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Outline: Material and Energy Balances CHEN 2120

The document outlines key concepts for converting between different units of moles such as kg-moles and lb-moles. It also discusses how to convert between mass and moles using molecular weight, and defines terms like mass fractions, mole fractions, average molecular weight, and concentration. Examples are provided for each topic to illustrate the concepts and calculations.

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hammad
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27 views

Outline: Material and Energy Balances CHEN 2120

The document outlines key concepts for converting between different units of moles such as kg-moles and lb-moles. It also discusses how to convert between mass and moles using molecular weight, and defines terms like mass fractions, mole fractions, average molecular weight, and concentration. Examples are provided for each topic to illustrate the concepts and calculations.

Uploaded by

hammad
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Outline

• Converting between mols, kmols, lb-moles, etc.


Material and Energy Balances • Converting between mass and moles
CHEN 2120 • Mass fractions
• Mole fractions
Class Meeting #4 • Basis
January 24th, 2007 • Average molecular weight
• Concentration (mass concentration, molar
“Moles and chemical composition” concentration, molarity, ppm, ppb)

Systems of moles Systems of moles


• lb-moles, kg-moles, g-moles, etc… • Similarly,
• If I have 5 kg-moles, how many g-moles is this? 5 kg-moles
– Use similar conversion factors you would use for = (5 kg-moles)*(2.20 lb-moles/kg-mole)
mass
– Conversion factor: 1000 g/kg
= 11.0 kg-moles
– Similar conversion factor: Since there are 2.20 lbs per kg
1000 g-moles/kg-moles
– Therefore,
5 kg-moles = (5 kg-moles)*(1000 g-moles/kg-mole)
= 5000 g-moles

Converting between mass and


Converting between mass and moles
moles
• Mass = (Moles) x (Molecular Weight) m = (n) x (MW) n = m/MW

• Examples:
m = (n) x (MW) If you have 5 kg-moles (kmoles) of ethane, then total mass of
• Therefore, ethane is: m = (5 kg-moles) x (30 kg/kg-moles) = 150 kg

n = m/MW If you have 10 lbs of acetone (MW = 58.1), then the total number of
lb-moles is:
n = m/MW = (10 lbs)/(58.1 lb/lb-mole) = 0.172 lb-moles
**These are basic equations that are easy to Or, in gram-moles:
forget!! n = (10 lbs)/(58.1 lb/lb-mole) x (1000 g-moles/2.20 lb-moles)
= 78.2 g-moles
This can also be calculated by converting 0.172 lb-moles to g-moles:
(0.172 lb-moles) x (1000 g-moles/2.20 lb-moles) = 78.2 g-moles

1
Now you try… (Clicker Prob. 4.1) Now you try… (Clicker Prob. 4.1)
• How many ounce-moles are contained • How many ounce-moles are contained
within 0.45 ft3 of n-heptane? within 0.45 ft3 of n-heptane?
A) 3.3x105 B) 0.0031 A) 3.3x105 B) 0.0031
C) 3.1 D) 30.8 C) 3.1 D) 30.8

• n = m/MW m = ρV
• Therefore, n = ρV/MW
n = (0.684 g/cm3)x(0.45 ft3)/(100.2 g/mol)x(28317 cm3/ft3)
x (35.3 oz-moles/1000 mol)
= 3.1 oz-moles (C)

Mass Fractions Mole Fractions


• Mass fraction: xA = (mass of A)/(total mass) • Mole fraction: yA = (moles of A)/(total # moles)
• Example: • Example:
Fluid contains 0.52 moles of A, 1.2 moles of B,
Fluid contains 3.4 g of A, 2.7 g of B, and 1.8 g of C and 0.31 moles of C
Total mass = (3.4 + 2.7 + 1.8) g = 7.9 g A,B,C Total moles = (0.52 + 1.2 + 0.31) moles = 2.03 moles
xA = (3.4 g)/(7.9 g) = 0.43 yA = (0.52 moles)/(2.03 moles) = 0.26
A,B,C xB = (2.7 g)/(7.9 g) = 0.34 yB = (1.2 moles)/(2.03 moles) = 0.59
xC = (1.8 g)/(7.9 g) = 0.23 yC = (0.31 moles)/(2.03 moles) = 0.15

*Mass fractions of all components MUST *Mass fractions of all components MUST
add up to 1.0!!* Æ Σxi = 1.00 add up to 1.0!!* Æ Σyi = 1.00
Check: xA + xB + xC = 0.43 + 0.34 + 0.23 = 1.00 Check: yA + yB + yC = 0.26 + 0.59 + 0.15 = 1.00

Converting mass fractions to mole Converting mass fractions to mole


fractions, and vice versa fractions, and vice versa
• How would I convert a mass fraction of 0.45 to a So, yethanol = (moles ethanol)/(total moles)
mole fraction? yacetone = (moles acetone)/(total moles)
– ‘Think-pair-square’ moles ethanol = (45 g)/(46 g/mol) = 0.98 mol
– Need to know molecular weight moles acetone = (55 g)/(58 g/mol) = 0.95 mol
– Need to assume a “basis” Total moles = moles ethanol + moles acetone
• For 45 wt% ethanol (MW = 46) and 55 wt% = (0.98 +0.95) mol = 1.93 mol
acetone (MW = 58)
Therefore,
• Assume a basis – can be anything yethanol = (0.98 mol)/(1.93 mol) = 0.51
– Assume you have X grams of material (or Y lbs, or Z
ounces) yacetone = (0.95 mol)/(1.93 mol) = 0.49
– Therefore, if you choose as your basis 100 grams of
material (typical) a mass fraction of 0.45 would **You would have gotten the same answer if you chose
correspond to 45 grams of ethanol, and mass fraction a basis of 345 tons or 0.00012 ounces or 45 kg, etc.**
of 0.55 would be 55 grams

2
Now you try… (Clicker Prob. 4.2) Solution
• First, you need to assume a basis. Let’s choose,
• A mixture contains three components: arbitrarily, 100 mol
ethanol, n-hexane, and benzene. The – Therefore, we have 27 mol ethanol, 35 mol hexane,
mole fractions of ethanol and hexane are: and the rest (38 mol) benzene
yeth = 0.27 – Convert each of these species to mass:
Ethanol: m = (27 mol) x (46.1 g/mol) = 1245 g
yhex = 0.35 Hexane: m = (35 mol) x (86.2 g/mol) = 3017 g
What is the mass fraction (xbenz) of benzene Benzene: m = (38 mol) x (78.1 g/mol) = 2968 g
in the mixture? Total mass = (1245 + 3017 + 2968) g = 7230 g

A) not enough information B) 0.41


And the mass fraction of benzene is:
C) 0.45 D) 0.33
xbenz = (2968 g)/(7230 g) = 0.41 (B)

Average Molecular Weight Concentration


• Mass concentration: g/cm3, kg/m3, lb/ft3
• MWave = y1MW1 + y2MW2 + …
• Molar concentration: mol/L, kmol/L, etc.
= sumall components yiMWi
• Usually express concentration (C) as
• Example: yeth = 0.27, yhex = 0.35, ybenz = 0.38 mol/L (molar, M) Æ C = moles/volume
MWeth = 46.1, MWhex = 86.2, MWbenz = 78.1 • Example: 500 grams of NaCl is dissolved
MWave = (0.27)(46.1) + (0.35)(86.2) + (0.38)(78.1) in 4.28 L of water. Assuming no volume
MWave = 59.8 (g/mol, kg/kmol, lb/lb-mole, etc.) change, what is the concentration (in M) of
the salt solution?
CNaCl = (500 g NaCl)/(4.28 L)/(58.5 g/mol)
= 2.00 mol/L = 2.00 M

Reminders
• Homework #2 Due Friday!

• Office Hours Today!


– Charlie 3:00-4:00 pm, ECCH 103F

• Office Hours Tomorrow!


– Kyle 4:00-5:00 pm, ChE Library (103D)

• Problem Session Tomorrow!


– Charlie 5:00-6:30 pm in ChE Conference Rm.

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