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Element of Structures - Handouts

The document describes methods for analyzing statically determinate and indeterminate bars and trusses subjected to axial forces. It provides 3 methods: 1) The force method for statically indeterminate bars, which involves replacing a redundant support with a redundant reaction force and solving for that force. 2) The method of joints for determinate trusses, which uses free body diagrams of the joints to obtain axial forces and support reactions. 3) Analyzing truss geometry and deformation by obtaining bar elongations from joint displacements, relating forces to displacements, and using equilibrium to solve for external loads and support reactions.

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Josué Suárez
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50 views7 pages

Element of Structures - Handouts

The document describes methods for analyzing statically determinate and indeterminate bars and trusses subjected to axial forces. It provides 3 methods: 1) The force method for statically indeterminate bars, which involves replacing a redundant support with a redundant reaction force and solving for that force. 2) The method of joints for determinate trusses, which uses free body diagrams of the joints to obtain axial forces and support reactions. 3) Analyzing truss geometry and deformation by obtaining bar elongations from joint displacements, relating forces to displacements, and using equilibrium to solve for external loads and support reactions.

Uploaded by

Josué Suárez
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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S.

Socrate 2013
K. Qian
Loading Conditions on each Section (x)
Applied loading only along the axis (x) of the bar.
The only internal resultant at any sections ┴ x
is the axial force N(x)

Find N(x)along the bar (axial force diagram) by cutting


the bar at each x and imposing x-equilibrium.
For the example shown, equilibrium at x gives:
for x<xB :Σ Fx = 0 = – N(x) +FC +FB à N(x) = FC + FB
for x>xB :Σ Fx = 0 = – N(x)+FC à N(x) = FC

And the entire axial force diagram is:

For distributed loading fx(x) (with fx (x) in N/m


+ along x), obtain the force by integrating fx(x)
along the bar. For the bar shown:
L
N( x ) = ∫ f x ( x)dx
x

The differential relationship between the distributed load fx (x)


and the axial force N(x) is dN( x )
= − f x (x)
dx
This can be directly obtained from
ΣFx=0 on a dx slice of the bar
Kinematics constraint (geometry of deformation)
Cross sections ┴ x : stay flat, translate by ux(x)

Section deformation
Section at x has displacement ux(x)
Section at x+dx has displacement ux(x+dx)= ux+dux
Local measure of deformation at section x : du x
(change in length)/(original length) à
dx
Strain ßà section deformation
cross sections
stay flat à du x
Same εa at all ε a ( x) = ( x)
points of section dx
Structural response
L L
du x
Elongation: δ =∫ dx = ∫ ε a ( x) dx
0
dx 0
x x
du x
Displacement field : u x ( x ) = u x ( x0 ) + ∫x dx dx = u0 + x∫ ε a ( x) dx
0 0

with ux(x0)=u0 determined by Boundary conditions (e.g., u0 =0 at support)


Section equilibrium
The Axial Force N(x) at section x is obtained by
integrating the contributions of each elemental
area dA, which carries a normal stress σn

N(x) = ∫ σ n ( x, y, z ) dA
A

Constitutive Properties
If the material is linear elastic, and the modulus
of elemental area dA is E, the stress can be
obtained as:
σ n ( x, y, z ) = E ( x, y, z) ⋅ ε a ( x)
Section Response Constant over cross
section
du x
N(x) = ∫ σ n ( x, y, z ) dA = ∫ E ( x, y, z ) ε a ( x) dA = ∫ E ( x, y, z ) dA
A A A
dx
du x du x du x N(x)
N(x) = ∫ E ( x , y , z ) dA = ( EA) eff ( x) ←⎯⎯→
invert
( x) =
dx A dx dx ( EA) eff ( x)
Effective Section Stiffness: ( EA) eff ( x) = ∫ E ( x, y, z ) dA
A

If only 1 material, E(x)à (EA)eff=E(x)A(x);

If 2 materials (E1, E2) à (EA)eff= E1 A1 + E2 A2


Special case: homogeneous bar (modulus E) ; constant cross section A ; constant axial force

Equilibrium (x)
0
ΣFx=0 à N =P (constant along bar)

δ = L - L0 : elongation of the bar


N P
K= = : axial stiffness of the bar
δ δ
N
L σ n = : normal stress
A
N δ
ε a = : axial strain
structure L0
K σ
E = n : Young' s Modulus of the material
1 εa
A
δ K= E
σn L0

material , geometry
material L0 A
δ= P ; P=E δ
E EA
 L0
1 1/ K K

εa
Solution Procedures:
1)  Force Method for Statically Indeterminate (SI) Bars in Axial Loading
•  Remove redundant support à Replace with redundant reaction
•  Solve the companion Statically Determinate (SD) problem
•  Obtain the displacement at the redundant support in terms of the redundant reaction
•  Impose zero displacement at the redundant support and obtain the redundant reaction
•  Back-substitute the redundant reaction in the solution to the companion SD probem to find
the solution to the SI problem.
2)  Method of Joints for Statically Determinate trusses
•  Determine the free and constrained DOFs of the joints in the truss
•  Draw FBDs of the joints for the free DOFs. Draw the unknown axial forces, N , positive, i.e.,
coming out of the joints.
•  Impose equilibrium of the joints along the free DOFs (ΣFx=0 and/or ΣFy=0). Obtain all the
axial forces in the bars.
•  Draw FBDs of the joints for the constrained DOFs. Now the axial forces are known: draw
them the way they act (pushing the joint if N is compressive, pulling if N is tensile)
indicating their magnitude in the FBDs. Draw the cartesian components of the unknown
reactions positive ( along x and y)
•  Impose equiibrium of the joints along the constrained DOFs (ΣFx=0 and/or ΣFy=0). Obtain
the cartesian components of the reactions at the supports. Check global equilibrium!
3.  Geometry of deformation in trusses

1.  For displacing joint, J , with displacement vector uJ: {uJx , uJy}, subjected to unknown
load PJ: {PJx ,PJy}:
2.  Draw each bar, e.g., AJ, connected to joint J
•  for each bar obtain the cartesian components of the unit vector along the bar pointing
toward the moving joint, J (e.g., for AJ : rAJ: {r AJx , r AJy})
•  obtain the elongation of each bar by scalar product between the vectors e.g., for AJ :



δAJ=rAJŸuJ=r AJx uJx+ r AJy uJy
•  obtain the axial forces in each bar due to the displacement of joint J , e.g.,

N AJ=KAJδAJ
3.  Draw the FBD of the moving joint. Draw the cartesian components of the unknown
external load PJ and impose equilibrium along x and y à obtain {PJx ,PJy}
4.  Draw FBDs of each support pin (e.g., A) along the constrained DOFs. Draw the cartesian
components of the unknown reactionàobtain {RAx ,RAy}
5.  If more than one joint moves: use SUPERPOSITIONàsolve problem for each moving joint
and superpose the solutions.

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