ECE 526: Lab 3; Page 1/23

Protection of Power Systems II Spring 2017

Differential Protection
(The relay setting sections are highlighted for your convenience. Please replace the default values with your setting
parameters. Please note: one relay setting should work for all the cases of internal and external faults.)

The MathCAD sheet below implements some basic relay calculations. The file takes data read from a Comtrade file
and postprocesses it.

Read Comtrade File Data

1. Read Comtrade Configuration File:

config 
...\EX110AGF1.cfg Right click on the floppy disk icon and select "Choose File" to open a file
browser. Choose the *.cfg file from the contrade file (you will need to type the
extension)

data 
Right click on the floppy disk icon and select "Choose File" to open a file
..\EX110AGF1.dat browser. Choose the *.dat file from the contrade file (it should be an accepted file
type)

COMTRADE configuration file format:

1. The first fow states how the file was created and the version of the standard
2. The second row gives the total number of inputs (7 for these cases), number of analog inputs (7 here) and number of digital inputs (0 here)
3. Rows 3 - 8 are the analog inputs, in the following order:
Isa (Relay at Bus S, phase A)
Isb (Relay at Bus S, phase B)
Isc (Relay at Bus S, phase C)
Ira (Relay at Bus R, phase A)
Irb (Relay at Bus R, phase B)
Irc (Relay at Bus R, phase C)

4. Data sampled 16 times per cycle (960 Hz)

ECE 526: Lab 3; Page 2/23
Protection of Power Systems II Spring 2017

Scaling and Offset Data from Comtrade CFG file

 Read individual cells (scale from column 5, offset from column 6)
 Remember row and column indices start at 0:

3
Isascale  config Isascale  1.2828  10 Isaoffset  config Isaoffset  0.2415
2 5 2 6

5
Isbscale  config Isbscale  4.816  10 Isboffset  config Isboffset  0.0135
3 5 3 6

5
Iscscale  config Iscscale  4.8401  10 Iscoffset  config Iscoffset  0.0124
4 5 4 6

3
Irascale  config Irascale  1.2828  10 Iraoffset  config Iraoffset  0.2415
5 5 5 6

5
Irbscale  config Irbscale  4.816  10 Irboffset  config Irboffset  0.0135
6 5 6 6

5
Ircscale  config Ircscale  4.8401  10 Ircoffset  config Ircoffset  0.0124
7 5 7 6

Enter Constants. Note that RS is the sampling rate, and the value of 16 here is assuming that the COMTRADE file was sampled at that rate.

Phase A symmetrical Phase B symmetrical Phase C symmetrical

components components components
j  120deg
a  1  e transform transform transform

1 1 1   1 a a2   1 a2 a 
 2     
A012   1 a a  B012   1 1 1  C012   2
Sampling rate (samples/sec) 1 a a
 2  2   
RS  16 1 a a  1 a a  1 1 1 
ECE 526: Lab 3; Page 3/23
Protection of Power Systems II Spring 2017

Enter vector indices for filter and relay calculations (do not change these)

i  0  rows( data)  1

RS
v   rows( data)  1 Offset samples by 1/4 cycles for phasor calculation
4

w  RS  rows( data)  1 Offset samples by 1 cycles for plotting in the alpha plane (so startup doesn't appear outside of restraint region)

d  5  RS  rows( data)  1 Offset samples by 5 cycles for trip calculation

If  RS  1  rows( data)  1

User Entered Parameters:

 I am entering typical values the current transformer ration (CTR) and voltage transformer ratio (PTR). You need to change these to match your
calculations.

CTR  1 VTR  1

Read Data From Comtrade File:

 The data from the COMTRADE file is now read into vectors for MathCAD to use.
 Note that these vectors are assuming that IA, IB, etc are in certain columns in the table. The numbers below assume that the data is assigned as
described in the other handout. Columns 0 and 1 of the COMTRADE file do not store data of interest, so Column 2 is the first one of interest.

 data2  Isaoffset  data5  Iraoffset

IsA     Isascale  IrA     Irascale 
 CTR  CTR  CTR  CTR

 data3  Isboffset  data6  Irboffset

IsB     Isbscale  IrB     Irbscale 
 CTR  CTR  VTR  VTR

 data4   data7 
Iscoffset
IsC     Iscscale  Ircoffset
 CTR  CTR IrC     Ircscale 
 VTR  VTR
ECE 526: Lab 3; Page 4/23
Protection of Power Systems II Spring 2017

Now plot the currents and voltages. These should be sinusoidal. Note that the horizontal axis is in the number of cycles since the i/RS is sample
number divided by sampling rate.
 As a check, the prefault data should be balanced three phase

 Phase currents at Bus S

60

40

20

IsAi

IsB i
0
IsC i

 20

 40

 60
0 20 40 60
i
RS
ECE 526: Lab 3; Page 5/23
Protection of Power Systems II Spring 2017

 Phase currents at Bus R

60

40

20

IrA i

IrBi
0
IrCi

 20

 40

 60
0 20 40 60
i
RS
ECE 526: Lab 3; Page 6/23
Protection of Power Systems II Spring 2017

Digital Filter Stages:

 Now the data is run through a digital cosine filter as a first step in calculating magnitude and phase. Normally the first step would be to perform
a low pass filtering operation on the data, but since ATP Analyzer already did this, we can skip that step.

RS 1 RS  1
cos 2 π k   IsA  cos 2  π k   IrA 
 
2 2
Isa      [ If  ( RS  1) ]  k
Ira      
If RS   RS   If RS   RS  [ If ( RS1) ] k
k0 k 0

RS  1 RS 1
cos 2  π k   IsB  cos 2 π k   IrB 
 
2 2
Isb      [ If ( RS1) ] k Irb      [ If ( RS1) ] k
If RS   RS   If RS   RS  
k 0 k0

RS  1
RS 1 cos 2  π k   IrC 

2
cos 2 π k   IsC  Irc      

2
Isc      [ If ( RS1) ] k If RS   RS  [ If ( RS1) ] k
If RS   RS   k 0
k0

Now create phasors.

 To create a phasor we need a real and an imaginary part. If one uses Euler's identity, we need: cos(A) + j sin(A). The cosine filter output gives us
the cosine part. Rather than implementing a sine filter (which doesn't reject decaying DC offsets), create the sine term by delaying the cosine terms
by 90 degress (1/4 cycle-- or 4 samples when sampling at 16 samples per cycle). Also divide by SQRT(2 ) to g et R MS ph aso rs

1
1 IrAcpx   Irav  j  Ira RS 
IsAcpx 
v  Isa  j  Isa RS  v 2 v 
2 v v   4 
 4 

1 1
IsBcpx 
v  Isb  j  Isb RS  IrBcpx   Irbv  j  Irb RS 
2 v v  v 2 v 
 4   4 
1
1 IrCcpx   Ircv  j  Irc RS 
IsCcpx 
v  Isc  j  Isc
v RS 
v
2 v 
2 v   4 
 4 
ECE 526: Lab 3; Page 7/23
Protection of Power Systems II Spring 2017

Model CT Error (%):

CTsAsat  0% CTrAsat  0%
CTsBsat  0% CTrBsat  0%
CTsCsat  0% CTrCsat  0%

IsAsat  ( 1  CTsAsat )  IsAcpx IrAsat  ( 1  CTrAsat)  IrAcpx

v v v v

IsBsat  ( 1  CTsBsat)  IsBcpx IrBsat  ( 1  CTrBsat)  IrBcpx

v v v v

IsCsat  ( 1  CTsCsat)  IsCcpx IrCsat  ( 1  CTrCsat)  IrCcpx

v v v v

 Each of these terms is a phasor with magnitude and phase

30 30

24

20
IsAsatv IrAsatv
18
IsBsatv IrBsatv

IsCsatv IrCsatv
12
10

0
0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
v
v
RS
RS
ECE 526: Lab 3; Page 8/23
Protection of Power Systems II Spring 2017

Calculate Operate and Restraint Currents:

Is_OPA  IsAsat  IrAsat

v v v Operation Current, Relay S, Phase A

Is_OPB  IsBsat  IrBsat

v v v Operation Current, Relay S, Phase B
Is_OPC  IsCsat  IrCsat
v v v Operation Current, Relay S, Phase C

Ir_OPA  IrAsat  IsAsat Operation Current, Relay R, Phase A

v v v

Ir_OPB  IrBsat  IsBsat Operation Current, Relay R, Phase B

v v v

Ir_OPC  IrCsat  IsCsat Operation Current, Relay R, Phase C

v v v

Is_RTA  IsAsat  IrAsat

v v v Restraint Current, Relay S, Phase A
Is_RTB  IsBsat  IrBsat
v v v Restraint Current, Relay S, Phase B
Is_RTC  IsCsat  IrCsat
v v v Restraint Current, Relay S, Phase C
Ir_RTA  IrAsat  IsAsat
v v v Restraint Current, Relay R, Phase A
Ir_RTB  IrBsat  IsBsat
v v v Restraint Current, Relay R, Phase B
Ir_RTC  IrCsat  IsCsat
v v v Restraint Current, Relay R, Phase C
ECE 526: Lab 3; Page 9/23
Protection of Power Systems II Spring 2017

Plots of operate quantities versus restraint quantities

Relay S Relay R

60 60

40 40
Phase A: Is_OPA v 0.001 Ir_OPAv 0.001

Is_RTA v 0.001 Ir_RTAv 0.001

20 20
(0.001 is added to get a
better view of the plots when
Y-axis quantity is zero.)
0 0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 0 10 20 30 40 50 60
v v
RS RS

3 3

2
Is_OPBv 0.001 2
Ir_OPBv 0.001
Is_RTBv 0.001
Phase B: Ir_RTBv 0.001
1
1

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
v 0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
RS v
RS
ECE 526: Lab 3; Page 10/23
Protection of Power Systems II Spring 2017

3 3

2 2
Is_OPCv 0.001 Ir_OPCv 0.001
Phase C: Is_RTCv 0.001 Ir_RTCv 0.001

1 1

0 0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 0 10 20 30 40 50 60
v v
RS RS

Calculate Complex Ratio of Remote-to-Local Currents:

IrAsat
v IsAsat
alpha_sA  v
v IsAsat  0.001 alpha_rA 
v v IrAsat  0.001 (0.001 is added to avoid the zero-divisor case)
v

IrBsat
v IsBsat
alpha_sB  v
v IsBsat  0.001 alpha_rB 
v v IrBsat  0.001
v

IrCsat
v IsCsat
alpha_sC  v
v IsCsat  0.001 alpha_rC 
v v IrCsat  0.001
v
ECE 526: Lab 3; Page 11/23
Protection of Power Systems II Spring 2017

Relay Model 1 (Classic Percentage Differential Protection Model)

Relay Setting (default values are arbitrarily set)
Enable the relay elements you want to use (1 means enabled, 0 means disabled)
Relay S Relay R
Rs_E87β1  1
Rr_E87β1  1
Rs_E87β2  1
Rr_E87β2  1
Relay restaint slopes (user setting required)
Relay S Relay R

βr_1  25% Sensitive restraint slope

βs_1  25% Sensitive restraint slope

Iaxis  0 1  50
Plot Restraint Slopes
Relay S Relay R

15 15

10 10

βs_1  Iaxis βr_1  Iaxis

5 5

0 0
0 10 20 30 40 50 0 10 20 30 40 50
Iaxis Iaxis
ECE 526: Lab 3; Page 12/23
Protection of Power Systems II Spring 2017

Relay Pickup Logic

Negative sequence element (modified to latch and stay one, no drop out for now)

Initialize arrays: Tr_s1  0 Tr_r1  0

v v

Relay S Relay R

Tr_s1  1 if Is_OPA  βs_1 Is_RTA Tr_r1  1 if Ir_OPA  βr_1 Ir_RTA

v v v v v v
1 if Is_OPB  βs_1 Is_RTB 1 if Ir_OPB  βr_1 Ir_RTB
v v v v
1 if Is_OPC  βs_1 Is_RTC 1 if Ir_OPC  βr_1 Ir_RTC
v v v v
1 if Tr_s1  0.01 1 if Tr_r1  0.01
v 1 v 1
0 otherwise 0 otherwise

Relay S response
 Phase A  Phase B

10
10

8 8

βs_1  Iaxis 6 βs_1  Iaxis 6

Is_OPA v Is_OPBv
4 4

2 2

0
0 0 10 20 30 40 50
0 20 40 60
Iaxis Is_RTBv
Iaxis Is_RTA v
ECE 526: Lab 3; Page 13/23
Protection of Power Systems II Spring 2017

10

8
 Phase C
βs_1  Iaxis 6

Is_OPCv
4

0
0 10 20 30 40 50
Iaxis Is_RTCv

Relay R response
 Phase A
 Phase B

10
10

8 8

βr_1  Iaxis 6 βr_1  Iaxis 6

Ir_OPAv Ir_OPBv
4 4

2 2

0 0
0 10 20 30 40 50 0 10 20 30 40 50
Iaxis Ir_RTAv Iaxis Ir_RTBv
ECE 526: Lab 3; Page 14/23
Protection of Power Systems II Spring 2017

10

 Phase C
βr_1  Iaxis 6

Ir_OPCv
4

0
0 10 20 30 40 50
Iaxis Ir_RTCv
Relay Response

2
2

1.5
1.5

Tr_r1v 1
Tr_s1v 1

0.5
0.5

0
0 0 20 40 60
0 20 40 60
v
v
RS
RS
ECE 526: Lab 3; Page 15/23
Protection of Power Systems II Spring 2017

Relay Model 2 (Alpha Plane Analysis Model)

The differential relay model developed here is based on a SEL-311L relay product. The theory of operation (patented) can be found in
SEL-311L instruction manual (Section 3: Line Current Differentail Protection). (All SEL product manuals can be free downloaded at
www.selinc.com. Registeration may be required.)

Relay Settings (default values are arbitrarily set)

Enable the relay elements you want to use (1 means enabled, 0 means disabled)

Relay S Relay R

Rs_E87  1 Rr_E87  1

Restraint Region Settings

Relay S

Rs_87LANG  190 (the angular (in degrees) extent of the restraint region)

Rs_87LR  3 (the outer radius of the restraint region, the inner radius is calculated using the reciprocal of 87R)

Rs_87LPP  0 (the miniumum pickup current (Amp) for qualifies tripping when the alpha plane ratio lies outside the restraint
region)

Relay R

Rr_87LANG  190 (the angular (in degrees) extent of the restraint region)

Rr_87LR  5 (the outer radius of the restraint region, the inner radius is calculated using the reciprocal of 87R)

Rr_87LPP  0 (the minumum pickup current (Amp) for tripping when the alpha plane ratio lies outside the restraint region)
ECE 526: Lab 3; Page 16/23
Protection of Power Systems II Spring 2017

  360 Rs_87LANG deg 

j 
Plot the setting characteristic in the alpha plane:  1 
e  
2
 
 Rs_87LANG deg  360 Rs_87LANG  deg Upper   Rs_87LR

k
k  0 1 j 719      360 Rs_87LANG  
e     j  deg
1 720 2
Inner   
 Rs_87LR e 
k 2
Rs_87LR 

 Rs_87LANG deg  360 Rs_87LANG  deg   360Rs_87LANG deg 

 j 
j  k  1 
    2 
Outer  Rs_87LR e 
k  0 1  719 720  2     e 
k Lower   Rs_87LR

  360 Rs_87LANG  
 j  deg
 
 Rs_87LR e 
2


Im Innerk


Im Outerk
Note: the axis limits are set at
Rs_87LR and -Rs_87LR
Im( Upper) 2 0 2

Im( Lower)

2

Re Innerk Re Outerk Re( Upper) Re( Lower)

ECE 526: Lab 3; Page 17/23
Protection of Power Systems II Spring 2017

Plot the relay S alpha plane response against the setting characteristic for each phase
You may want to change axis limits for better view of results:

Im Innerk

Im Outerk

Im( Upper)

Im( Lower)
2 0 2
Im alpha_sAw

Im alpha_sB w

Im alpha_sC w

2

Re Innerk Re Outerk Re( Upper) Re( Lower) Re alpha_sAw Re alpha_sB w Re alpha_sCw

 Note that all three phases start at -1 in prefault load flow condition
ECE 526: Lab 3; Page 18/23
Protection of Power Systems II Spring 2017

Plot the relay R alpha plane response for each phase against the setting characteristic

Im Innerk

Im Outerk

Im( Upper)

Im( Lower)
2 0 2
Im alpha_rA w

Im alpha_rBw

Im alpha_rCw

2

Re Innerk Re Outerk Re( Upper) Re( Lower) Re alpha_rA w Re alpha_rBw Re alpha_rCw
ECE 526: Lab 3; Page 19/23
Protection of Power Systems II Spring 2017

Relay Element Pick Up Logic

Negative sequence element (modified to latch and stay one, no drop out for now)

Initialize arrays: Tr_s  0 Tr_r  0

v v

Relay S

Relay Word Bits: Rs_87LOPA  1 if Is_OPA  Rs_87LPP

v v
0 otherwise

Rs_87LOPB  1 if Is_OPB  Rs_87LPP

v v
0 otherwise

Rs_87LOPC  1 if Is_OPC  Rs_87LPP

v v
0 otherwise

1
Rs_87LA  1 if alpha_sA  Rs_87LR  alpha_sA 
v v v Rs_87LR
( Rs_87LANG  360 )  π ( 360  Rs_87LANG )  π
1 if
360 
 arg alpha_sA  0.001 
v  360
0 otherwise

1
Rs_87LB  1 if alpha_sB  Rs_87LR  alpha_sB 
v v v Rs_87LR
( Rs_87LANG  360 )  π ( 360  Rs_87LANG )  π
1 if
360 
 arg alpha_sB  0.001 
v  360
0 otherwise
ECE 526: Lab 3; Page 20/23
Protection of Power Systems II Spring 2017

1
Rs_87LC  1 if alpha_sC  Rs_87LR  alpha_sC 
v v v Rs_87LR
( Rs_87LANG  360 )  π ( 360  Rs_87LANG )  π
1 if
360 
 arg alpha_sC  0.001 
v  360
0 otherwise

Tr_s  1 if Rs_87LOPA  Rs_87LA  Rs_87LOPB  Rs_87LB  Rs_87LOPC  Rs_87LC

v v v v v v v
1 if Tr_s  0.01
v 1
0 otherwise

Relay R

Relay Word Bits:

Rr_87LOPA  1 if Ir_OPA  Rr_87LPP
v v
0 otherwise

Rr_87LOPB  1 if Ir_OPB  Rr_87LPP

v v
0 otherwise

Rr_87LOPC  1 if Ir_OPC  Rr_87LPP

v v
0 otherwise
1
Rr_87LA  1 if alpha_rA  Rr_87LR  alpha_rA 
v v v Rr_87LR
( Rr_87LANG  360 )  π ( 360  Rr_87LANG)  π
1 if
360 
 arg alpha_rA  0.001 
v  360
0 otherwise
ECE 526: Lab 3; Page 21/23
Protection of Power Systems II Spring 2017

1
Rr_87LB  1 if alpha_rB  Rr_87LR  alpha_rB 
v v v Rr_87LR
( Rr_87LANG  360 )  π ( 360  Rr_87LANG)  π
1 if
360 
 arg alpha_rB  0.001 
v  360
0 otherwise

1
Rr_87LC  1 if alpha_rC  Rr_87LR  alpha_rC 
v v v Rr_87LR
( Rr_87LANG  360 )  π ( 360  Rr_87LANG)  π
1 if
360 
 arg alpha_rC  0.001 
v  360
0 otherwise

Tr_r  1 if Rr_87LOPA  Rr_87LA  Rr_87LOPB  Rr_87LB  Rr_87LOPC  Rr_87LC

v v v v v v v
1 if Tr_r  0.01
v 1
0 otherwise
ECE 526: Lab 3; Page 22/23
Protection of Power Systems II Spring 2017

2 Relay Response 2
First by phase:

1.5 1.5

Rr_87LOPAv Rr_87LAv 1 Rr_87LOPAv Rr_87LAv 1

0.5 0.5

0 0
0 20 40 60 0 20 40 60
v v
RS RS
2 2

1.5 1.5

Rr_87LOPB v Rr_87LBv 1 Rr_87LOPB v Rr_87LBv 1

0.5
0.5

0
0 0 20 40 60
0 20 40 60
v
v
RS
RS
ECE 526: Lab 3; Page 23/23
Protection of Power Systems II Spring 2017

2 2

1.5 1.5

Rr_87LOPC v Rr_87LCv 1 Rr_87LOPC v Rr_87LCv 1

0.5
0.5

0
0 0 20 40 60
0 20 40 60
v
v
RS
RS

Trip Response
2 2

1.5 1.5

Tr_sv 1 Tr_rv 1

0.5
0.5

0
0 0 20 40 60
0 20 40 60
v
v
RS
RS