New Techniques for the Monitoring of

Transformer Condition

Thomas Prevost – OMICRON electronics USA

IEEE T&D Conference
Chicago, Illinois April 17, 2014
Agenda

• Monitoring Expectations & Needs

• Bushing Monitoring
– Capacitance
– Power Factor
• Transformer Monitoring
– Partial Discharge
– Voltage Transients
• Summary & Conclusions
 Scope of Monitoring – Expectations and Needs

Failure Rate

0 10 20 time / a
Classical 5a
Diagnostics
Temporary
3a
Monitoring
Permanent
Monitoring

Continuous Condition based Full utilization

Diagnostics maintenance of life span
Scope of Monitoring – Expectations and Needs

Arguments and user expectations

> Continuous monitoring under service conditions
 Reliable measurement data
> Diagnostic of errors before they appear
 Condition based maintenance
> Knowledge about historical use
 Fully utilize life span of equipment
 Transformer Failure Statistics

[Viereck, Hillinger, Transform 2011]

Agenda

• Monitoring Expectations & Needs

• Bushing Monitoring
– Capacitance
– Power Factor
• Transformer Monitoring
– Partial Discharge
– Voltage Transients
• Summary & Conclusions
• According to the data from various researches and
electric power utilities, bushings failures make 5 to
50 %, or in average, one quarter of the total
number of transformer failures .These failures most
commonly cause transformer fires which may result
in huge collateral damages of switchyard.
Reference [3] indicates that 30 % of generator
step-up transformer failures are caused by a
bushing malfunction, and that they also cause
56 % of failures accompanied by fire.
Failure Mechanisms and Diagnostics
• Partial breakdowns Voltage No. of %
[kV] layers change
– Capacitance
123 14 7.1
– Partial discharges
245 30 3.3
420 40 2.5
550 55 1.8
Emax= high

without
A layers

Emax= low
with layers

A
Failure Mechanisms and Diagnostics
• Voids, cracks
– Partial discharges
– Capacitance
• Ageing by-products, moisture
– Dissipation factor / power factor

1,0 1,0 IEEE C57.19.01

Dissipation Factor (%)

IEC60137 max: 0,85

Power Factor (%)

0,8 max: 0,7 % 0,8
0,6 0,6 max: 0,5

0,4 typ: 0,35 0,4 typ: 0,35

typ: 0,25 typ: 0,25
0,2 RIP 0,2 RIP
OIP OIP
0,0 0,0
 Where Can I Get the Reference from?
• Off-line test: Reference from HQ capacitor

Im

CR CX, IR IX

IR IX

u0(t)
d
UR(t) Z1 Z2 UX(t)
j
Uo

Reference Measurement path

• On-line test: Reference?

Relative C/DF Measurement
> Sum of the bushing currents
> Three phase vectors are added up
> Bushing-to-bushing comparison
> Vectors of bushings in same phase are
compared

L1

L3 L2
 from 2011-02-13 to 2011-02-15

Systematic error
0.65 %
plus instrument
inaccuracy 0.5 %
 Capacitance?
 DF impossible!

1,0
Systematic error
0,8

DF (%)
0,6
0,4 typ: 0,35
typ: 0,25
0,2 RIP
OIP
0,0
[P. Picher “Integration of New Transformer Monitoring Technologies ...”
TechCon Asia-Pazific 2011]

•PAGE 12
Connection Diagram VT Reference
UVT+ IB
90°

Bushing
VT

Data Storage and

Analysis Unit
TanDelta Measurement Phase U

Comparison to accurate
off-line tests:
DF 2.701 E-3
C (pF) 467.1
 C/DF Measurement over 1.75 Years
1,0
0,8 0.7 % IEC Warning
DF (%)

0,6
0,4 typ: 0,25 0,27 +/- 0,05 %
0,2 RIP Measurement
OIP
0,0

500
Capacitance (pF)

478 pF Warning
467 +/- 2 pF
Measurement

400
DF Temperature Correction

[ABB Guide for Bushing diagnostics and conditioning, Ludvika 2000]

Agenda

• Monitoring Expectations & Needs

• Bushing Monitoring
– Capacitance
– Power Factor
• Transformer Monitoring
– Partial Discharge
– Voltage Transients
• Summary & Conclusions
 Reasons and Effects of Partial Discharges

Reasons
• Failures of design or during manufacturing process
• Aging of equipment
– Electrical stress
– Thermal stress
– Mechanical stress
Effects of PDs:
• Heating
• Creeping destruction of the insulation material
• Treeing, chain reaction
• Insulation breakdown, short circuit

Treeing in polyethylene
 PD Activity
over 4 Days

10
L1
Q in nC

L2
1 L3

0.1

0.01
00:00:00 01:00:00 02:00:00 03:00:00 04:00:00 05:00:00
t in dd:hh:min
Fighting PD Noise: UHF Gating
Corona

Electr. PD

Internal
PD

UHF PD
EM Field
 Combination of the Methods

IEC

UHF

IEC PD Measurement
& UHF PD Measurement

Corrected IEC PD Measurement

 3PARD: PD Discrimination by Amplitude
Corona

MPD1 MPD2 MPD3

3 Internal
2 PD

EM Field
3PARD and Back Transformation
 3FREQ: PD Discrimination by Spectrum
Corona
A

0.5M
0.5M 2M 8M f
MPD1

8M Internal
2M PD

EM Field
PD Risk Assessment

Noise Source Pattern PD

rejection separation classification localization

• Galvanic • 3 PARD • Manual • Asset

decoupling • 3 FREQ • Automatic • Phase
• Gating • Acoustic
• UHF localization
• RTD
Agenda

• Monitoring Expectations & Needs

• Bushing Monitoring
– Capacitance
– Power Factor
• Transformer Monitoring
– Partial Discharge
– Voltage Transients
• Summary & Conclusions
 Switching Transients

IEEE PES Transformers

Committee
Tutorial – March 2014

Dr. Robert Degenneff

 Switching Transients
200
Voltage in kV

-200
0 40 80 17 24
t in ms t in ms
200
Voltage in kV

-200
0 50 t in ms 100 15 t in ms 29
Case Study: Combined Generator and
Transformer Monitoring
Generator GSU
900 MW 1100 MVA Transmission line Substation Grid
21 kV 400 kV 400 kV
6 km

UMTS

Voltag Transformers

OMS843
Generator - C/DF
(Reference)

PDM600

OMS843 OMS843
- PD - PD
- Transients - Transients
- C/DF - C/DF
ca. 10 m

Transformer 1 Transformer 2

UHF620 + UVS UHF620 + UVS

C/DF and PD Couplers
Generator:
Capacitive couplers
Transformer:
Capacitive bushing
adapters and UHF
drain valve sensor
 Monitoring Results UMTS
1,0%
U
Voltage Transformers
V
0,8%
W

0,6% OMS843
Generator

DF / %
- C/DF
(Reference)
0,4%

PDM600
0,2%
10
QIEC in nC

0,0%
1 11-20-2012 11-25-2012 11-30-2012

0.1
OMS843 OMS843
- PD - PD
0.01 - -60
Transients - Transients
0 10 t in ms 20 - C/DF - C/DF

P in dBm
ca. 10 m
100

Transformer 1 Transformer 2
1
U in µV

UHF620 + UVS
-100 UHF620 + UVS

-120

0.001 0 500 1000

0 10 t in ms 20 f in MHz
Influence of Environmental Conditions
1 40

0.9
35
0.8
IEC60137 max: 0,7 % 30
0.7
dissipation factor in %

temperature in C°
25
0.6

0.5 20

0.4
15
U-phase
0.3 W-phase
10
0.2
V-phase
5
0.1

0 0
0 5 10 15
time / days
 Transient Over-Voltages
C Phase BAT20
> Oszillation frequency 10 kHz, 400

beat frequency 600 Hz

200

Voltage in kV
> Several times a day
Generator GSU
0
900 MW 1100 MVA Transmission line Substation Grid B Phase
21 kV 400 kV 400 kV
6 km
-200 A Phase
G

-400
0 6 12 t in ms 18

BAT10 BAT10
400
Voltage in kV

200

-200

-400
0 6 12 0 6 12 t in ms 18
t in ms
Agenda

• Monitoring Expectations & Needs

• Bushing Monitoring
– Capacitance
– Power Factor
• Transformer Monitoring
– Partial Discharge
– Voltage Transients
• Summary & Conclusions
 Summary
• On-line monitoring as
future trend
• C/DF monitoring
– The reference problem
– Solution: VT reference
– Accuracy +/- 2pF
• On-line PD monitoring
– The noise problem
– Possible solutions:
• UHF-gating
• Software separation
• Pattern recognition
• Voltage Transients
Questions??

Thomas Prevost

[email protected]