Exercise 2.

9 (Solutions)
MathCity.org Calculus and Analytic Geometry, MATHEMATICS 12
Merging man and maths Available online @ http://www.mathcity.org, Version: 3.0

Increasing and Decreasing Function (Page 104)

Let f be defined on an interval ( a, b ) and let x1 , x2 ∈ ( a, b ) . Then
1. f is increasing on the interval ( a, b ) if f ( x2 ) > f ( x1 ) whenever x2 > x1
2. f is decreasing on the interval ( a, b ) if f ( x2 ) < f ( x1 ) whenever x2 > x1
Theorem (Page 105)
Let f be differentiable on the open interval (a, b) .
1- f is increasing on ( a, b ) if f ′( x) > 0 for each x ∈ ( a, b ) .
2- f is decreasing on ( a, b ) if f ′( x) < 0 for each x ∈ ( a, b ) .
First Derivative Test (Page 109)
Let f be differentiable in neighbourhood of c , where y

f ′(c) = 0 .
1. The function has relative maxima at x = c if f ′( x) > 0
before x = c and f ′( x) < 0 after x = c . x

2. The function has relative minima at x = c if f ′( x) < 0

before x = c and f ′( x) > 0 after x = c .
Second Derivative Test (Page 111)
Let f be differential function in a neighbourhood of c , where f ′(c) = 0 . Then
1- f has relative maxima at c if f ′′(c) < 0 .
2- f has relative minima at c if f ′′(c) > 0 .
[

Question # 1
Determine the intervals in which f is increasing or decreasing for the domain
mentioned in each case.
(i) f ( x) = sin x ; x ∈ [ −π , π ]

(ii) f ( x) = cos x −π ,π 

;  2 2
  cosx > 0
cosx < 0
(iii) f ( x) = 4 − x 2 ; x ∈ [ −2, 2] 2nd quad. π
1st quad.
(iv) f ( x ) = x + 3 x + 2 ;
2
x ∈ [ −4,1] 2
π
Solution – π
π
–
(i) f ( x) = sin x ; x ∈ [ −π , π ] 3rd quad. 2
4th quad.
⇒ f ′( x) = cos x cosx < 0
cosx > 0
Put f ′( x) = 0 ⇒ cos x = 0
π π
⇒ x=− ,
2 2
FSc-II / Ex- 2.9 - 2

So we have sub-intervals  −π , −  ,  − ,  ,  π ,π 
π π π
2 
 2  2 2  
f ′( x) = cos x < 0 whenever x ∈  −π , − 
π
 2
So f is decreasing on the interval  −π , −  .
π
 2
f ′( x) = cos x > 0 whenever x ∈  − , 
π π
 2 2
So f is increasing on the interval  − ,  .
π π
 2 2
f ′( x) = cos x > 0 whenever x ∈  , π 
π
2 
So f is decreasing on the interval  , π  .
π
2 

f ( x) = cos x −π ,π 
(ii) ;  2 2
 
⇒ f ′( x) = − sin x
Put f ′( x) = 0 ⇒ − sin x = 0 ⇒ sin x = 0 ⇒ x = 0

So we have sub-intervals  − ,0  and  0,  .

π π
 2   2
Now f ′( x) = − sin x > 0 whenever x ∈  − ,0 
π
 2 
So f is increasing on  − ,0 
π
 2 
f ′( x) = − sin x < 0 whenever x ∈  0, 
π
 2
So f is decreasing on  0,  .
π
 2

(iii) f ( x) = 4 − x 2 ; x ∈ [ −2, 2]
⇒ f ′( x) = − 2 x
Put f ′( x) = 0 ⇒ − 2 x = 0 ⇒ x = 0
So we have subintervals ( −2,0 ) and ( 0, 2 )
∵ f ′( x) = −2 x > 0 whenever x ∈ ( −2,0 )
∴ f is increasing on the interval ( −2,0 )
Also f ′( x) = −2 x < 0 whenever x ∈ ( 0,2 )
∴ f is decreasing on ( 0, 2 )

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 FSc-II / Ex- 2.9 - 3

(iv) f ( x ) = x 2 + 3 x + 2 ; x ∈ [ −4,1]
⇒ f ′( x) = 2 x + 3
3
Put f ′( x) = 0 ⇒ 2 x + 3 = 0 ⇒ x = −
2
So we have sub-intervals  −4, −  and  − ,1
3 3
 2  2 
Now f ′( x) = 2 x + 3 < 0 whenever x ∈  −4, − 
3
 2
So f is decreasing on  −4, − 
3
 2
Also f ′( x) > 0 whenever x ∈  − ,1
3
 2 
Therefore f is increasing on  − ,1 .
3
 2 
Question # 2
Ind the extreme values of the following functions defined as:
(i) f ( x) = 1 − x3 (ii) f ( x) = x 2 − x − 2
(iii) f ( x) = 5 x 2 − 6 x + 2 (iv) f ( x) = 3 x 2
(v) f ( x) = 3 x 2 − 4 x + 5 (vi) f ( x) = 2 x3 − 2 x 2 − 36 x + 3
2
(vii) f ( x) = x 4 − 4 x 2 (viii) f ( x) = ( x − 2 ) ( x − 1)
(ix) f ( x) = 5 + 3 x − x3
Solution
(i) f ( x) = 1 − x3
Diff. w.r.t x
f ′( x) = −3 x 2 ……. (i)
For stationary points, put f ′( x) = 0
⇒ − 3x 2 = 0 ⇒ x=0
Diff (i) w.r.t x
f ′′( x) = −6 x ………. (ii)
Now put x = 0 in (ii)
f ′′(0) = −6(0) = 0
So second derivative test fails to determinate the extreme points.
Put x = 0 − ε = −ε in (i)
f ′( x) = −3(−ε ) 2 = −3ε 2 < 0
Put x = 0 + ε = ε in (i)
f ′( x) = −3(ε ) 2 = −3ε 2 < 0
As f ′( x) doest not change its sign before and after x = 0 .

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FSc-II / Ex- 2.9 - 4

Since at x = 0 , f ( x) = 1 therefore (0,1) is the point of inflexion.

(ii) f ( x) = x 2 − x − 2
Diff. w.r.t. x
f ′( x) = 2 x − 1 ………. (i)
For stationary points, put f ′( x) = 0
1
⇒ 2x − 1 = 0 ⇒ 2x = 1 ⇒ x=
2
Diff (i) w.r.t x
d
f ′′( x) =
dx
( 2 x − 1) = 2
As f ′′   = 2 > 0
1
2
1
Thus f ( x) is minimum at x =
2
2
Now f   =   − − 2 = − − 2
1 1 1 1 1 9
= −
2 2 2 4 2 4

(iii) f ( x) = 5 x 2 − 6 x + 2
Diff. w.r.t. x
f ′( x) = 10 x − 6 ………. (i)
For stationary points, put f ′( x) = 0
6 3
⇒ 10 x − 6 = 0 ⇒ 10 x = 6 ⇒ x= ⇒ x=
10 5
Diff (i) w.r.t x
d
f ′′( x) =
dx
(10 x − 6 ) = 10
As f ′′   = 10 > 0
3
5
3
Thus f ( x) is minimum at x =
5
2
And f   = 5   − 6   + 2 = − + 2
3 3 3 9 18 1
=
5 5 5 5 5 5
(iv) f ( x) = 3 x 2
Diff. w.r.t x
f ′( x) = 6 x …….. (i)
For stationary points, put f ′( x) = 0
⇒ 6x = 0 ⇒ x = 0
Diff. (i) w.r.t x
f ′′( x) = 6

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 FSc-II / Ex- 2.9 - 5

At x = 0
f ′′(0) = 6 > 0
⇒ f has minimum value at x = 0
And f (0) = 3(0) 2 = 0

(v) Do yourself

(vi) f ( x) = 2 x3 − 2 x 2 − 36 x + 3
Diff. w.r.t x
d
f ′( x) =
dx
(
2 x3 − 2 x 2 − 36 x + 3 ) = 6 x 2 − 4 x − 36 ………(i)
For stationary points, put f ′( x) = 0
⇒ 6 x 2 − 4 x − 36 = 0
⇒ 3 x 2 − 2 x − 12 = 0 ÷ ing by 2
2 ± 4 − 4(3)(−18)
⇒ x =
2(3)
2 ± 4 + 216 2 ± 220 2 ± 2 55 1 ± 55
= = = =
6 6 6 3
Diff. (i) w.r.t x
d
f ′′( x) =
dx
(
6 x 2 − 4 x − 36 = 12 x − 4 )
 1 + 55   1 + 55 
Now f ′′   = 12  −4
 3   3 
( )
= 4 1 + 55 − 4 = 4 + 4 55 − 4 = 4 55 > 0
1 + 55
⇒ f ( x) has relative minima at x = .
3
3 2
 1 + 55   1 + 55   1 + 55   1 + 55 
And f   = 2  3  − 2  3  − 36  3 +3
 3       
2 3 2 2
=
27 (
1 + 55 ) −
9 (
1 + 55 ) ( )
− 12 1 + 55 + 3
2 2
=
27
( ) (
1 + 3 55 + 3 ⋅ 55 + 55 55 − 1 + 2 55 + 55 − 12 1 +
9
) ( )
55 + 3

2 2
=
27 ( ) (
166 + 58 55 − 56 + 2 55 − 12 1 + 55 + 3
9 ) ( )
332 116 112 4
= + 55 − − 55 − 12 − 12 55 + 3
27 27 9 9
247 220 1
=−
27
−
27
55 = −
27
247 + 220 55 ( )

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FSc-II / Ex- 2.9 - 6

 1 − 55   1 − 55 
Also f ′′   = 12  −4
 3   3 
( )
= 4 1 − 55 − 4 = 4 − 4 55 − 4 = − 4 55 < 0
1 + 55
⇒ f ( x) has relative maxima at x = .
3
 1 + 55  1
And Since f 
 3 

= −
27
247 + 220 55 ( )
Therefore by replacing 55 by − 55 , we have
 1 − 55  1
f
 3 

= −
27
247 − 220 55 ( )
(vii) f ( x) = x 4 − 4 x 2
Diff. w.r.t. x
f ′( x) = 4 x3 − 8 x …….. (i)
For critical points put f ′( x) = 0
⇒ 4 x3 − 8 x = 0 ⇒ 4x x2 − 2 = 0 ( )
⇒ 4 x = 0 or x 2 − 2 = 0
⇒ x = 0 or x 2 = 2 ⇒ x = ± 2
Now diff. (i) w.r.t x
f ′′( x) = 12 x 2 − 8
For x = − 2
f ′′(− 2) = 12(− 2)2 − 8 = 24 − 8 = 16 > 0
⇒ f has relative minima at x = − 2
4 2
And f − 2( ) ( = − 2 ) (
−4 − 2 ) = 4−8 = −4
For x = 0
f ′′(0) = 12(0) − 8 = − 8 < 0
⇒ f has relative maxima at x = 0
4 2
And f ( 0 ) = ( 0 ) − 4 ( 0 ) = 0
For x = 2
f ′′( 2) = 12( 2) 2 − 8 = 24 − 8 = 16 > 0
⇒ f has relative minima at x = 2
4 2
And f ( ) ( )
2 = 2 −4 ( )
2 = 4−8 = −4

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 FSc-II / Ex- 2.9 - 7

2
(viii) f ( x) = ( x − 2 ) ( x − 1)
= ( x2 − 4 x + 4 ) ( x − 1) = x3 − 4 x 2 + 4 x − x 2 + 4 x − 4
= x3 − 5 x 2 + 8 x − 4
Diff. w.r.t. x
f ′( x) = 3 x 2 − 10 x + 8
For critical (stationary) points, put f ′( x) = 0
⇒ 3 x 2 − 10 x + 8 = 0 ⇒ 3 x 2 − 6 x − 4 x + 8 = 0
⇒ 3 x ( x − 2 ) − 4 ( x − 2 ) = 0 ⇒ ( x − 2 )( 3 x − 4 ) = 0
⇒ ( x − 2) = 0
or ( 3 x − 4 ) = 0
4
⇒ x = 2 or x =
3
Now diff. (i) w.r.t x
f ′′( x) = 6 x − 10
For x = 2
f ′′(2) = 6(2) − 10 = 2 > 0
⇒ f has relative minima at x = 2
2
And f (2) = ( 2 − 2 ) ( 2 − 1) = 0
4
For x =
3
f ′′   = 6   − 10 = 8 − 10 = − 2 < 0
4 4
3 3
4
⇒ f has relative maxima at x =
3
2 2
And f   =  − 2   − 1 =  −    =  
 4  4   4   2 1 4 1 4
  =
3 3  3   3 3  9  3  27

(ix) f ( x) = 5 + 3x − x3
Diff. w.r.t x
f ′( x) = 3 − 3 x 2 ……. (i)
For stationary points, put f ′( x) = 0
⇒ 3 − 3 x 2 = 0 ⇒ 3 x 2 = 3 ⇒ x 2 = 1 ⇒ x = ±1
Diff. (i) w.r.t x
f ′′( x) = − 6 x
For x = 1
f ′′(1) = − 6(1) = − 6 < 0
⇒ f has relative maxima at x = 1
And f (1) = 5 + 3(1) − (1)3 = 5 + 3 − 1 = 7
For x = −1

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FSc-II / Ex- 2.9 - 8

f ′′(−1) = − 6(−1) = 6 > 0

⇒ f has relative minima at x = −1 , and
f (−1) = 5 + 3(−1) − (−1)3 = 5 − 3 + 1 = 3
Question # 3
Find the maximum and minimum values of the function defined by the following
equation occurring in the interval [ 0,2π ]
f ( x) = sin x + cos x
Solution f ( x) = sin x + cos x where x ∈ [ 0, 2π ]
Diff. w.r.t x
f ′( x) = cos x − sin x ……… (i)
For stationary points, put f ′( x) = 0
cos x − sin x = 0
sin x
⇒ − sin x = − cos x ⇒ = 1 ⇒ tan x = 1
cos x
π 5π
⇒ x = tan −1 (1) ⇒ x = , when x ∈ [ 0, 2π ]
4 4
Now diff. (i) w.r.t x
f ′′( x) = − sin x − cos x
π
For x =
4
 1 
f ′′   = − sin   − cos   = −
π π π 1 1
− = − 2  < 0
4 4 4 2 2  2
π
⇒ f has relative maxima at x =
4
 1  2 1 
And f   = sin   + cos   =
π π π 1 1
4 4 4 2
+
2
= 2
 2
( )
 = 2 
 2
 = 2

5π
For x =
4
f ′′ 
5π 
= − sin 
5π 
− cos  
5π
 
 4   4   4 
 1   1  1 1  1 
= −−  −−  = + = 2  > 0
 2  2 2 2  2
5π
⇒ f has relative minima at x =
4
 1 
And f   = sin 
5π 
+ cos 
5π 5π  1 1
  =− − = − 2  = − 2
 4   4   4  2 2  2
Question # 4
ln x
Show that y = has maximum value at x = e
x

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 FSc-II / Ex- 2.9 - 9

ln x
Solution y =
x
Diff. w.r.t x
1
dy d  ln x  x ⋅ − ln x ⋅ (1)
= = x
dx dx  x  x2
dy 1 − ln x
⇒ = …….. (i)
dx x2
dy
For critical points, put =0
dx
1 − ln x
⇒ = 0 ⇒ 1 − ln x = 0 ⇒ ln x = 1
x2
⇒ ln x = ln e ⇒ x = e ∵ ln e = 1
Diff. (i) w.r.t x
d  dy  d  1 − ln x 
  =
dx  dx  dx  x 2 

x 2 ⋅  −  − (1 − ln x ) ⋅ ( 2 x )
1
2
⇒
d y
=  x =
− x − 2 x + 2 x ln x
=
−3 x + 2 x ln x
dx 2 ( x2 )2 x4 x4
At x = e
d2y −3e + 2e ⋅ ln e
=
dx 2 x =e e4
−3e + 2e ⋅ (1) −e 1
= 4
= 4 = − 3 < 0
e e e
⇒ y has a maximum value at x = e .
Question # 5
1
Show that y = x x has maximum value at x = .
e
x
Solution y = x
Taking log on both sides
ln y = ln x x ⇒ ln y = x ln x
Diff. w.r.t x
d d
dx
( ln y ) =
dx
x ln x
1 dy d dx
⇒ = x ⋅ ln x + ln x ⋅
y dx dx dx
1
= x ⋅ + ln x ⋅ (1)
x
dy dy
⇒ = y (1 + ln x ) ⇒ = x x (1 + ln x ) ………. (i)
dx dx

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FSc-II / Ex- 2.9 - 10

dy
For critical point, put =0
dx
⇒ x x (1 + ln x ) = 0 ⇒ 1 + ln x = 0 as x x ≠ 0
⇒ ln x = −1 ⇒ ln x = − ln e ∵ ln e = 1
1
⇒ ln x = ln e−1 ⇒ x = e −1 ⇒ x =
e
Diff. (i) w.r.t x
d  dy  d x
  = x (1 + ln x )
dx  dx  dx
d2y d d
⇒ 2
= x x (1 + ln x ) + (1 + ln x ) x x
dx dx dx
1
= x x ⋅ + (1 + ln x ) ⋅ x x (1 + ln x ) from (i)
x
= x x  + (1 + ln x ) 
1 2

x 
1
At x =
e
1
1 e 1  
2
d2y
=    + 1 + ln 
1

dx 2 x =1 e  e  1 e  e

1 1

=   e + 1 + ln e−1
( )) =   e + (1 − ln e )
1 e 1 e
e
(
2

e
( 2
)
1 1

=   e + (1 − 1)
=   ⋅ e > 0
1 e 1
( )
2 e

e e
1
⇒ y has a minimum value at x =
e

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Book: Exercise 2.9

Calculus and Analytic Geometry Mathematic 12
Punjab Textbook Board, Lahore.

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