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2.5 Noise Temperature: May Be Influenced by (But Is

Noise temperature is a useful measurement for low-noise antennas, receivers, and devices, especially at UHF and microwave frequencies. It is additive like noise power, allowing the total noise temperature of a system to be calculated as the sum of the individual noise temperatures. Another advantage is that noise temperature shows greater variation than noise figure at low noise levels, making changes easier to detect. Equivalent noise temperature is a fictional value that allows noise figure to be calculated and can provide convenience, though it does not represent the actual temperature of a component.

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35 views2 pages

2.5 Noise Temperature: May Be Influenced by (But Is

Noise temperature is a useful measurement for low-noise antennas, receivers, and devices, especially at UHF and microwave frequencies. It is additive like noise power, allowing the total noise temperature of a system to be calculated as the sum of the individual noise temperatures. Another advantage is that noise temperature shows greater variation than noise figure at low noise levels, making changes easier to detect. Equivalent noise temperature is a fictional value that allows noise figure to be calculated and can provide convenience, though it does not represent the actual temperature of a component.

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Alditiya
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2.

5 NOISE TEMPERATURE
The concept of noise figure, although frequently used, is not always the most convenient measure of noise,
particularly in dealing with UHF and microwave low-noise antennas, receivers or devices. Controversy
exists regarding which is the better all-around measurement, but noise temperature, derived from early work
in radio astronomy, is employed extensively for antennas and low-noise microwave amplifiers. Not the
least reason for its use is convenience, in that it is an additive like noise power. This may be seen from
reexamining
Equation (2.1 ). as follows:
𝑃𝑡 = 𝑘𝑇∆𝑓
= 𝑃1 + 𝑃2 = 𝑘𝑇1 ∆𝑓 + 𝑘𝑇2 ∆𝑓
𝑘𝑇𝑡 ∆𝑓 = 𝑘𝑇1 ∆𝑓 + 𝑘𝑇2 ∆𝑓
𝑇𝑡 = 𝑇1 + 𝑇2
Where 𝑃1 and 𝑃2 = two individual noise powers (e.g., received by the antenna and generated by the antenna,
respectively) and 𝑃𝑡 , is their sum
𝑇1 and 𝑇2 = the individual noise temperatures
𝑇𝑡 = the "total" noise temperature
Another advantage of the use of noise temperature for low noise levels is that it shows a greater
variation for any given noise-level cbangc than does the noise figure, so changes are easier to grasp in their
true perspective.
It will be recalled that the equivalent noise resistance introduced in Section 2.3 is quite fictitious,
but it is often ernptoyed because of its convenience. Similarly, 𝑇𝑐𝑞 , the equivalent noise temperature, may
also be utilized if it proves convenient. In defining the equivalent noise temperature of a receiver or
amplifier, it is assumed that 𝑅𝑒𝑞 = 𝑅0 , If this is to lead to the conect value of noise output power, then
obviously 𝑅′𝑒𝑞 must be at a temperan1re other than the ~tandard one at which all the components (including
𝑅0 ) are assumed to be. It is then possible to use Equation (2.23) to equate noise figure and equivalent noise
temperature, as follows:
𝑅 ′ 𝑒𝑞 𝑘𝑇1 ∆𝑓𝑅 ′ 𝑒𝑞
𝐹 =1+ =1+
𝑅0 𝑘𝑇2 ∆𝑓𝑅0
𝑇𝑒𝑞
=1+ 𝑇0
(2.25)

where 𝑅 ′ 𝑒𝑞 = 𝑅0 , as postulated in the definition of 𝑇𝑒𝑞


𝑇0 = 17℃ = 290 K
𝑇𝑒𝑞 = equivalent noise temperature of the amplifier or receiver whose noise figure is F
Note that F here is a ratio and is not expressed in decibels. Also, 𝑇𝑒𝑞 may be influenced by (but is
certainly not equal to) the actual ambient temperature of the receiver or amplifier. It must be repeated that
the equivalent noise temperature is just a convenient fiction. Jf all the noise of the receiver were generated
by 𝑅0 , its temperature would have to be 𝑇𝑒𝑞 , Finally we have, from Equation (2.25),
𝑇0 𝐹 = 𝑇0 + 𝑇𝑒𝑞
𝑇𝑒𝑞 = 𝑇0 (𝐹 − 1) (2.26)
Once noise figure is known, equivalent noise temperature may be calculated from Equation (2.26).
Examples 2.6
A receiver connected to an a.11tenna whose resistance is 50 Ω lias an equivalent noise resistance
of 30 Ω.Calculate the receiver's noise figure in decibels nd its equivalent noise temperature.
Solution
𝑅 ′ 𝑒𝑞 30
𝐹 =1+ =1+ = 1 + 0,6 = 1,6
𝑅0 50
= 10 𝑙𝑜𝑔0,6 = 10 x 0,204 = 2,04 dB
𝑇𝑒𝑞 = 𝑇0 (𝐹 − 1) = 290(1,6 − 1) = 290 x 0,6
= 174 K

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