Key Concepts: Chapter 6 – Political Parties, Class

10, SST
What is a Political Party?

1. A political party is a group of people who come together to contest elections

and hold power in the government.
2. It mobilises voters to support common sets of interests, concerns and goals.
3. A political party fixes the political agenda and policies and tries to persuade
people by claiming their policies are better than those of other parties.
4. A political party is the means through which people can speak to the
government and have a say in the governance of any country.
5. A political party has three components : (i) the leaders (ii) the active members
(iii) the followers.

FUNCTIONS

1. Parties contest elections by putting up candidates.

2. In some countries, candidates are selected by members and supporters of a
party (eg., USA).
3. In other countries, candidates are chosen by top party leaders — eg., India.
4. Parties have different policies and programmes, voters choose from them. In
a democracy, a large number of people with similar opinions group together
and form a party and then give a direction to the policies followed by the
government.
5. The parties that lose elections form the opposition and voice different views
and criticise government for their failures. They mobilise opposition to the
government.
6. They shape public opinion. Parties with the help of pressure groups launch
movements for solving problems faced by the people.
7. They provide people access to government machinery and welfare schemes.
The local party leader acts as a link between the citizen and the government
officer.

Need for Political Parties

That democracies cannot exist without political parties is clear from the
functions they perform. If there were no political parties then :
(i) All candidates in an election would become independent candidates. They
cannot promise any major policy change to the people. No one will be
responsible for how the country is run.
(ii) In large societies, only representative democracy can work. Political
parties become an agency to gather different views on various issues and
present them to the government.
PARTY SYSTEM
There are three types of party systems :
(i) One-Party System (ii) Two-Party System and (iii) Multi-Party System.
(i) One-Party System : There is no competition in this system. The lone
party nominates the candidates and the voters have only two choices — (i)
 Not to vote at all or (ii) write ‘yes’ or ‘no’ against the name of the candidates
nominated by the party. This system has been popular in Communist
countries and other authoritarian regimes e.g., China, North Korea and
Cuba. This system was also prevalent in USSR till Communism collapsed.
(ii) In a Two-party system power shifts between two major, dominant parties.
In this system, to win elections, the winner has to get maximum number of
votes, but not necessarily a,majority of votes. The smaller parties usually
merge with the bigger parties or they drop out of elections. This
parliamentary system prevails in Great Britain and Canada, in which only two
parties hold significant numbers of seats. Supporters of this system believe
that this prevents dangers of fragmentation (too many parties winning seats
from different constituencies) and the government can run smoothly.
(iii) Multi-Party System is the most common type of party system.

1. In this system, three or more parties have the capacity to gain control of the
government separately or in coalition.
2. When no party gains a majority of the legislative seats in multi-party
parliamentary system, then several parties join forces and form a coalition
government. Supporters of this system point out that it allows more points of
views to be represented in the government. Critics of this system point out
that multi-party system sometimes leads to political instability.

An Alliance
When several parties in a multi-party system join hands for the purpose of
contesting elections and winning power, it is called an alliance or a front.
India, in 2004 and 2009, had three such Alliances for parliamentary elections
: (i) National Democratic Alliance (ii) The United Progressive Alliance and (iii)
Left Front.
Proportion Of Participation

 Level of participation in the activities of the parties — very high in India.

 Advanced countries like Canada, Japan, Spain and South Korea much less.
 People in India who feel close to a political party — membership of political parties
has also gone up.

Political Parties in India

National Parties State Parties or Federalists Parties

If a political party fulfils the criteria

A political party recognised in less than
under Election Symbols (Reservation)
four states is a State Party in the state or
Order 1968 in more than four states, it is
states in which it is recognised.
deemed to be a National Party.
Difference between a National Party and a Regional Party

1. A national party has influence all over the country or in many states of India.
The influence of a state party is in a state or a few regions.
2. National parties care for national interests, whereas regional parties promote
mainly regional interests. For example, the DMK or AIDMK.
3. Regional parties stand for greater autonomy for the states. The national
parties, on the other hand, have to harmonise various conflicting regional
interests.
4. An exclusive symbol such as (lotus or hand) is reserved for a national party
throughout India. But in case of a regional party, a symbol for it is reserved for
it in the state which it is recognised.

Election Commission
Every party in India has to register with the Election Commission. The
Commission treats every party as equal to the others, but it offers special
facilities to large and established parties. They are given a unique symbol
and are called, “recognised political parties.”
Introduction to Major Political Parties in India
1. Indian National Congress (INC)
Founded in 1885, it led the movement for independence. After independence
it became free India’s premier political party. In the first five General
Elections held, the Congress virtually controlled the politics of the country. It
lost the elections in 1977 following the Emergency rule. It made a comeback
in 1980 under Indira Gandhi with a massive victory and reached its peak in
the election of 1984. After 1991, the Congress was on the decline and BJP
rose in power. In the elections held in May 2004, the Congress emerged as
the winner with the help of its allies. It formed a coalition government called
the United Progressive Alliance (UPA). In its manifestos, it projected a vision
of a politically united, economically prosperous, socially just and culturally
harmonious India.
2. Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP)
Created in 1980, it champions the socio-religious values of the Hindu
majority of India, conservative social policies, and strong national defence.
Since its formation, the BJP has been a strong rival of the Indian National
Congress. It has allied itself with regional parties to challenge the Congress
Party, which dominated Indian politics for 40 years. The BJP’s rallying cry is
“Hindutva”. It wants full territorial integration of Jammu and Kashmir with
India and a uniform civil code. The BJP, in alliance with several other parties,
led the Government of India between 1998 and 2004. It is now the
recognised Opposition, and the leading party within the National Democratic
Alliance (NDA).
3. Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP)
The Bahujan Samaj Party is a party formed to represent the OBC, SC, ST
and religious minorities, those at the bottom of India’s caste system. The
BSP was formed in 1984 by two leaders, Kanshiram and Mayawati. The
main base of the party is in Uttar Pradesh. It also has a substantial following
in Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Uttarakhand, Delhi and Punjab. It draws
inspiration from the teachings of Sahu Maharaj, Mahatma Phule, Periyar
Ramaswami Naicker. The BSP also draws inspiration from the teachings of
Dr. B.R. Ambedkar.
4. Communist Party of India (Marxist) (CPI–M)
The Communist Party of India (Marxist), usually known as CPI (M), split from
the Communist Party of India in 1964. It is strongest in the states of Kerala,
West Bengal and Tripura as of 2006, and led the government in all these
states till 2011 when it lost power in the first two. It believes in Marxism-
Leninism and supports socialism, secularism and democracy. It opposes
imperialism and communalism. Its supporters are farmers, agricultural
labourers and intelligentsia. In West Bengal CPI(M) has enjoyed power
without a break, for 30 years.
5. Communist Party of India (CPI)
It was formed in 1925, believes in Marxism-Leninism, secularism and
democracy. It is opposed to the forces of communalism and secessionism. It
believes that parliamentary democracy helps the interests of farmers, the
working class, and the poor. The split in the party in 1964, and the formation
of CPI (M) made its position weak. It has following in the states of Kerala,
West Bengal, Punjab, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu. It aims and
propagates unity and coming together of all left parties to form a United Left
Front.
6. Nationalist Congress Party (NCP)
It was formed on May 25, 1999, by Sharad Pawar, P.A. Sangama, and Tariq
Anwar after they were thrown out of the Congress Party. They had objected
to a person of foreign origin becoming the Prime Minister of India. NCP have
a major support in Maharashtra state. The NCP claims that it supports
democracy, Gandhian secularism, equity, social justice and federalism.
STATE PARTIES

1. All parties, other than the six national parties, are classified as state parties by
the Election Commission of India. They are also called regional parties.
2. They can be all-India parties but have been successful only in some states.
Examples; Samajwadi Party, Samata Party, Rashtriya Janata Dal. They have
national level political organisations.
3. Some like the Biju Janata Dal, Sikkim Democratic Front, Mizo National Front
have state identites. In the last years, no national party has been able to
secure majority on its own in the Lok Sabha. The national parties have been
compelled to form alliances with state parties. This has led to coalition
governments in the Centre since 1966.
4. This has strengthened federalism and democracy in our country.
5.
 Challenges Faced By Political Parties

Lack of Parties do not of

Money and
internal democracy Dvnastic succession meaningful choi
muscle power
within parties voters.

Durum
Leaders on top have unfair advantage
Power concentrated in elections
to favour people close to them or family
the hands of few. this power is
members.
very visible.

No Candidates
Top positions con-trolled by
organisational meetings. who can raise
family members in most parties
No keep-ing of money
membership register are nominated. There is not much
ideology among p
Rich people Example : Labou
and companies Conservative Par
who They only differ
No internal,
Bad for democracy give funds implemen- tation
regular elections.
have fundamental prin
influence on
policies.

Ordinary members do
not have access
Tendency seen all over the world, even
to information,
in the older democra-cies
cannot influence
decisions.

Disagreement with the In India also ther

leader leads to ouster difference among
from the party’. on economic issu

HOW CAN PARTIES BE REFORMED?

Efforts Made to Reform the Political Parties

1. The Constitution was amended to prevent defection. Now the MPs and MLAs
will lose their seat in the Parliament or a State Assembly if they defect.
2. The Supreme Court passed certain orders to reduce the power of money and
criminals. A candidate has to file an affidavit giving details of his property and
criminal cases pending against him.
3. The Election Commission — Political parties are asked to file their income
tax returns. They have to hold organisational elections.
 Suggestions Given to Parties for Reform

Compulsory to regulate There should be state

Mandatory' to give
internal democracy, hold funding, government
minimum party tickets,
open elections. maintain should give a grant to
(about 1/3) to women,
registers, follow its own political parties to
should be a quota for
constitution. Have an support election
women in decision-making
independent judge in expenses, e.g. petrol,
bodies of the parly'.
party disputes. paper, telephones.

Two other ways

Political parties can reform if people who

People can put pressure on political want reforms join them. The more the
parties through petitions, publicity and people participate, the better parties will
agitations. Media pressure groups and function. Criticism from outside is not
ordinary people can play their part. enough, bad politics can be solved by
good politics.