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Radioactive Decay Excited Paul Villard Radium Henri Becquerel

Paul Villard discovered gamma radiation in 1900 while studying radium. Gamma rays were found to be more powerful than previously discovered alpha and beta rays. In 1903, Ernest Rutherford named Villard's discovery "gamma rays" and noted they were unlike alpha and beta rays because they were not deflected by magnetic fields. Gamma rays were later proven to be electromagnetic radiation through their reflection off of crystal surfaces, with wavelengths shorter than X-rays giving them more energy per photon.

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26 views1 page

Radioactive Decay Excited Paul Villard Radium Henri Becquerel

Paul Villard discovered gamma radiation in 1900 while studying radium. Gamma rays were found to be more powerful than previously discovered alpha and beta rays. In 1903, Ernest Rutherford named Villard's discovery "gamma rays" and noted they were unlike alpha and beta rays because they were not deflected by magnetic fields. Gamma rays were later proven to be electromagnetic radiation through their reflection off of crystal surfaces, with wavelengths shorter than X-rays giving them more energy per photon.

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The first gamma ray source to be discovered historically was the radioactive decay process

called gamma decay. In this type of decay, an excited nucleus emits a gamma ray almost
immediately upon formation.[note 1] Paul Villard, a French chemist and physicist, discovered gamma
radiation in 1900, while studying radiation emitted from radium. Villard knew that his described
radiation was more powerful than previously described types of rays from radium, which included
beta rays, first noted as "radioactivity" by Henri Becquerel in 1896, and alpha rays, discovered as
a less penetrating form of radiation by Rutherford, in 1899. However, Villard did not consider
naming them as a different fundamental type.[1][2] Later, in 1903, Villard's radiation was
recognized as being of a type fundamentally different from previously named rays by Ernest
Rutherford, who named Villard's rays "gamma rays" by analogy with the beta and alpha rays that
Rutherford had differentiated in 1899.[3] The "rays" emitted by radioactive elements were named
in order of their power to penetrate various materials, using the first three letters of the Greek
alphabet: alpha rays as the least penetrating, followed by beta rays, followed by gamma rays as
the most penetrating. Rutherford also noted that gamma rays were not deflected (or at least,
not easily deflected) by a magnetic field, another property making them unlike alpha and beta
rays.
Gamma rays were first thought to be particles with mass, like alpha and beta rays. Rutherford
initially believed that they might be extremely fast beta particles, but their failure to be deflected
by a magnetic field indicated that they had no charge.[4] In 1914, gamma rays were observed to
be reflected from crystal surfaces, proving that they were electromagnetic radiation.[4] Rutherford
and his co-worker Edward Andrade measured the wavelengths of gamma rays from radium, and
found that they were similar to X-rays, but with shorter wavelengths and (thus) higher frequency.
This was eventually recognized as giving them more energy per photon, as soon as the latter
term became generally accepted. A gamma decay was then understood to usually emit a gamma
photon.

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