International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) – Volume 9 Number 4 - Mar 2014

VLSI Implementation of Black and White QR Code

with Interference Cancellation Rate
M.Ramya#, M.Jayasheela*
PG Scholar, HOD of ECE,
Kalaingnar karunanidhi institute of technology, Coimbatore
Kalaingnar karunanidhi institute of technology, Coimbatore

Abstract 1) High embedding Capacity.

A new high-speed, high-accuracy Field programmable 2) High speed scanning
gate array (FPGA) based method for generating QR Code for 3) Represented by two bits of data.
various text sizes had been proposed. This is carried out by
4) It can be readable from any direction from 360 degree.
exploiting the spectral density of cyan, magenta and yellow colors.
Here forward error correction method is used for correcting the
errors while converting the data into bits and blocks. The two main 2. PER-COLORANT DATA ENCODING
coders used for forward error correction is Reed Solomon (RS)
and convolution code. At the same time, an efficient QR code Each QR Code symbol consists of an encoding region,
which is capable to deal with more complex distortion, than other alignment patterns and function patterns, as shown in Fig. 1.
codes. The QR code is generated from mask pattern generation. Function patterns includes finder, separator. These are not used
The major advantage of the proposed system is data can be for encoding the data. These are detected with several versions
retained for long time and can be used mostly in stenography.
from version 1 to version 40.
Keywords-Reed Solomon (RS), Field programmable gate array
(FPGA)
The encode steps of QR Code are shown below. Firstly input
data is encoded formed bit stream in an efficient mode. The bit
1. INTRODUCTION streams which are obtained by encoding the data are divided
into code words. These code words are again divided into sets
Bar code is one of the existing system which is very of blocks and error correction level is added to all the set of
fast in scanning and more accurate when compared to other blocks. These code words are masked with mask pattern.
coding systems.. Barcode enables tracking in an efficient Finally function patterns and separators are added into the QR
manner. The speed of scanning the barcode system is very high symbol. A QR Code symbol is formed as shown in the figure 1.
when compared to manual data entry method. 2D barcode is
developed from 1D barcode and the information that is encoded
will be stored in vertical direction as well as in horizontal
direction. The advantages of 2D barcodes includes: less area,
high embedding capacity, higher density, higher error detection
level. The advanced level of barcode is the stacked barcode
which are stacked one upon another. These barcodes are printed
in a rectangular shape which can able to achieve area. A special
type of stack two-dimensional barcode is PDF417. The
advanced level of barcode is the QR code which is a advanced
matrix two-dimensional barcode. These QR codes can able to Fig .1 Structure of QR code
detect the errors more effectively than other codes such 1D and
2D barcodes. The embedding capacity of the QR code is very Compared with 1D bar code, the 2D barcodes has a much larger
less when compared to the other barcodes. capacity which can hold more data than 1D barcode. A QR code
capacity is up to 4296 letters, and 2953 binary code word data
A. Features of QR Code and 7089 digits.
QR Code (Quick Response Code) There four levels of error
correction, and the maximum symbol size can encoding 7089
3. BIT TO BLOCK CONVERSION
numeric data or 4296 alphanumeric data [1]. The highest error
Initially the data is given as input. The information
correction level is up to 30% of code words of the symbol. The
encoded by a QR code may be made up of four standardized
advanced features of QR code are:
types "modes" of data such as numeric, alphanumeric, byte /

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 International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) – Volume 9 Number 4 - Mar 2014

binary or through supported extensions, virtually any type of 4. PROPOSED SYSTEM

data. The table describes the data capacity of the QR code
The proposed system is composed of two main coder for
Table 1: Data Capacity converting the obtained data into stream of datas. The two main
coders are
QR CODE DATA CAPACITY
 Reed Solomon Coder
Numeric only Max. 7,089 characters  Convolution coder
Reed Solomon coder detects burst error. The input data are
Alphanumeric Max. 4,296 characters
arranged in block format and parity blocks are added with each
Binary Max. 2,953 bytes set. In order to achieve variable code rate scaling is performed
on the output of the convolution encoder. By concatenating the
Kanji, full-width Kana Max. 1,817 characters output of both reed Solomon coder and convolution coder, the
input provided is converted into stream of data.
All these datas are collected and converted into ASCII values.
Then the data is divided into groups of two elements. Each Convolution codes are used to detect in a bit-by-bit basis.
ASCII value is added with next data’s ASCII values. All the They are particularly suitable for implementation in hardware.
data’s values are added accordingly and grouped into 11 bits. The outputs of all these data are concatenated and the resulting
These bits are converted into Block. The diagrammatical bits are converted into streams of data. That is an extremely
representation of Bit to Block Conversion is shown in Figure important point and that is what gives the convolution code its
1.The Table 1 shows the data capacity of the QR code. If the error correcting power.
input is numeric then it can store maximum characters up to
7089 bits. If the input is alphanumeric then it can store
maximum characters up to 4296 bits. If the input is binary then
it can store maximum characters up to 2953 bits. If the input is
kanji then it can store maximum characters up to 1817 bits.

Fig.2: Concatenation of Bits

The output sequence is processed in mask pattern

generation in which the pattern size is selected .only the
required data is extracted for color QR code formation. The
main application of mask Pattern generation in QR code is that
it can also be used in Stenography. The next step deals with
Fig.1: Bit to Block Conversion masking the data. Masking is mainly used for data capacity,
storage and security purposes. Masking is done to the data
In additional to the bit to block conversion all the data should be which are converted into streams, once we simulate the input,
encoded such that the errors can be easily detected and the decoded/encoded values will be obtained in binary values.
corrected. For these purpose two different encoders such as RS All these binary values are used for square block conversion.
encoder and Convolutional encoder have been used which is These binary values are allocated for each pixel related to black
explained in further chapters. and white QR code. The future work deals with decoding the
black and white pixel. The output of the decoded values will be
in binary format. All these values are divided into 8 bit and
pixel values are allocated for all these bits. The next step deals
with assigning each color for entire decoded data. It can be
extended by combining the color such as red, green, blue. By
combining all these colors the different colors can be obtained.

Fig.2 : QR code in Black and White Pixel

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 International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) – Volume 9 Number 4 - Mar 2014

Fig 4: Proposed Block Diagram

Fig.5c. Concatenation of Input Data
All the decoded values are assigned with the basic colors such
as cyan, yellow and magenta. By combining all these colors we
obtain a color QR code. The system is implemented using
FPGA. Firstly verilog HDL codes were written and then
simulated the circuit design on MODELSIM simulation
software tool. Subsequently, EDA tools were used to analyze
the performance of the implemented system.

5. SIMULATION RESULTS

The Figures listed below shows the simulation results for

obtaining the black and white QR code.

Fig.4d Black And White QR Code

5.1 Area Summary
The Figure 5 shows the area summary of the obtained black and
white QR code

Fig.5a Alpha numeric Input

Fig.6 Area Summary

Fig .5a : Grouping of Data

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 International Journal of Engineering Trends and Technology (IJETT) – Volume 9 Number 4 - Mar 2014

5.2 Power Summary [5] Orhan Bulan, and Gaurav Sharma, Fellow, IEEE. Pre-
colorant-channel color barcodes for mobile
The Figure 6 shows the power summary for generated QR code applications: an interference cancellation framewor.
[6] Chi, K.W. Wong (2001), ‘A two-stage binarization
approach for document images’ Proceedings of 2001
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Video and Speech Processing, May 2-4, pp. 275-278.
[7] GB/T 18284-2000. National standard of the People’s
Republic of China: Quick Response Code (in Chinese),
Issued by China State Bureau of Quality and Technical
Supervision.
[8] Gisung Kim, Soobin Lee,Joonyoung Park,
Sungkwan Jung, Sangsik Kim, Yong-chul Shin
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