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Basic Properties of The Logarithm and Exponential Functions

The document discusses the basic properties of logarithm and exponential functions. It defines the natural logarithm and covers domains and ranges of logarithm and exponential functions. It also presents several key properties including: - log(XY) = log(X) + log(Y) - log(X/Y) = log(X) - log(Y) - log(Xb) = b*log(X) - exp(X+Y) = exp(X)*exp(Y) The problems section asks to simplify exponential and logarithmic expressions, derive an expression relating a logarithm to a probability, and find expressions for the logarithm of functions involving exponentials.

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jhonnharyb
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46 views

Basic Properties of The Logarithm and Exponential Functions

The document discusses the basic properties of logarithm and exponential functions. It defines the natural logarithm and covers domains and ranges of logarithm and exponential functions. It also presents several key properties including: - log(XY) = log(X) + log(Y) - log(X/Y) = log(X) - log(Y) - log(Xb) = b*log(X) - exp(X+Y) = exp(X)*exp(Y) The problems section asks to simplify exponential and logarithmic expressions, derive an expression relating a logarithm to a probability, and find expressions for the logarithm of functions involving exponentials.

Uploaded by

jhonnharyb
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Basic properties of the logarithm and exponential functions

• When I write "log(x)", I mean the natural logarithm (you may be used to seeing "ln(x)").

If I specifically want the logarithm to the base 10, I’ll write log10.

• If 0 < X < ∞, then -∞< log(X) < ∞. You can't take the log of a negative number.

• If -∞< X < ∞, then 0 < exp(X) < ∞. The exponential of any number is positive.

• log(XY) = log(X) + log(Y)

• log(X/Y) = log(X) – log(Y)

• log(Xb) = b*log(X)

• log(1) = 0

• exp(X+Y) = exp(X)*exp(Y)

• exp(X-Y) = exp(X)/exp(Y)

• exp(-X) = 1/exp(X)

• exp(0) = 1

• log(exp(X)) = exp(log(X)) = X

Problems:

1. Simplify the following expressions

a) exp(4)/exp(2)

b) log(3X) - log(X)
c) exp(X+Y)/exp(X)

d) exp(X + 3*Y +2*Z)/exp(X - 2*Y +2*Z)

e) log(3X2Y) - log(X) + log(Z/3)

2. Suppose log(p/(1-p)) = r. Show that p = exp(r)/(1 + exp(r)).

3. In 2 (above) suppose -∞< r < ∞. What is the range of possible values of p?

4. Suppose h = a*exp(b). Find an expression for log(h).

5. Suppose S = Xexp(b) where 0 < S < 1. Find an expression for log(-log(S)).


Solutions

1.

a) exp(2)

b) log(3)

c) exp(Y)

d) exp(5Y)

e) log(XYZ)

2. log(p/(1-p)) = r

p/(1-p) = exp(r)

(1-p)/p = 1/exp(r)

1/p - 1 = 1/exp(r)

1/p = 1 + 1/exp(r) = (1 + exp(r))/exp(r)

p = exp(r)/(1+exp(r))

3. 0 < p < 1

4. h = a*exp(b)

log(h) = log(a) + b

5. S = Xexp(b)

log(-log(S)) = log(-log(Xexp(b))) = log(-exp(b)log(X)) = log(-log(X)) + b

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