University of Asia Pacific

Department- EEE
Course Code- EEE-204 Course Name- Machine - I

Experiment No- 01

Name of the Experiment: Determination of turn’s ratio of the single phase transformer.

Introduction: A transformer is a static device comprising coils coupled through a magnetic medium
connecting two ports at different or same voltage levels in a electric system allowing the interchange of
electrical energy between the ports in either direction via the magnetic field. The most important tasks
performed by transformer.

1. Changing voltage and current levels in electric power system.

2. Matching source and load impedance for maximum power transfer in electrical and communication
system.
3. Electrical isolation, isolating one circuit from another.

A transformer is its simple form consist essentially two insulated windings interlinked by a common or mutual
magnetic field established in a core of magnetic material. When one of the windings termed the primary is
connected to an alternating voltage source an alternating flux is produced in the core with amplitude depending
on the primary voltage and number of primary turns. This mutual flux links the other windings called the
secondary. A voltage is induced in this secondary and its magnetic will depend on the number of secondary
turns if the secondary voltage is greater than the primary value the transformer is called a step up transformer.
If it is less it is known as a step down transformer. If primary and secondary voltage is equal, the transformer
is said to have a one to one ratio. One to one ratio transformer is used so electrically isolate two parts of a
circuit. Any transformer may be used as a step up or step down depending on the way it is connected. The turn
ratio of a transformer is defined as in this experiment we shall determine the turn ratio of a power transformer.

𝐍𝟏 𝐄𝟏 𝐈𝟐
a= = =
𝐍𝟐 𝐄𝟐 𝐈𝟏

Apparatus:

1. Two AC voltmeters ( 0-300 v)

2. Two AC ammeter (0-10 A)
3. One single phase transformer.
4. One rheostat (current rating greater than or equal to 5 A)
5. Auto transformer (Varian)
6. Wires and cords.

Page 1 of 20
Experimental setup:

H1 X1

Variable
AC V V
Supply

H2 X2

Fig- 1

H1 X1
A A

Variable
AC V V Load
Supply

H2 X2

Procedure:

A) Voltage Ratio
1. Connect the primary (H1 – H2 )terminals of the primary to 220 volt AC supply as shown in the figure
(a)
2. Measure the voltage at the supply and also across secondary (X1 – X2)
3. Find the turn ratio using this formula

V1 (H1 − H2 )
a=
V2 (X1 − X2 )

4. Repeat step1 to step3 for supply voltage 160v,180,200v,220v

B) Current Ratio:

5. Connect two ammeter in the primary and secondary circuit as shown in the figure (b)
6. Adjust the rheostat such that the reading of any ammeter does not exceed the current rating of the
ammeters and the rheostat. Take three readings of both meters by adjusting the rheostat.
7. Find the turn ratio using the formula

I2 (X1 − X2)
a=
I1 (H1 − H2 )

Page 2 of 20
Data sheet:

E1 (v) E2 (v) 𝐄𝟏 I1 (A) I2 (A) 𝐈𝟐

a= a=
𝐄𝟐 𝐈𝟏

160 v
180 v
200 v
220 v

Report:

1. Show all the data in tabular form.

2. Determine the turn ratio (a) of the transformer from the voltage and current readings using the
appropriate formula. Discuss the discrepancies if any.
3. Which method of determining turn ratio is more accurate and why.
4. Define the terms ideal transformer turn ratio, nominal ratio, transformation ratio, and step up, step
down transformer.
5. Why transformers are rated in KVA instead of KW.
6. Draw the exact and approximate equivalent circuit of a transformer. Define all the parameters.
7. Draw the vector diagram of a transformer for resistive, inductive and capacitive load.

Page 3 of 20
 University of Asia Pacific
Department- EEE
Course Code- EEE-204 Course Name- Machine - I

Experiment No- 02

Experiment Name: Open circuit and Short circuit test of a single phase transformer.

Equipments:

1. AC ammeter
2. AC voltmeter
3. Wattmeter
4. Single phase transformer – 220/100 v

Introduction:

A transformer is a static device by means of which electric power in one circuit is transferred into electric
power in another circuit of the same frequency. It can rise or down voltage in the circuit with a corresponding.
Decrease or increase in current. So the volt-ampere rating of two circuits remains same. The equivalent circuit
diagram of a single phase transformer is shown below.

R1 X1 R2 X2
I1 I2

I0

Load
V2
V1 R0 X0

The performances of a transformer can be calculated on the basics of its equivalent circuit contains four main
parameters.

1. The equivalent resistance R01 referred to primary or R02 referred secondary side.
2. Equivalent leakage reactance X01 referred to primary or X02 referred secondary side.
3. Core loss conductance G0 or resistance R0
4. Magnetizing susceptance B0 or reactance X0

Page 4 of 20
These parameters can be determined by the flowing two tests

1. Open circuit test

2. Short circuit test

At first determine the transformation ratio of the transformer

𝐄𝟏
a=
𝐄𝟐

Open circuit test:

This test determines no load loss of the transformer. The no load current I0 helps to find X0 and R0. The
circuit agreement for this test is shown below.

Watt meter

1- Phase
AC LT HT
V
Supply 100V 220V

Connect the instruments on the LT side with HT side open. Slow apply full voltage on the LT side. Note down
the readings of the instruments. From the wattmeter, ammeter, voltmeter.

Data sheet:

V0 (v) I0 (A) P0 (W) 𝐏𝟎

Cos𝛉0= Iw = I0 Cos𝛉𝟎 I𝛍= I0 Sin𝛉0
𝐕𝟎 𝐈𝟎

W0 =V0 × I0 × cosθ0
Where Cosθ0 is called the low tension side power factor no load condition. The no load current has two
components

1. Magnetizing current, Iμ = I0 Sinθ0

2. Working component , Iw = I0 Cosθ0

V V
So core resistance referred to LT side is R0 = and core resistance referred to LT side is X0 =
Iw Iμ

Page 5 of 20
Short circuit test:

This test determines copper loss in the transformer. Finding this loss the regulation of the transformer can be
determined. The circuit agreement of this test is shown below.

Watt meter

1- Phase
AC V HT LT
Supply 220V 100V

Connect the ammeter, voltmeter, wattmeter in the HT side and LT side will be short circuited by pure copper
wire.

From the wattmeter, voltmeter, ammeter readings

Data sheet:

Vsc (v) Isc (A) Wsc (watt) 𝐏𝐬𝐜

R01= 𝟐
𝐈𝐬𝐜 X01=√𝐙 𝟐 − 𝐑 𝟎𝟏 𝟐

Wsc = R01 × I2sc

Wsc
R01 =
I2sc

X01 = √{(Vsc/Isc)2 − R201 }

Report:

1. Why is it assumed that during sort test, all the loss is copper losses?
2. Why is it assumed that during open circuit all the losses are core losses?
3. Draw an equivalent circuit and vector diagram for the short circuit of a transformer.
4. Briefly describe the open circuit test and short circuit test of single phase transformer.
5. Find out the value of R01, X01, R02, X02, R0, X0,Iμ, Iw, Cosθ0, Z01, Z02,from short and open circuit test.

Page 6 of 20
 University of Asia Pacific
Department- EEE
Course Code- EEE-204 Course Name- Machine - I
Experiment No – 03

Experiment Name: To study of a transformer regulation under different power factor.

Equipments:

1. Single phase transformer (110/220 v)

2. AC ammeter 0- 2.5 A
3. Voltmeter 0- 300 v
4. Inductor bank
5. Capacitor bank
6. Lamp 100 w- 2 pc
7. Wattmeter
8. Rheostat 0-500 Ω

Introduction:

Regulation is an indication of a voltage change in load. Equipment is said to have good regulation if this
change of voltage is less. It is defined as

𝐕𝐧𝐥 − 𝐕𝐟𝐥
%R= ×100
𝐕𝐟𝐥

V Load
HT LT

For a transformer for constant primary voltage as load increase the voltage at the load decrease as there is
voltage drop due to internal resistance and reactance of the transformer. If we know the resistance and
reactance of the transformer, it is regulation can be determined under various load conditions.

Page 7 of 20
Procedure:

1. Perform the short circuit test by applying a small voltage on the HT side with LT side shorted and fill
the data sheet. From the short circuit test determine the value of R01 and X01 referred to the HT side.

Watt meter

1- Phase
AC V HT LT
Supply 220V 100V

2. Resistive Load: Connect a resistive load on the HT side and connect a variac on the LT side.

Watt meter

1 phase LT HT
AC
V R
100 220
supply

3. Inductive Load: Now connect a lagging load on the HT side. in this case connect a wattmeter to
determine the power factor of the load. Slow apply 110v on the primary and take the flowing readings.

Watt meter

1 phase LT HT
AC
V R L
100 220
supply

Page 8 of 20
 4. Capacitive Load: Connect a leading load on the HT side and respect step (3)

Watt meter

1 phase LT HT
AC
V R C
100 220
supply

Types of VFL IL W VNL 𝐖 𝐕𝐍𝐋 −𝐕𝐅𝐋

Cos𝛉= R= × 𝟏𝟎𝟎%
𝐕𝐅𝐋 𝐈𝐋 𝐕𝐅𝐋
Load
Resistive
Inductive
Capacitive

Report:

1. Draw the vector diagram under unity, lagging and leading p.f and calculate analytically the regulation
in each case. Compare the value of regulation found analytically with that of experimental value.
2. Comment on the regulation under leading p.f it is something different? Comment on this value.

Page 9 of 20
 University of Asia Pacific
Department- EEE
Course Code- EEE-204 Course Name- Machine - I

Exp No - 05
Name of the experiment: Parallel operation of transformers.
Objective:
1. To learn how to connect transformer in parallel.
2. To determine the efficiency of parallel connected transformers.

Introduction: Transformer may be connected in parallel to furnish load currents greater than the rated current
of each transformer. There are two precautions to be taken when connecting transformer in parallel.

1. The winding to be paralleled must have identical output voltage ratings.

2. The winding to be paralleled must have identical polarities.

Very large short circuit current can be developed if these rules are not being obeyed.

The efficiency of any machine or electrical device is given the ratio of output power to input power. The
equation of percent efficiency

𝐏𝐨𝐰𝐞𝐫 𝐨𝐮𝐭
Efficiency = ×100%
𝐏𝐨𝐰𝐞𝐫 𝐢𝐧

Apparatus:

1. Variable resistance
2. Single phase transformer
3. AC ammeter ( 1-5 A)
4. AC voltmeter
5. Single phase wattmeter
6. Power supply

Page 10 of 20
At first determine the circulating current of transformer by this connection

HT LT HT
LT
220
V

If two transformer are same quality then current flow in ammeter is = 0

Circuit diagram:
Watt meter

I1 I2
A A

HT LT Load LT HT

Procedure:
1. First test the polarity of the transformer as you have done in exp. No 04 and mark the appropriate
terminals.
2. Using your single phase transformer, power supply, load resistance, AC voltmeter and ammeter,
connect the ckt as shown in figure above. The primary windings are connected together to the 220 V
AC supply. The watt meter will indicate the input power. Each secondary winding is connected in
parallel to the load. Ammeters are inserted to measure the load current IL and transformers secondary
current I1 and I2
3. Now turn on the supply and record the input power from watt meter, secondary current I1 and I2 .
Measure, VL across the load.
Here I1 + I2 = IL

Page 11 of 20
Data Sheet:

I(Circulating)
Win(watt) I1 I2 It= I1+I2 Vout(v) Wout = Efficiency
(A)
𝐖𝐨𝐮𝐭
Vout It Cos𝛉 = × 𝟏𝟎𝟎%
𝐖𝐢𝐧

Report:

1. Calculate the load power : Pout = VL IL

2. Calculate the circuit efficiency
3. Calculate the transformer losses
4. Calculate the power provided by transformer -1= I1 VL
5. Calculate the power provided by transformer- 2 = I2 VL

Question:

1. 1s the load reasonably distributed between the two transformers? Explain.

2. The efficiency of a transformer which supplies a pure capacitive load is zero. explain
3. Name the losses which cause a transformer to heat up
4. Show how you would parallel connect the transformers to the source and the load in figure blow.
Winding 1to 2 and 3 to 4 are rated for 1.1 KV ac and windings 5 to 6 and 7 to 8 are rated for 425 Vac

1 3 7
5

Source RL
2400 V

6 4 8
2

Page 12 of 20
 University of Asia Pacific
Department- EEE
Course Code- EEE-204 Course Name- Machine - I
Experiment No-06

Name of the experiment: To study different characteristics of the auto transformer.

Objective:

1. To study the voltage and current relation of an autotransformer.

2. To learn how to connect a standard transformer as an auto transformer.
3. Determine the inductive and conductive power.

Theory: An auto transformer is a special type of transformer having only one winding which serves as both
the primary and secondary. When an auto transformer is used to step up the voltage part of the single winding
acts as the primary and the entire winding acts secondary winding. When an autotransformer is used to step
down the voltage, the entire winding act as the primary and part of the winding acts as the secondary. The
action of the autotransformer is basically the same as the standard two winding transformer. Power is
transferred to from the primary to secondary by the changing magnetic field. The amount of step up of step
down in voltage is dependent on the turn’s ratio between the primary and the secondary. With each winding
considered as separate even through some turns are common to both the primary and secondary.

Voltage and currents in the various windings can be found by simple equation.

1. Primary apparent power (VA)p equal secondary power (VA)s

2. The ratio of primary voltage to secondary voltage is directly proportional to the number of turns N.
Ep/ Es = Np/ Ns

There equations depend upon one important fact that E of the two winding add in the same direction and do
not oppose each other. The load current cannot exceed the current carrying capacity is known. It is easy to
calculate the VA load. Which a particular auto transformer can supply.

A disadvantage of the autotransformer is the fact of isolation between the primary and secondary circuits.
Because the primary and secondary both use some of the same turns.

Instruments required:

1. Single phase transformer

2. Variable resistance
3. AC voltmeter (0- 300 v)
4. AC ammeter (0-5 A)
5. Power supply
6. Connecting cord

Page 13 of 20
Circuit diagram:

Watt meter

A
220
V

V
A
220 V
100
V V Load

Fig: Step down

Watt meter

A A
220
V
V
Load
220 V

100 V
V Load

Fig: Step Up

Procedure:

1. Chose any one winding of the1 KVA single phase transformer and connect the terminals H1 and X2as
shown in figure 1 in this case winding between H1-X2 act as the primary and winding and X1 and
X2act as the secondary.
2. Keeping the secondary switch open turn on the power supply and apply 220V to the primary winding.
Measure the primary voltage E1 and secondary voltage E2 from this data calculate the turn ratio.
3. Now close the secondary switch and adjust the load so that secondary I2 flow in the load. Measure I1
,E1, E2
4. Turn off the power supply

Page 14 of 20
 5. Calculate the apparent power in the primary and secondary circuit

VA (p)= E1 I1
VA(s)= E2 I2

Are these two apparent powers approximately equal?

Yeas or No

Is this a step up or step down auto transformer?

6. To connect a standard transformer as an auto transformer. First determine the polarity of the two
windings of the single phase transformer and mark the terminals with same polarity as shown in figure
-2 For example if H1 and X1 have the same polarity then connect the terminal H1 and X2 to get and
auto transformer with three terminal H1, H2- X2 and X1 respectively.
7. Now connect the circuits as shown in figure -2
8. Keeping the secondary switch open turn on the power supply and apply 220 v to the primary winding
measure the primary voltage E1 and secondary voltage E2. Using this data find the turn ratio.
9. Now turn the secondary switch and adjust the load so that secondary current I2 measured and record
I1, E1 , E2
10. Calculate the apparent power

VA (p) = E1 I1

VA(s) = E2 I2

Are these two apparent powers approximately equal …….. Yeas or No

Data Table:

Step Down

E1 E2 I1 I2 𝐄𝟏 Pin 𝟏 𝟏
a= P= Pin ( 1- ) P= pin ×
𝐄𝟐 𝐚 𝐚

(inductive) (conductive)

200 V

220 V

Page 15 of 20
 Data Table:

Step Up

E1 E2 I1 I2 𝐄𝟏 Pin P= pin × a
a= P= Pin ( 1- a )
𝐄𝟐
(inductive) (conductive)

200 V

220 V

Question:

1. Show how should you connect an ordinary transformer in auto transformer form the get step up
operation
2. A standard transformer having rating of 55 KVA the primary and secondary voltage are rated
respectively at 550 V and 220 V
i)What are the rated current for each winding?
ii) If the primary winding is connected to 500 V AC what KVA load can be connected to the
secondary?
3. If the transformer in question this connected as an auto transformer to 500 V ac
i) What will be the available output voltage using different connections?
ii) Calculate the KVA load that the transformer can supply for each of the output voltage
iii) Calculate the winding currents for each of the output voltage and state whether they exceed
the rated value
4. Mention some advantage of the autotransformer.

Page 16 of 20
 University of Asia Pacific
Department- EEE
Course Code- EEE-204 Course Name- Machine - I

Experiment No-07

Name of the experiment: Determination of circuit parameters and performance characteristics of a three
phase induction motor.

Introduction: We know that in a R-L series circuit if R is varied the locus of current I is a circle.

X
R
X
I
V V/X

V V V X V
I= = = = . Sinθ, which is the equation of a circle in polar co-
Z √R2 +X2 X √R2 +X 2 X
ordinates.

For an induction motor the equivalent circuit referred to secondary (rotor) is basically an R-X circuit with
variables S (slip). As load varies, S varies so the magnitude of R varies. So the end o the rotor current vector
will lie on a circle with a diameter of V/X.

X01=X1+X'2
I1 R01=R 1+R'2

I0 I'2

R'2= = Load
V1 R0 X0

Page 17 of 20
 The following test is required to determine the circuit and plotting of circle diagram.
1. No-load test
2. Blocked rotor test

Equipments:

1. Three phase induction motor

2. AC wattmeter
3. AC ammeter
4. AC voltmeter
5. Three phase variac

(A) No- Load Test:

Connect the motor in star. Connect the following instruments. Run the motor on no load after Appling the
full rated voltage.

Watt meter

A
Three phase
induction motor
Three phase supply

(B)Blocked Rotor Test:

This is also known as locked rotor or short circuit test. This test is used to find.

1. Short circuit current with normal voltage applied to the stator.

2. Power factor on short circuit and used to plot the circle diagram.
3. To find resistance of motor R01 and leakage reactance X01 (ref.to primary)

Connect the instruements as per following figure. Block the rotor and slowly increase the voltage till rated
current flows in the stator. Note the wattmeter, ammeter and voltmeter readings.

Page 18 of 20
 Watt meter

A Three phase
induction motor

Rotor
Blocked

Data sheet:

No Load Test

V0 I0 W0 𝐖𝟎 R1 (stator AC
Cos𝛉𝟎 =
𝐕𝟎 𝐈𝟎 resistance)

Block Rotor Test

Vsc Isc Wsc 𝐖𝐬𝐜 𝐕 𝐕

Cos𝛉𝐬 = Isn= Isc × Wsn = Wsc ( )2
𝐕𝐬𝐜 𝐈𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝐕𝐬𝐜 𝐕𝐬𝐜

From no load test:

V20 V0
R0= Z0 = X0 =√Z02 − R20
W0 I0
W0
W0 = V0I0Cosθ0 Cosθ0 =
V0 I0

Block Rotor Test:

Vsc 2
Wsc = I2sc R01 Z01= X01 =√Z01 − R201
Isc

Page 19 of 20
 Construction of circle diagram:
Step-1: From no load test on a suitable scale plot I0 and θ0
V
Step-2: From blocked rotor test calculate Isn = Isc × where V is the normal phase voltage of the
Vsc
motor. Draw the angle θs along θs cut Isn according to scale.
V 2
Step-3: From Wsc calculate Wsn = Wsc ( )
Vsc

Rotor Cu Loss

Stator Cu Loss

Fixed Loss

Note: X
The vertical line AG in the above circle diagram corresponds to the all losses when motor takes current Isn
and applied voltage to the motor is V (normal rated voltage). The vertical line AG has three parts

FG = Corresponding to fixed loss which is three times of Woc

E F= Corresponds to stator copper loss

AE = Corresponds to rotor copper loss

To locate the point E

Determine the stator resistance /phase R1 (AC resistance) =

Stator copper loss = 3I2sn R1=EF=

Rotor copper loss= 3Wsn – 3I2snR1 =AE=

Report:

1. From the circle diagram thus dawn, at rated current, calculate the rotor copper loss, stator copper loss
and the output power. Also calculate the efficiency and slip at rated load.
2. Repeat question 1 at 120% of the rated load.

Page 20 of 20