1000 kg/m3) of fine sand (with particle
fresh and hardened states. Experimental results size between (150µm) and (600µm)), silica fume
show that the use of (SCRPC) improves the shear of (100 kg/m3), water of (230 kg/m3) and four
resistance and allowing higher forces to be carried values of steel fibers volume fractions (Vf) of (0,
through both, web and flange. When the steel 0.75, 1.0, 1.25 and 1.5%). The second objective is
volume fraction (Vf) changed from (0%) to to study the effect of steel fiber content on
(1.5%), the ultimate shear strength increased mechanical properties of SCRPC (compressive
about (75%) to (91%), while, the cracking load strength and modulus of rupture). The third
increased about (50%) to (108%). This means the objective is to study the effect of steel fiber
cracking and an ultimate load depends essentially content and the employed of SCRPS on shear
on concrete strength and steel volume fraction. behavior of self compacting reactive powder RC
Key Words: T-Beam, Flange, Shear, Self T- beams.
compacting, Reactive Powder Concrete
3- Experimental Study
1-Introduction 3-1 Experimental Program
Reactive Powder Concrete (RPC) is a special
3-1-1-Control Specimens
high-strength, fiber reinforced, superplasticized,
Properties of the SCRPC in both, fresh state
silica-fume system with improved homogeneity.
and hardened state were studied through a series
This type of concrete is of considerable
of casting and testing of concrete specimens.
importance in many applications such as long
Properties of SCRPC in fresh state which includes
spans of bridges, high-pressure pipes, blast
consistency of the concrete, slump flow and
resistant structures and also suitable for
mortar V-funnel test were examined. While, in
impermeable containers for hazardous fluids or
the hardened state, the compressive strength and
nuclear wastes. (1).
tensile strength in flexural (modulus of rupture)
Reinforced concrete system normally consists
was carried out.
of slab and beams that is placed monolithically
and as a result T-Beams (T-Shaped Beam) 3-1-2 Beam Specimens
created and the two parts act together to resist the Tests were carried out on five T-beams (T-
applied loads. When the double Tee or single Shaped beams), simply supported under the effect
Tee beams (T-section beams) subjected to shear of single point loading at mid span. The variables
stresses, the thin vertical part of beam (i.e. webs) were the concrete type. The span, web
will resist these stresses. dimensions, beam depth, beam length,
longitudinal (tension) reinforcement and

1
NUCEJ Vol.99 No.1. 2016 Aziz, et al. pp.1 - 9

transverse reinforcement (stirrups) were kept mixtures, is the RPC mixture which contains
constant for all tested specimens. both, the silica fume and the steel fibers of (117.9
kg/m3). The method followed to find the self-
4- Properties of Fresh SCRPC compactibility amount needed for each mix is by
Five mix designs were carried out to examine checking first the slump flow with different
and evaluate the properties of SCRPC in fresh and superplasticizer amount until reaching the aimed
hardened states. Each mix was designated in a value of (240-260mm), then checking the other
way to refer to type of concrete and the volume requirement of self- compactibility. This is
fraction of steel fibers (except the first mix which because slump flow test is the simplest and faster
referred to normal strength concrete, NSC). one. A dosage of (8%) of the total weight of the
Therefore, the mix designated as (SCRPC-1.5) is cement was used for the first trial mixtures. Table
a mix concrete which made with a self (1) shows an example of trial mix for (SCRPC-
compacting reactive powder concrete and volume 1.5) and Table (2) shows the details of concrete
fraction of steel fibers (Vf) of (1.5%). mixes.
The mixture that expected to need the higher
suerplasticizer content to satisfy the self-
compactibility requirements, for the research

Table 1: Trial Mix for SCRPC-1.5

HRWRA % by Wt. of Slump Flow V-Funnel Time
Cement (240-260mm) (7-11sec. )
8 Less than 240 mm -
9 Less than 240 mm -
9.5 Less than 240 mm -
10 Less than 240 mm -
11 Less than 240 mm -
11.5 240 10

Table 2: Details of Design Mixes.

Mix Cement Sand Silica Fume Steel Fibers Water SPD % by the
Designation ( kg/m3) (kg/m3) (kg/m3) (kg/m3) (kg/m3) wt. of the cement
NSC* 1000 1000 - - 450 -
SCRPC-0 1000 1000 - - 230 10.50
SCRPC-0.75 1000 1000 100 58.95 230 10.80
SCRPC-1.0 1000 1000 100 78.6 230 11.07
SCRPC-1.25 1000 1000 100 98.25 230 11.00
SCRPC-1.5 1000 1000 100 117.9 230 11.50
* Reference Mix (Normal Strength Concrete)

4-1-Consistency of the Concrete Where:-D= average diameter of the spread

Mixtures concrete (mm) measured in four directions.
For reference concrete, the consistency was For self-compacting concrete, flow and V-
tested by the flow table test in accordance with funnel tests have been proposed by Okamura
ASTM C1437-01(4). The flow is the resulting and Ouchi(5) and EFNARC(6) to estimate the
increase in average base diameter of the mortar flowability and to determine the flow time of the
mass, expressed as a percentage of the original mortar.
base diameter (100mm), i.e.:- 4-2-Mortar Slump Flow Test
D  100 The slump flow test is used to determine
Flow  x100 ….. (1) filling ability. A value between (240-260mm) is
100 required for self compacting mortar. see Figure
(1)

2
NUCEJ Vol.99 No.1. 2016 Aziz, et al. pp.1 - 9

Figure 1: Consistency test by Flow Table

4-3-Mortar Funnel Test indicate greater flowability. For self compacting

Viscosity and fillingability can be assessed by mortar a flow time of between (7-11) seconds is
the V-funnel flow time. This test measures the considered appropriate (6). see Figure (2)
ease of flow of the mortar; shorter flow times

Figure 2: Viscosity and fillingability by V-funnel flow time test

Table 3: Properties of the SCRPC in the Fresh State
Mix Flow-C1437 Slump Flow V-Funnel
Designation % (mm) (sec.)
NSC* 150 - -
SCRPC-0 - 245 10.5
SCRPC-0.75 - 240 11.0
SCRPC-1.0 - 245 10.0
SCRPC-1.25 - 240 11.0
SCRPC-1.5 - 240 10.5
* Reference Mix (Normal Strength Concrete)
and 60 days). Table (4) illustrates the mechanical
5- Properties of Hardened SCRPC Properties of design mixes.
5-1-Compressive Strength 5-2-Modulus of Rupture
Compressive strength of concrete was carried out Tensile strength in flexural (modulus of
by using (50x50x50mm) cubes according to rupture) were carried out by using (50x50x300
ASTM C109/C109 M-05(7). The average of mm) prismatic specimens (prism) under central
three cubes was adopted at each testing age (7, 28 point loading according to ASTM C 293-79(8).
The average of two prisms was adopted at each
testing age (7, 14 and 28 days).

3
NUCEJ Vol.99 No.1. 2016 Aziz, et al. pp.1 - 9

Table 4: Mechanical Properties of Design Mixes of SCRPC

Mix fcu (MPa)* fr (MPa)**
Designation 7day 14 day 28 day 60 day 7 day 14 day 28 day
NSC 37.6 38.8 39.8 43.2 4 4.2 4.3
SCRPC-0 58.7 62.8 68 77.2 9 9.6 10.3
SCRPC-0.75 59.6 65.2 74.4 87 15.6 17.1 19.5
SCRPC-1.0 66 68.8 79 89.4 16.8 17.5 20.1
SCRPC-1.25 72.3 81.6 99 111.6 18 20.3 22.6
SCRPC-1.5 88.7 99.6 107 113.4 20 22.4 24.1
* Average of three cubes per each testing age.
** Average of two prisms per each testing age.
reinforcement (flexural reinforcement) at bottom
6-Beam Specimens Details of the web. While, slightly reinforcement of
As mentioned before, five beam specimens are (4ф6mm) mild steel, smooth bars at the top
tested. Each beam specimens were designated in a flange were used. To eliminate the shear
way to refer to the employed type of concrete and resisting contribution of stirrups and to ensure
the volume fraction of steel fibers (except the first the specimens to fail in shear mode of failure, the
beam specimen which referred to normal strength tested beams were made with minimum shear
concrete). Therefore, the beam specimen reinforcement (stirrups) and maximum spacing.
designated (SCRPC-1.5) is referred to beam Therefore, (ф4mm@150mm) mild steel, smooth
which made with a self compacting reactive bars were used as shear reinforcement. It may be
powder concrete and volume fraction of steel noted that, the main function of stirrups is to
fibers (Vf) of (1.5%), see Table (5). hold in place the top and bottom longitudinal
All beam specimens were reinforced with reinforcement, see Figure (3).
(2ф10mm) deformed bars as a main

Pu

a = 450mm

2ф10

50mm

Figure 3: Dimensions and Details of Tested T-Beams

Table 5: Details of Beam Specimens

Beam Dimensions
Beam Reinforcement fcu (MPa)
(mm)
Designation
h tf bf bw Longitudinal Stirrups 28 day
NSC* 39.8
SC-0.75 74.4
SC-1.0 250 50 220 50 2ф10mm ф4mm@150mm 79
SC-1.25 99
SC-1.5 107
* Reference Beam.

7- Test Measurements and dial gauges were placed underneath the bottom
Instrumentation face of each span at mid, Figure (4). The beam
Hydraulic universal testing machine (MFL specimens were placed on the testing machine
system) was used to test the beam specimens as and adjusted so that the centerline, supports, point
well as control specimens. Central deflection has load and dial gauge were in their correct or best
been measured by means of (0.01mm) accuracy locations.
dial gauges (ELE type) and (30mm) capacity. The

4
NUCEJ Vol.99 No.1. 2016 Aziz, et al. pp.1 - 9

Figure 4: Setup of Tested Beams

8- Test Procedure of Beam Specimens the effects of various parameters on the shear
All beam specimens were tested using behavior.
universal testing machine (MFL system) with 9-1 General Behavior
monotonic loading to ultimate states. The tested Photographs of the tested beams are shown in
beams were simply supported over an effective Figure (5) and test results are given in Table (6).
span of (900mm) and loaded with a single-point All beams of this study were designed to fail in
load; Figures (3) and (4) shows the setup of beam shear, which was characterized by sudden failure
specimens. and diagonal wide cracks which extended from
The beams have been tested at ages of (28) supports towards the load locations. The general
days. The beam specimens were placed on the behavior of the tested beams can be described as
testing machine and adjusted so that the follows:
centerline, supports, point load and dial gauge At early stages of loading, several cracks
were in their correct or best locations. initiated in the mid span of tested beams (flexural
Loading was applied slowly in successive cracks), with further loading, these cracks
increments. At the end of each load increment, extended upwards and became wider in shear
observations and measurements were recorded for span. One or more cracks propagated faster than
the mid-span deflection and crack development the others and reached the compression flange
and propagation on the beam surface. (near applied load), where crushing of the
When the beams reached advanced stage of concrete near the positions of applied loads had
loading, smaller increments were applied until occurred due to high concentrated stresses under
failure. They fail abruptly without warning load.
(sudden failure) and the diagonal cracks that As expected, the main cracks (diagonal cracks)
develop becomes wider and as a result, the load for all tested beams commenced at the shear span
indicator stopped recording anymore and the and all beams exhibited sudden failure. It is may
deflections increased very fast without any be noted that, at advanced stage of loading, no
increase in applied load. splitting or defragmentation of tested T-Beams
The developments of cracks (crack pattern) occurred, this is due contraptions of steel fibers to
were marked with a pencil at each load increment. carry high stresses (at a certain degree) and
9-Results and Discussion absents of steel reinforcement to hold these parts
As mentioned before, one of the main in the transverse direction.
objectives of this study are to examine or assess 9-2 Mode of Failure
the shear behavior of SCRPC T-shaped beams The experimental evidences show that the
containing different volume fraction of steel diagonal cracks extended horizontally along the
fibers. During the experimental work, ultimate tension reinforcement and eventually, the failure
loads, load versus deflection at mid-span for each take place due to crushing failure in the concrete
beam were recorded. Photographs for the tested near the compression face (near applied load) and
beams are taken to show the crack pattern and this mode of failure called “Shear-Compression”
some other details. failure.
The recorded data, general behavior and test
observations are reported as well as recognizing

5
NUCEJ Vol.99 No.1. 2016 Aziz, et al. pp.1 - 9

Figure 5:Crack Patterns for T-Beams

9-3 Ultimate Strength (Pu) For tested beams (SCRPC-0.75, SCRPC-1.0,
The recorded ultimate loads of the tested SCRPC-1.25 and SCRPC-1.5), which had
beams are presented in Table (5). As expected, different steel volume fraction, the increased in
test results show that the reference beams (NSC) shear strength was (75%-91%) in comparison
has the minimum ultimate strength in comparison with reference beam. The presence of steel fibers
with the rest beams. This may be due to lead to increase the stiffness of tested beams, and
combination of ability of flanges to sustain larger this leads to an increase in carrying capacity.
compressive force at advanced stages of loading Generally, it can be seen that the tested beams
and absent of any leak (openings or joints) in the containing a certain steel volume fraction exhibit
flange. The compression flanges can carry any greater ultimate strength than the reference beam
load increment prior to failure, and this depends (which made fully with normal strength concrete).
mainly on the ultimate compressive strength of
the concrete in the flange.
Table 5: Ultimate, Cracking Loads and Mode of Failure of Tested Beams
Beam
Load (kN) Pc/Pu Shear Force (kN)
Designation Mode of Failure
(%)
Pu Pc Vu (Vu)i/ Vu
NSC* 55 6 11 27.5 -
SC-0.75 101 10.5 10 50.5 1.84
Shear-Compression Failure
SC-1.0 96 9 9 48 1.75
SC-1.25 109 12 11 54.5 1.98
SC-1.5 105 12.5 12 52.5 1.91
* Reference Beam, Pu=55kN and Vu =20.5 kN
Table 6: Comparison between Calculated and Measured Shear Force

Beam Compressive Strength Shear Force (kN)

(MPa) (Vc)Cal. /(Vu)Exp.
Designation
(%)
(Vu)Exp. (Vc)Cal.**
f cu f c' *
NSC* 39.8 32 27.5 22 0.80
SC-0.75 74.4 60 50.5 30 0.59
SC-1.0 79 63 48 31 0.64
SC-1.25 99 79 54.5 34 0.62
SC-1.5 107 86 52.5 36 0.69
* f c' =0.8 f cu
1 '
**ACI-318 ( Vc  f c .d . b w )
3

6
NUCEJ Vol.99 No.1. 2016 Aziz, et al. pp.1 - 9

9-4 Effect of Concrete Strength on between (6.0kN to 15kN), which may be

indicated the first crack loads. Beyond the first
Ultimate Capacity crack loading, each beam behaved in a certain
As shown in Table (6), when the compressive
manner. Behavior of reference T-Beam (NSC)
strength of concrete increased, the ultimate
exhibited less load and deflection in comparison
capacity increased. This may be increasing in the
with the other beams. This beam had a less
stiffness of tested beams. Due to abrupt changes
stiffness due to absent of steel fibers and less
in the sectional configuration, opening corners
compressive strength, which caused decreasing in
are subject to high stress concentration that may
the load carrying capacity beyond the first
lead to reduction in stiffness of the T-Beam and
cracking and this was reflected on the
produced cracking and excessive deflection, see
corresponding deflections
Figures (6) and (7).
Load-deflection curves for the tested beams
9-5 Effect of Steel Fiber Volume (SCRPC-0.75, SCRPC-1.0, SCRPC-1.25, and
Fraction on Ultimate Capacity SCRPC-1.5) exhibits smooth increase in both
As shown in Table (5), when the steel volume applied loads and deflections. Presence of steel
fraction (Vf) changed from (0%) to (1.5%), the fibers caused increasing in the load carrying
ultimate shear strength increased about (75%) to capacity beyond the first cracking and this was
(91%), while, the cracking load increased about reflected on the corresponding deflections. For T-
(50%) to (108%). This means that the presence of Beams (SCRPC-1.25 and SCRPC-1.5), slight
steel fibers improves the load carried capacity at increase in ultimate deflection of beam (SCRPC-
both, initial stage (first cracking load) and 1.5) was observed by comparing with (SCRPC-
ultimate stage (at failure) for all tested beams. 1.25). This is may be due to presence of steel
9-6 Deflections volume fraction grater in the beam (SCRPC-1.5)
Load-deflection curves of the tested beams at than in the beam (SCRPC-1.250), which led to
mid-span at all stages of loading up to failure are decreasing of beam stiffness and as a result, slight
constructed and shown in Figure (6). increases in deflection take place.
As shown in Figure, at the beginning, all Generally, all SCRPC beams exhibits ductile
curves were identical and the tested beams behavior in comparison with NSC beam
exhibited linear behavior and the initial change of (reference beam).
slope of the load-deflection curves occurred

Figure 6: Load-Deflection Relationship for Tested beam Specimens

10- Conclusions 3-The use of (SCRPC) improves the shear
1- The workability requirement for successful resistance and allowing higher forces to be carried
placement of SCRPC necessity that the concrete through both, web and flange. When the steel
should exhibits excellent deformability and volume fraction (Vf) changed from (0%) to
proper stability to flow under own weight without (1.5%), the ultimate shear strength increased
segregation and blockage. about (75%) to (91%), while, the cracking load
2- All (SCRPC) beams exhibits ductile behavior increased about (50%) to (108%). This means the
in comparison with (NSC) beam (reference cracking and an ultimate load depends essentially
beam). on concrete strength and steel volume fraction.

7
NUCEJ Vol.99 No.1. 2016 Aziz, et al. pp.1 - 9

11-References [2] ASTM, "Standard Test Method for Flexural

Strength of Concrete (Using Simple Beam with
[1] Kaseer, F.M., "Mechanical Properties of
Third-Point Loading)", (ASTM C78-75),
Reactive Powder Self Compacting Concrete'',
American Society for Testing and Materials,
M.Sc. Thesis, University of Technology, October
1975.
2007, pp.1-124
[9] McCormac, J. C. and Nelson, J. K., “Design
[2] Giaccio, C., Al-Mahaidi, R. and Taplin, G.,
of Reinforced Concrete”, 7th Edition, John Wiley
“Flange Effectiveness in Shear Strength of RC
& Sons, Inc., USA, 2006, 721 pp.
T-Beams”, Department of Civil Engineering,
Monash University, Wellington Road Clayton, [10] Nawy, E. G., “Reinforced Concrete –A
Vic. Australia, 2003,10 pp. Fundamental Approach”, 6th Edition, Pearson
Education International, New Jersey, USA, 2009,
[3] Aziz, A. H. and Ajeel, A. E., " Effect of
933 pp.
Existing Flange Openings and Cold Joints in
Shear Strength of RC T-Beams", Engineering [11] Wang. C. K. and Salmon, C. G. ,
Journal, College of Engineering, Baghdad “Reinforced Concrete Design”, 4th Edition,
University, Vol ( ), No. ( ) Harper International Edition, New York, USA,
[4] ASTM C1437-01 1985, 947 pp.
[5] Okamura H. and Ouchi M., "Self Compacting 12-Notation
Concrete", Journal of Advanced Concrete a= Shear Span;
Technology, Vol. 1, Japan, (April 2003). bf = Flange width;
[6] EFNARC, “Specification and Guidelines for d= Effective depth of T-Beam;
Self-Compacting Concrete”, February 2002, PP. Cylinder compressive strength of
f c' = concrete;
32, www.efnarce.com
[7] ASTM C109/C109 M-05(7). f cu = Cube compressive strength of concrete;
[8] ACI Committee 318, “Building Code Flexural tensile strength of concrete
Requirements for Structural Concrete (ACI
fr = (modulus of rupture);
318-08) and Commentary (ACI 318R-08)”, fy= Yield strength of steel;
American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, h= Total depth of T-Beam;
MI, 2008, pp.465. L= Effective Span
Pu = Ultimate load;
[2] ASTM, "Test Method for Compressive tf = Flange thickness;
Strength of Cylindrical Concrete Specimens", b w= Web thickness;
(ASTM C39-96), American Society for Testing Vu= Ultimate Shear Force;
and Materials, 1996. (Vu)i= Ultimate Shear Force of a certain beam;
ф= Reinforced bar diameter;

8
 ‫‪NUCEJ Vol.99 No.1. 2016‬‬ ‫‪Aziz, et al. pp.1 - 9‬‬

‫سلوك القص للعتبات الخرسانية المسلحة ذات المقطع‪ T-‬والمصنوعة من خرسانة‬

‫المساحيق الفعالة ذاتية الرص‬
‫عوض عجيل‬ ‫لمى عبد الغني صغير‬ ‫علي حميد عزيز‬
‫هندسة مدنً ‪ /‬كلٌة الهندسه‬ ‫هندسة مدنً ‪ /‬كلٌة الهندسه‬ ‫هندسة مدنً ‪ /‬كلٌة الهندسه‬
‫الجامعة المستنصرٌة‬ ‫الجامعة المستنصرٌة‬ ‫الجامعة المستنصرٌة‬

‫الخالصة‪:‬‬
‫أعدت هذه الدراسة لثالثةة أهةدا ( وأ) ت تية)ٌر نة) مةر الةرسةانة تتة) ر ٌهةا م)اصةاات الةرسةانة ذاتٌةة الةر )‬
‫ةرسانة المساحٌق الاعالة للحص)ل على ةرسانة المساحٌق الاعالة ذاتٌة الر ‪ .‬وثانٌات دراسة تأثٌر نسبة ألٌا الحدٌد‬
‫على الة)ا المٌكانٌكٌة لةرسانة المساحٌق الاعالة ذاتٌةة الةر ‪ .‬وثالثةات دراسةة سةل)ص العة للعتبةات المسةلحة ذات‬
‫المعيع‪) T-‬المصن)عة مر ةرسانة المساحٌق الاعالة ذاتٌةة الةر ‪ .‬تةج اجةراس سلسةلة مةر الاح)صةات المةتبرٌةة علةى‬
‫ةمسة عتبات ةرسانٌة مسلحة ذات معيعو‪T‬ت( العتبة األ)لى والعتبة المرجعٌةةت تةج صةناعتها مةر الةرسةانة ا عتٌادٌةة‬
‫)بد)ر ألٌا أما بعٌة العتبات تج صناعتها باستةداج ةرسانة المساحٌق الاعالة ذاتٌة الر مع نسب مةتلاة مر ألٌةا‬
‫الحدٌد‪ .‬لكا ة العتبات الماح)صة( تج اإلبعاس على أبعاد ال)ترة و‪Web‬ت( أبعاد الشاة و‪Flange‬ت( العمق الكلةً( اةاس‬
‫العتبة( حدٌد التسلٌح الي)لً ) العراً بد)ر أي تغٌٌةر‪ .‬باإلاةا ة الةى ذلةص( تةج اجةراس سلسةلة مةر الاح)صةات علةى‬
‫نماذج السٌيرة ومكعبات ) م)اشٌرت لدراسة ة)ا الةرسانة اليرٌة ) المتصلبة‪ .‬اظهةرت النتةا ا المةتبرٌةة نعصةار‬
‫ً معا)مة الع بحد)د و‪22%-32%‬ت ً العتبات التً تحت)ي على تحة )احدة ً الشاة( )نعصار بحد)و‪17%-‬‬
‫‪39%‬ت ً العتبات التً تحت)ي على تحتٌر ً الشاة‪ .‬بالنسبة للعتبات التً تحتة)ي علةى مااصةل انشةا ٌة( اظهةرت‬
‫النتا ا المةتبرٌة نعصار ً معا)مة الع بحد)د و‪23%‬ت عند معارنتها مع العتبة المرجعٌة‪.‬‬

‫‪9‬‬

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