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Maxwell's Law of diffusion For Binary System

Maxwell's postulated that the pressure gradient (dP A) in the direction of diffusion for a
constituent of two components gaseous mixture was proportional to:
A) The relative velocity of the molecules in the direction of diffusion.
B) The product of the molar concentration of the component.
Thus;
-dp A α C A C B (ν A – ν B )dz
-dp A = α AB C A C B (ν A – ν B )dz

Where ν A &ν B = mean molecule of (A)&(B) respectively.

CA & CB = molar concentration of the component (A)&(B) respectively.

At equilibrium, the partial pressure gradient of the diffusing gas = dp A /dz.

−𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 A 𝜌𝜌 A 𝜌𝜌 B
= α AB ( ) (𝑀𝑀 B) (νA – νB )
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑀𝑀A

𝜌𝜌 A 𝜌𝜌 B
NA=νA.CA → NA=νA.( ), NB=νB.(𝑀𝑀 B)
𝑀𝑀A

𝑀𝑀A 𝑀𝑀B
νA =NA . , νB =NB .
𝜌𝜌 A 𝜌𝜌 B

−𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 A 𝜌𝜌 A 𝜌𝜌 B 𝑀𝑀A 𝑀𝑀B

= αAB ( ) (𝑀𝑀 B) (NA. – NB . )
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑀𝑀A 𝜌𝜌 A 𝜌𝜌 B

−𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 A 𝜌𝜌 B 𝜌𝜌 A
= αAB (NA .𝑀𝑀 B– NB )
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑀𝑀A

𝑃𝑃A 𝜌𝜌 A
For ideal gas law; P.V = n. R.T, CA = =
𝑅𝑅.𝑇𝑇 𝑀𝑀A

−𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 A 𝑃𝑃B 𝑃𝑃A

= αAB (NA . – NB . )
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑅𝑅.𝑇𝑇 𝑅𝑅.𝑇𝑇

−𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 A 𝛼𝛼 AB
= (NA .PB – NB .PA )
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑅𝑅.𝑇𝑇

−𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 A 𝛼𝛼 AB
= (NA .(PT – PA) – NB .PA )
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑅𝑅.𝑇𝑇

𝑅𝑅2.𝑇𝑇2
Diffusivity coefficient (DAB) =𝛼𝛼 AB.𝑃𝑃T
−𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 A 𝑅𝑅.𝑇𝑇
= 𝐷𝐷AB 𝑃𝑃T(NA.PT– NA.PA – NB.PA )
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

The above equation is Maxwell-equation.

Where: R=gas constant, T=temperature in oK,oR.

PA,PB=partial pressure, PT=total pressure.

Now, applying the two cases that have been considered before, i.e. equimolardiffusion,
and diffusion through stagnant layer, then we can reach to the final equation.

a) For equimolar-counter-diffusion (EMD).

NA = - NB
−𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 A 𝑅𝑅.𝑇𝑇
= 𝐷𝐷AB 𝑃𝑃T( NA.PT)
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

−DAB 𝑃𝑃A2 – 𝑃𝑃A1

NA= ( )( ) [Maxwell eq. for EMD]
R.T 𝑍𝑍2 – 𝑍𝑍1

b)For NB = 0

𝑅𝑅.𝑇𝑇
-dpA = 𝑁𝑁A(𝐷𝐷AB 𝑃𝑃T) (PT – PA )dz
−𝐷𝐷AB 𝑃𝑃T 𝑃𝑃T – 𝑃𝑃A2
NA= ( )( )ln( )
𝑅𝑅.𝑇𝑇 �𝑍𝑍2 – 𝑍𝑍1� 𝑃𝑃T – 𝑃𝑃A1

Note:PT = PA1 + PB1and PT = PA2 + PB2 ,

PA1 + PB1 = PA2 + PB2 → PA1 - PA2 = PB2 - PB1
Therefore:

𝐷𝐷AB . 𝑃𝑃T 𝑃𝑃T 𝑃𝑃A2 – 𝑃𝑃A1

NA= (- )( )( ) [Maxwell eq. for NB=0]
𝑅𝑅. 𝑇𝑇 𝑃𝑃BM 𝑍𝑍2 – 𝑍𝑍1

𝑃𝑃T
Where: ( ) = Drift factor.
𝑃𝑃BM
𝑃𝑃T
Drift factor ( ) = Represent the enhancement effect on mass transfer due to
𝑃𝑃BM
thenon diffusing component (B) and to total flow in the direction of diffusion.
Maxwell's Law for Multi-Component Mass Transfer

Consider the transfer of component (A) through a stationary gas consisting of

component B, C, D …
Suppose that the total partial pressure gradient can be regardedas being made
up of series of terms, each represent the contribution of the individual component
gases,
-dpA= αAB CA CB (νA – νB )dz (for binary system)

But now we have:

−𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 A
= αAB CA CB (νA – νB ) + αAC CA CC (νA – νC ) + αAD CA CD (νA – νD ) + ………….
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

For stationary gas (B, C, D) velocities of (B, C, D) = 0

𝑁𝑁A
NA=νA.CA →νA= 𝐶𝐶A

−𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 A
= [αAB CB + αAC CC+ αAD CD ].NA
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

Since PB=CB. R. T , PC=CC. R. T , PD=CD. R. T

−𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 A 𝑁𝑁A
= (𝑅𝑅.𝑇𝑇 ) [αAB PB + αAC PC + αAD PD]
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

𝑅𝑅2.𝑇𝑇2
When αAB = 𝐷𝐷AB.𝑃𝑃T, therefore:

−𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 A 𝑅𝑅.𝑇𝑇 𝑃𝑃B 𝑃𝑃C 𝑃𝑃D

= 𝑁𝑁A ( ) [𝐷𝐷AB + 𝐷𝐷 + 𝐷𝐷 ]
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑃𝑃T AC AD

−𝑃𝑃T 1 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 A
NA = ( ) [ 𝑃𝑃 𝑃𝑃 C 𝑃𝑃 D ] 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 …….(*)
𝑅𝑅.𝑇𝑇 B
+ +
𝐷𝐷 AB 𝐷𝐷 AC 𝐷𝐷 AD

−𝑃𝑃T - 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 A
NA = ( ) D
𝑅𝑅.𝑇𝑇 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
 1 𝑃𝑃B 𝑃𝑃C 𝑃𝑃D
Put = + +
𝐷𝐷- 𝐷𝐷AB 𝐷𝐷AC 𝐷𝐷AD

(𝑃𝑃T – 𝑃𝑃A)
Divided equation (*) by
(𝑃𝑃T – 𝑃𝑃A)
:

−1 𝑃𝑃T 1 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 A
NA = [ 𝑦𝑦 B- 𝑦𝑦 C- 𝑦𝑦 D-
]
𝑅𝑅.𝑇𝑇 (𝑃𝑃T – 𝑃𝑃A) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝐷𝐷 AB + +
𝐷𝐷 AC 𝐷𝐷 AD

1 𝑦𝑦 B- 𝑦𝑦 C- 𝑦𝑦 D-
Where =
𝐷𝐷- 𝐷𝐷AB
+ +
𝐷𝐷AC 𝐷𝐷AD

D- = effective Diffusivity = function of mole fraction

− 𝐷𝐷- 𝑃𝑃T 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 A

NA= 𝑅𝑅.𝑇𝑇 �𝑃𝑃T – 𝑃𝑃A� 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

PA dp A 𝑅𝑅.𝑇𝑇 Z2
-∫P A = (D -.P )NA∫Z1 dZ
(P T – P A) T

After the integration:

− 𝐷𝐷- 𝑃𝑃T 𝑃𝑃A2 – 𝑃𝑃A1

NA = ( 𝑅𝑅.𝑇𝑇 ) (𝑃𝑃 ) ( )[for multi-component gas system]
im 𝑍𝑍2 – 𝑍𝑍1

Where:
PT = PA +PB +PC +PD [diffusing + nondiffusing]

Pt = (PT - PA) = PB +PC +PD [nondiffusing only]

y-B= PB/Pt , y-C= PC/Pt , y-D= PD/Pt

(𝑃𝑃T – 𝑃𝑃A2) − (𝑃𝑃T – 𝑃𝑃A1)

andPim = (𝑃𝑃 T – 𝑃𝑃 A2)
ln
(𝑃𝑃 T – 𝑃𝑃 A1)
Example 1:

Oxygen (O2) (A) is diffusing through non-diffusing gas mixture of methane

(CH4)(B) andhydrogen (H2) (C) in the volume ratio of 2:1.The total pressure
is1*105 N/m2 and thetemperature is 0 oC.The partial pressure of oxygen
at two planes (2 mm) is 13 kN/m2and 6.5 kN/m2. The diffusivity of
Oxygen in Hydrogen ( DO2/H2) = 6.99*10-5 m2/sand the diffusivity of
Oxygen in Methane ( DO2/CH4) = 1.88*10-5m2/s.
Calculate the rate of diffusion of oxygen in kmol/m2s through each
square meter of the two planes.

Solution:
− 𝐷𝐷- 𝑃𝑃T 𝑃𝑃A2 – 𝑃𝑃A1
NA = ( 𝑅𝑅.𝑇𝑇 ) (𝑃𝑃 ) ( )
im 𝑍𝑍2 – 𝑍𝑍1

1
D- = 𝑦𝑦 B- 𝑦𝑦 C-
𝐷𝐷 AB +
𝐷𝐷 AC
2 1
𝑦𝑦B-=3 =0.667 ,𝑦𝑦C-= 3 =0.333

D- = 2.46*10-5 m2/s

(𝑃𝑃T – 𝑃𝑃A2) − (𝑃𝑃T – 𝑃𝑃A1) (1∗10 5– 6500 ) − (1∗10 5– 13000 )

Pim = (𝑃𝑃 T – 𝑃𝑃 A2)
= (1∗10 5– 6500 )
= 9*104 N/m2
ln ln
(𝑃𝑃 T – 𝑃𝑃 A1) (1∗10 5– 13000 )

Sub. For Z2 –Z1 = 2*10-3 m

NA = 3.91*10-5 kmol/m2.sec.
Molecular Diffusion in Liquid Phase

Molecular diffusion in liquid phase takes place in many separation operations,

such as:
1- Liquid – liquid extraction.
2- Gas absorption.
3- Distillation.
4- Oxygenation of rivers by air.
5- Diffusion of salts in blood.
Some important notes in liquid diffusion, these are:
1- Slower than in gas phase because of the density and attractive forces between
molecules.
2- Diffusivities are dependent on the concentration of the diffusing component.
General form for diffusing equation is :
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 A 𝐶𝐶A
NA= - D L( )+ (N A + N B )
𝑑𝑑Z 𝐶𝐶T

1-forequimolar diffusion (EMD), where NA = - NB, then:

𝐶𝐶 – 𝐶𝐶
N A= - D L� 𝑍𝑍A2 – 𝑍𝑍A1�, Or
2 1

(𝑋𝑋 A2 – 𝑋𝑋 A1 )
NA= - D L . C av (𝑍𝑍2 – 𝑍𝑍1)

Where:-
D L: diffusivity of solute (A) in (B) (m2/s).

X A : mole fraction of (A) at any point.

1 𝜌𝜌 1 𝜌𝜌 2
C av =2[ + ]
𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀1 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀2

Where:-
Cav: average concentration of (A+B) in (kmol/ m3).

Mwt1 & Mwt2: average molecular weight of the solution at points 1 & 2
respectively(kg/kmol).

ρ 1 &ρ 2 : average density of the solution at points 1 & 2 in (kg/m3).

2- WhemN B = 0 (stationary).

𝐶𝐶 (𝑋𝑋 A2 – 𝑋𝑋 A1 )
N A= - D L . ( 𝑋𝑋 av ) (𝑍𝑍2 – 𝑍𝑍1)
BLM

(𝑋𝑋B2 – 𝑋𝑋B1 )
Where 𝑋𝑋BLM = 𝑋𝑋B2
ln 𝑋𝑋
B1

An important note, that is X A1 + X B1 =X A2 + X B2 = 1 and for dilute solution:

XBLM ~1.0 , then:

𝐶𝐶A2 – 𝐶𝐶A1
N A = - D L( 𝑍𝑍2 – 𝑍𝑍1
)( Dilute solution only)

Diffusivities in Liquids:
Diffusion coefficient in liquids at 293 K is given in table (10.7) in volume (1) of
chemical engineering by( Coulson, J.M.; Richardson, J.F.,) fifth edition (page 506).

1- Wilke& Chang equation:

7.4∗10 -8 (𝜑𝜑 B . 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 B )0.5. 𝑇𝑇

D AB =
𝜇𝜇 B .𝜐𝜐 A0.6

Where:
DAB = diffusivity of solute (A) in very dilute solution in solvent (B), (cm2/s).
MwtB= molecular weight of solvent (B).
T = temperature (K).
μ B = viscosity of solvent (B), (CP or gm/ cm.s).
𝜐𝜐A = Solute molar volume at its normal boiling point (cm3/mol).

Diffusion of (A)Through Multi-Component Stagnant Layer Mixture.

−𝐶𝐶T 𝐶𝐶A2 – 𝐶𝐶A1 −𝐶𝐶av 𝑋𝑋A2 – 𝑋𝑋A1

N A=D- ( )( ), Or, N A = D (
-
)( )
𝐶𝐶RM 𝑍𝑍2 – 𝑍𝑍1 𝑋𝑋 RM 𝑍𝑍2 – 𝑍𝑍1

- 1
Where:D = 𝑋𝑋 B 𝑋𝑋 C 𝑋𝑋 D
+ + 𝐷𝐷 AD
𝐷𝐷 AB 𝐷𝐷 AC

XRM(same as Pim)= remaining mole fraction log mean. ( all component except (A)).
Example:

Calculate the rate of diffusion of CH3COOH (A) across a film of non-diffusing water (B)
solution (1 mm) thick at 17oC when the concentration on opposite sides of the film are 9
and 3 wt% respectively. The DAB = 0.95*10-9 m2/s.
Give that:-
MA = 60, MB = 18.
ρ= 1012 kg/m3 (9% solution).
ρ= 1003 kg/m3 (3% solution).

Solution:

𝐶𝐶 (𝑋𝑋 A2 – 𝑋𝑋 A1 )
NA= - DL. ( 𝑋𝑋 av ) (𝑍𝑍2 – 𝑍𝑍1)
BLM

0.09
60
XA1 = 0.09 0.91 = 0.0288 at position (2).
+
60 18

0.03
60
XA2 = 0.03 0.97 = 0.0092 at position (1).
+
60 18

1
M1 =
0.09
60
+
0.91
18
→M1 = 19.8 kg/kmol

1
M2 =
0.03
60
+
0.97
18
→M2 = 18.4 kg/kmol

𝜌𝜌 1 𝜌𝜌 2 1012 1003
] →=2[
1 1
Cav=2[ + + ]
𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 1 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 2 19.8 18.4

Cav= 52.8 kmol/m3.

XB1 = 1 - XA1→ = 1 – 0.0288 → XB1 = 0.9712

XB2 = 1 - XA2→ = 1 – 0.009 → XB1 = 0.9908

(𝑋𝑋B2 – 𝑋𝑋B1 ) (0.9908 – 0.971 )

𝑋𝑋BLM = 𝑋𝑋B2 →= 0.9908 , 𝑋𝑋BLM = 0.98
ln 𝑋𝑋 ln
B1 0.971

52.8 0.0092−0.0283
NA = -0.95*10-9 * *
0.98 0.001

NA = 0.977*10-6kmol/m2.sec
Molecular Diffusion in Solid Phase
Diffirsion in solids takes place by different mechanisms depending on the
diffusing atom, molecule, or ion; the nature of the solid structure, whether it be porous
or nonporous,,crystalline, or amorphous; and the type of solid material, whether it be
metallic, ceramic, polymeric, biological, or cellular. Diffusion in solid phase can be c
classified as:
1- Diffirsionwhich follows Fick's law and does not depend onthe structure of solid.
2- Diffrrsion in which the structure of solid are important.

1- Diffusion that follows Fick's law:

That is
/sr- \
N A= -D,enl+l
'"\ dz )
Where:
Das : Diffrrsivity of fluid A in solid B in m'ls.It is independent of pressure, but a
function of Temperature.
A) For diffusion through a solid slab at steady - state:
-'=^)
NA:-D,anf I
i. zz-Zr )
B) For diffusion through a solid hollow cylinder of 11 (inner radius) and 12
(outer radius) with length L:
NA=+--#--DAB(#)
NA /1 \27rL
: -onr(c.42--4)rn2
n
C) For diffusion through a solid hollow spherical shape of 11 (inner radius) and
12 (outer radius):
NA ,^( !fu)
N t =NA - --n
A q*a--t'ABl dz )
+(!-fl
a'\n 'z) = DAB(ru, -cu,)
Where:
C Az g CAr : concentrations at opposite side of the sphere.
In the case that gas diffuses through a solid, then the solubility of the gas in the solid is
directly proportional to the partial pressure of solute.
The solubility of a solute gps (A) in a solid is expressed as (S) in cm3 solute (at STP,
e.g. 0oC, and 1 atm) per cm' solid per (atm , partialpressure of solute A), then:

s- "*3 lsrF) of A
cm3 solid. atm
To convert the solubility (S) of A to concentration (Co):
cA=s"rrIu*pn 1

Where:
.1 mol A ?,
1-A= TsrP) of A : A
,J = "*3 , PA atm, and 22.414 - "*3
cm' atm. cm3 (sottd) mol
In many cases the experimental data for diffusion of gases in solid are given as
permeability (PM) in cm' of solute gas (A) at STP {0oC, and I atm} per diffusing per
second per cm' cross-sectional ut"i through of solid of I cm thick under a pressure
difference of 1 atm.
(c.Er-cAl
NA=-D.anl-H
Applying (Eq. 84), then
S.P n S'P,q.,
6ur: - . tnen:
= 22.4r4'
-^*&cA2
D,en.S ( P,q, - Plr ') P^(PA - P,qr)
^r
tVA:--:::-l

Where:
22.4141 22
.--

1): 22.4r4(Zz - Z)
t*3 lsrF) of A
Pm = Dtrg.S - 2
.s.ot*
" lcm
If series of solids zre presented in series l, 2, 3, .., etc of thickness of each Lr, Lz,
L2,..., etc respectively, then:

Nt=(P'et-P'qz)
22.414

Where:
(P,\ - P,E) is the overall partial pressure difference.
Diffusion in which the structure of solid are important:
Porous Solids
When solids are porous, predictions of the diffusivity of gaseous and liquid solute
species in the pores can be made. This type of diffusion is also of great importance in
the analysis and design of reactors using porous solid catalysts. It is sufficient to
mention here that any of the following four mass transfer mechanisms or combinations
thereof may take place:
1. Ordinary molecular diffusion through pores, which present tortuous paths and
hinder the movement of large molecules when their diameter is more than l0% of the
pore diameter.
2. Knudsen diffirsion, which involves collisions of diffirsing gaseous molecules with
the pore walls when the pore diameter and pressure are such that the molecular
mean free path is large compared to the pore diameter.
3. Surface diffusion involving the jumping of molecules, adsorbed on the pore walls,
from one adsorption site to another based on a surface concentration-driving force.
4. Bulk flow through or into the pores.

When treating diffirsion of solutes in porous materials where diffusion is considered to

occur only in the fluid in the pores, it is common to refer to an effective diffusivity,
D"tr, which is based on (1) the total cross-sectional area of the porous solid rather than
the cross-sectional area of the pore and (2) on a straight path, rdther than the pore path,
which may be tortuous. If pore diffusion occurs only by ordinary molecular diffrrsion,
the effective diffusivity can be expressed in terms of the ordinary diffusion coefficient,
D, by
Dz.n €
D"ff =
T
And the rate offdliftuusl10n IS calculated by
C A2-_l Ct
NA=- Dell' '41

Ir Zz-Zt
Where s the fractional porosity (typically 0.5) of the solid and T is the pore-path
tortuosity (typically 2 to 3), which is the ratio of the pore length to the length if the
pore were straight in the direction of diffusion.
Example
A sintered solid of silica (2mm) thick is porous with void fraction of 0.3 and tortuosity
of 4. the pores are filled with water at 298 K. at one face the concentration of KCI is
held at 0.1 mol / liter and fresh water flow rapidly by other face. Neglecting any other
resistance but that in porous solid, calculate the diffirsion of KCI at steady state. Given
the diffusivity Das is equal to 1,i8*10'e m'ls.
Solution
Since neglecting any other resistance but that in porous solid, then ordinary diffusion
is occurred
( c,q, - crl ')
^
NA=-Dell-G)
And D"n,is calculated by equation 89

n nn :Dnr t.: 1.98*10-9 *0.3

_1.4025*1gJ0 m2
:r.+vz)'Lv
rJej|::
, 4 ,s

lcrnot KCt
NA = -1.4025,r.19-l0f*) = 7.01* tg-e
\o.oo2l *2*,
Convective Mass Transfer for Binary gas Mixture
In previous sections we have considered molecular diffrrsion in stagnant fluid (laminar
flow) where the rate of diffusion is slow. To increase the rate of mass transfer, the
fluid velocity is increased until turbulent mass transfer occurs. As given before in
equation (1):
Ni: Xi.N + moleculardiffusion flux of i + eddy diffusion flux of i -...(,)
The eddy diffusion flux term is given by:

J-,F
Az
r dca
--tr6 .....(z)
"'-'\:
dZ
Then

NA =- cf (De st)+ E u' ' dz ) + x

o). (x-,! tG'{e + Ne) "" (r)
This is the general equation used to calculate the mass transfer.
1- For equi - molar mass transfer
A) For gases:
rr --(Dnn
lYA:-n*f
*:D)-.+.+* (N t+Nr) .. . (rl
dZ rT
For equi - molar transfer: O{o - - Ns)
Then :,
rr -(Dn * lp)*dP,q. ...
tYA- .{s>
""\5)
n.f dZ
By integrating equation (S) from P4 atZl to P1, andZ2 then:
(Dn + Eo) *(P4 - Ph) ((\
. ...'ts,/
IYA=
^r - R.f ez_Z)
Because the film thickness can not be measured or is not known, then the value (Zz-Z)
is not known (the distance of the path), also the amount of Ep can not be measured,
then, the term (individual mass transfer coefficient) is used as shown below:
=Kc ' -"(7)
N A Gnr
.-Px)
Where:
,,' =-R*fe2_Z)
Ac
(D,qn+tr+ --.(3)
-- "\'
Also for gases another form of equation (8 ) can be written as:

NA=K'r(Yl.1 -YA) ----(t

A) For Liquids:
Similar to what done for gases, the rate of mass transfer is:
N A : KL (cl.t -c Az) = K'*(Xar -xA) - - - ..0a)

(qe)
The general form for the mass transfer is:
NA = K'c (Cl.r -cA) --"(,,)
All these individual mass transfer coefficients are related to each other.
For gases:
N A = K'c (C\ -cAz) = K'G (Par -PA,z): K'y (ve, -Y A) '{.)
So

--\' "c' ^Y
K'n =k'.Rl:
C7
Home work: find the relations for the liquid phase.
2-For uni - molecular mass transfer
A) For gases:
rr -(Dn +!e).+. (N,q+ Nr) . (q)
l'A- n-r +*
dz'P7
. _ .

For uni - molar transfer: (Ne : 0)

Then equation (tl; will be:
,r --(Dn+:D.+.+*(Nt)
tYA=-pl7 p7
- __- (3)
dZ'
By integrating equation (:) from P1, atZl to Pa, andZ2 then
(D,, + E r)* P, *(P^, - P,,) '
M
"A-- R*T*Prru (Zr-Zrt
,
rk\
(14)

Similarly as done in section 1:

NA=KcPnt-P.qz)=Ky(ve, -YAzl = 4 (cl,-CA.) -(s,)
B) For Liquids:
Similar to what done for gases, the rate of mass transfer is:
NA=Kt(c\-cAz)=Kr(Xer-xAz) - -(tO
The general form for the mass transfer is:
N,q,1 Kc(crr-cA) - -'(t?)
Home work: find the relations for the gas phase and liquid phase. Also
write the units of each coefficient.

(qr)
Methods to Determine the Mass transfer Coefficient
The mass transfer coefficient can be evaluated using empirical correlations involving
dimensionless numbers. These empirical equations were obtained from experimental
data using various types of fluids, different velocities, and different geometrics. The
most important groups (dimensionless nunbers) are:
1- Reynolds Number (Re No.):
Re. No indicate the degree of turbulence.
Pud irit^.Yie.l $orc,e
RoNo-
-p Visc oqs 9or.t
Where:
:
p density of flowing mixture fluid (solute A and solvent B).
:
p viscosity of flowing mixture fluid (solute A and solvent B).
:
d diameter of the pipe in which the fluid is flow.
Do May be used in Reynolds number equation instead of d when flow across a sphere,
also L may be used if the flow was above a flat plate.
LJ: mean average velocity in the pipe.
If the flow was across a packed bed, U will be substituted by:
TT
U=Y
€
Where
Uis the superficial velocity of empty cross- section of packed bed column.
t: void fraction.

2- Schmidt Number (Sc No.):

ScNo-
1)
"r,.'",.
;t^* I'$!,^*t.rf:
PDn DAs '.^ol AtV\l us iv itJ
"..^.\ar
3- Sherwoood Number (Sh No.):
K'C L
ShNo-
D,ea
4- Stanton Number (St No.): (-
.^L)
-($\-,
j.r+
Sh Kg
:-=-
KcP , ,^\
r whcnr \_l..= |.^ . C^v3. - .--
ShNo- 1q-;. (r)
Re*Sc Gm
5- J-factor
In general j-factors are uniquely determined by the geometric configuration and the
Reynolds number.

ts")
Now after introducing the dimensionless groups, now we will present the correlations
used to calculate the mass transfer coefficient.
1- Using the analogy or similarity of momentum, heat, and mass
- Colburn Analogy:
transfer using Chilton

P.oo".,
iM = iH = iD =[-:ry-2q42t3
L \rm
Z-For flow inside pipe
t;
C=)"':_k;
For both gases and liquids, where Re > 2100
v'- o
n-, ) n
sh No = - 0.023(Re;o'8rr (sc;o'r3'
D,ln
Note:
Sc: 0.5 - 3 for gases
, Sc > 100 for liquids
Or
jM = jH = jD =0.023(Re)-o'2 - -' (+)
Forl0000<$e<1000000 \/a_\ tJ J
lt/t
=u;il 3- :i: (-; t (-,\R")(s.) '(5) (P.,l...,.i.,.j
3- For flow p?rallel to flat plate of length L
A- for gases
jM = iH = iD =o'664(Re)-o's
LUp
For Re < 15000 where Re =

And
jM = iH = iD =o'036(RQ-o'2
(r)
Lup
For 15000 < Re < 300000 whereRe =

B- for liquids
jM = iu = jD =o'99(Re)-o's (s)
LUp
For 600 < Re < 50000 where Re =

For both gases and liquids

( q)
iM = jH = jD =o'037(RQ-o'2
LUp
For 500000 < Re < 5 * 108 where Re -

(sr)
4- For flow normal to a long circular cylinder of diameter D, where the
drag coefficient includes both form dtag and skin friction, but only the skin
friction contribution applies to the analogy:
Uu)rarfriction - jH - jD =0'1931ne;-0':az '-' (t)
Dcylind u P
For 4000 < Re < 40000 where Re =
lt
Uu)ranfriction - iH = iD =0'0266(Re;-0'1ls '-' (rt)
DcYlind U P
For 40000 < Re < 250000 where Re - p
5- For flow past a single sphere of diameter Do
(rz)
Uu)rarrriction -jH-jD=0'37*1Rs1-0'a
D ruP
For 20 < Re < 100000 where Re - -;
The above equation is used for both gur., and liquids. Another method is used to
calculate the mass transfer coefficient.
For very low Re No. (Re < 1) the Sh No. approach a value of 2, then:
Lcd
au' 7

shNo- -2
D,qn

K'.\' - sh*DAn _2*

DAB (r3)
..
Dp Dp
For gases where Re : 1 - 48000 and Sc : 0.6 - 2.7, a modified equation can be
used:

shNo=le
t =2+(o.rrrRe0'53x5"0'333) (rn)
D,q.n
For liquids:

shNo=
*:-r-!--2+(onrRe0'5x5"0'333) (,E)
D
'En
For Re=2-2000
And also for liquids

shNo=ry:n -2+(o.rorRe0.62*,5r0.333) .\ (rr)

D,ln
For Re = 2000 - 17000
(s z)
6- For flow through beds packed with spherical particles of uniform
size Do

jn = jD =1.17(Re)-o'4ts . (t+7
DpU p
For 10 < Re <2500 whereRe =
p
For other shapes of packing a colrection factor can be used such as:
*7p (sPhere)
7p (cylinder): 0.79
7p (cube)
:0.71 * io (sPhere)

7- For fluidized beds of packed with sphere, for both gases and liquids:
jD=o.ot+ ,-o=8u (rs)
Reo's8 - 0.483

(sz;
 Methods for Mass transfer at Fluid - Fluid lnterface
(Phase Boundary)

In the previous sections, diffirsion and mass transfer within solids and fluids
were considered, where the interface wis a smooth solid surface. Of greater
interest in separation processes is mass transfer across an interface between
a gas and a liquid or between two liquid phases. Such interfaces exist in
absorption, distillation, extraction, and stripping. At fluid-fluid interfaces,
turbulence may persist to the interface. Mass transfer rate between two
fluid phases will dePend on:-
l-Physical properties of the two phases.
2- Concentration difference AC.
3-Interfacial area.
4-Degree of turbulence.
1'hefollowing theoretical models have been developed to describe mass
transfer from a fluid to such an interface.

FilmTheory
A simple thebretical model for turbulent mass transfer to or from a fluid-phase
boundary was suggested in 1904 by Nernst, who postulated that the entire
resistance to mass transfer in a given turbulent phase is in a thin, stagnant region
of that phase at the interface, called a film. This film is similar to the laminar
sub - layer that forms when a fluid flows in the turbulent regime
parallel to
a flat plate. This is shown schematically in Figure 4. For the case of a gas-liquid
interface, where the gas is pure component A, which diffuses into nonvolatile
liquid B. Thus, a process of absorption of A into liquid B takes place, without
desorption of B into gaseous A. Because the gas is pure A at total pressure
:
p pr,there is no resistance to mass transfer in the gas phase. At the gas-liquid
interface, equilibrium is assumed so the concentration of A, Ca1 is related to
the partial pressure of A, P e,, by some form of Henry's law, for

( srt)
example, Cni: HePt. In the thiq 'stagnant liquid film of thickness 6, molecular
diffi.rsion only occurs with a driving force of (C 1 - C An ). Since the film is assumed
to be very thin, the entire diffusing A passes through the film and into the bulk liquid.
If, in addition, bulk flow of A is neglected, the concentration gradient is linear as in
Figure . Accordingly, Fick's first law, for the diffusion flux integrates to:
,
JA=
DAB(^ t1 \_ff?(*u,_xAb) _ _(r)
VAi-tAo):-6
6 \ 1rr ,'

Bulk Iiquid

sAlt

Figure I Film theory for mass transfer from a fluid - fluid interface into a liquid.

If the liquid phase is dilute in A, the bulk-flow effect can be neglected and (Eq. I
applies to the total flux:

NA='#(ro, -cu):giy(* u, - xAb) -- (.)

If the bulk-flow effect is not negligible, then,
NA=9_'u: nrl4Pr=.,j3*
Zz-Zt'r-XAr' 5(l-Xa)tu
(Xai -XAu) ----(r)

Where:
Irr, - J,qr,
{1 -"rn}rx :
* ftrm]mr
lnf(t *xgnllfi.*sn,)J
In practice, the ratios Des/6 in (Eq. L) and Das/6*(1- XJr* in (Eq. 3 ) are
replaced by mass transfer coefficients and K| and Kr, respectively, because the film
thickness, 6, which depends on the flow conditions, is not known.

(ss)
The film theory, which is easy to understand and apply, is often criticized because it
appears to predict that the rate of mass transfer is directly proportional to the
molecular diffusivity. This dependency is at odds with experimental data, which
indicate a dependency of D', where n ranges. from about 0.5 to 0.75. However, if
D^B/6 is replaced withK' which is then'bstimated from the Chilton-Colburn analogy,
Prl.r.tl | - - ?,'3 which
r. r
(Eq.'f-),-*. obtain Kc proportional toD"n'rt, is in better agreement with
experimental data. In effect, 5 depends on Das (Sc NoJ. Regardless of whether the
criiicism of the film theory is valid, the theory has been and continues to be widely
used in the design of mass transfer separation equipment.

(Er)
Example
A wetted wall column of inside diameter (2 in) contains air and CO2 flowing at 3 fVs.
at a certain point in the column, the COz concentration in the air is 0.1 mol fraction, at
the same point in the column, the concentration of CO2 in the water at the water - air
oC.
interface is 0.005 mole fraction. The column operates at l0 atm and25 Calculate
the mass transfer coefficient and the mass flux at the point of consideration, given the
following data:
oC
The diffusivity of coz in air at25 and I atm:0.164 cm2ls
The density oi air atSTP : 0.0808 lb/ft3
oC
The viscosity of air at25 and 10 atm:0.018 cP
Hepnery constant : 1640 atm lmol fraction
Solution
Since we are dealing with a case of fluid flow inside a pipe, then to calculate the mass
transfer coefficient use the following equation:
t K'.d
ShNo- v - 0.023(Re;o'83r (sc; o'r:3
D,,qA
But we are dealing with mass transfer through stagnant layer (transfer of COz from
air
to water only), then
P7
KC = K,C
PB,,
Or
Kc*P"r* *d o'333
ShNo-
Pr * D.en
- 0.023(Re;o'8:r (,s")
And
Pr D4B=**
Krv : prr, * d 0.023(Re;0'83r (sc;0'r33
properties
To calculate the dimensionless groups we must first correct the physical
oC), also we must
from their conditions to the opelation condition (10 atm and 25
convert all the units of all the quantities to the SI system.
t* , = 0.9 $Y
u =3L*
.s 3.28ft .s

d -zin-2in*2'54cm *L* - 0.0508rlz

in I00cm

- 0.0L8cP -0.018 * 10-3

tt h

( 57)
 p* mwt
p=
R*T
Then

10
\Pz )zggx,roatm e) = 298I
=eJ
b)srp
273

-rks .1t'zsrt13
pt =0.080s4 = 0.0808
ft' +.
ft' 2'2tb I l* '
-t.2s6g
mt

:. p2 = r.2s6
+.to ;rTrt = lr.en +
(ndilz=l.a).(!t\"
(o,qn\ lpz) \.4 /
) ) t - r2 --2
(D,Eilr - 0. !64cm :0.1 64"-' .( .!! l- = 7'64*to-s U-
,s ,s \toocm) 's

(Deil-r.eq*ro-s .f:).ffl{)t't : I .64*to-6 t

uoi \2e8l ,s

Pnz - Pat
n
'BL*=M)
[Pa' J
PAr = yt* Pf = 0.1* 10 - latm

PBI=10-l =9atm
Ptr2 canbe estimated from Henery law
PA=xA*H
PAz = 0.005 *L640:8.2
PBz =10 -8'2 -I'8atm
1.8-9 4.473612
, .,
.'. PBru =;F -

Now we can calculate the mass transfer coefficient

(5 E)
Kcv = ': " * 0.023(Re)o'833
Pt"*d'lt
----\---l (,sc;o'3r

Kr- = h
* D.an * p* u* d)o't"f r
0.023*( )0'333
Ptrr*d t p ) [p*D,En)
l0 * r.64 * l0-6 * 0.023
-( n.en* 0.915 * o.oror)o't" ( 0.018 * r0-3 )0'333
t
4.473612 0.0508 (. 0.018 * r0-3 ) * r.g. rr-u
[r r.rr, )
KC =o.oo8s68A
.S

NA=Kr(P4-P,Ez)
Kr
fs =
#r= o'0088 ut:
,nnnn.nffi_ I
otTil=-. -t-*looomol *zgBK
o.otz
mol* K 1000/ lcmol
Ks:3.62642*10-4 -hnol
mo * r* ot*
N A = 3.62642* l0-4 * (8.2
- l) = Z.6tt* t0-3 ry
*2*i

(;l>
 Rate equation Units of coefficient
(EMD) Non-diffusing (B)
N A = K- G . ΔP A N A = K G . ΔP A
Moles transferred
(time) (area)(press. )

N A = K- y .Δy A N A = K y .Δy A
For Gas Moles transferred
mole
(time) (area) � �
fraction

N A = K- C . ΔC A N A = K C . ΔC A
Moles transferred
mole
(time) (area) � �
vol .

conversions P BM P BM PT
F = K G . P BM =K y = KC. = K- G . P T = K- y = K- C = K- C .G T
PT R. T R. T

N A = K- L . ΔC A N A = K L . ΔC A
Moles transferred
mole
(time) (area) � �
vol .
For
Liquid N A = K- X . ΔX A N A = K X . ΔX A
Moles transferred
mole
(time) (area) � �
fraction

conversions ρ
F = K X . X BM = K L . X BM .C T = K- L . C T = K- L = K- X
M

Relations among mass – transfer – coefficients.

Conversions
( NB = 0 ) ( NA = - NB )

K C = K G . R. T 𝑅𝑅.𝑇𝑇
K- C = K- y .
𝑃𝑃T

Ky = KG. PT K C = K- G . R. T

𝜌𝜌
K x = K L. ( ) avg. K- X = K- L . C avg..
𝑀𝑀WT
𝜌𝜌
= K- L .( ) avg.
𝑀𝑀WT
Film - Penetration theory
Toor andMarchello, in 1958, combined features of the film, penetration, and surface
renewal theories to develop a film-penetration model, which predicts a dependency of
the mass transfer coefficient Kc on the diffusivity, that varies from
"|DAB to Das.
Their theory assumes that the entire resistance to mass transfer resides in a film of
fixed thickness 6. Eddies move to and from the bulk fluid and this film. Age
distributions for time spent in the film are of the Higbie or Danckwerts type.
Fick's second law, (Eq. 100), still applies, but the boun dury conditions are now
At t:0 0<Z(oo Ce:Ceu
t>0 Z:0 Ce : Cai (Cei : initial concentration)
t>0 2:6 Ce : Ceu
Infinite-series solutions are obtained by the method of Laplace transforms. The rate of
mass transfer is then obtained in the usual manner by applying Fick's first law at the
fluid-fluid interface.
AC.I ,
NA =-D,qn?l : K"(g,
oZ lz=o L \ t -coo)

Two - Film Theory

Separation processes that involve contacting two fluid phases generally require
consideration of mass transfer resistances in both phases. ln 1923,Whitman irrgg.it.a
an extension of the film theory to two fluid films in series. Each film presents a
resistance to mass transfer, but concentrations in the two fluids at the interiace are in
equilibrium. That is, there is no additional interfacial resistance to mass transfer. This
concept has found extensive application in modeling of steady-state gas-liquid and
liquid-liquid separation processes, when the fluid phases are in laminar or turbulent
flow. The assumption of equilibrium at the interface is satisfactory unless mass
transfer rates are very high or surfactants accumulate at the interface.
Gas- Liquid Case
Consider the steady-state mass transfer of A from a gas phase, across an interface, into
liquid phase. It could be postulated, as shown in Figure La, ihat a thin gas film exists
on one side of the interface and a thin liquid film exists on the otheiside with the
controlling factors being molecular diffusion through each of the films. However, this
postulation is not necessary, because instead of writing the mass transfer rate
as:

NA=- t- - \
(D,qn)c (^ _(Deilr \
^r - r" \C.qt-CAi)c=T\C.q,-cet)r ...-.(q)
We can express the rate of mass transfer in terms of mass transfer coefficients that
can
be determined from any suitable theory, with the concentration gradients visualized
more realistically as in Figure 1'b. In addition, we can use any number of
different
(1)
 mass transfer coefficients, depending on the selection of the driving force for mass
transfer.

{al h)
Figure I Concentration gradients for two - resistance theory: (a) film theory; @) more
realistic gradients.

For gas phase, under dilute or equimolar counter diffusion (EMD) conditions, we write
the mass transfer rate in terms of partial pressure:
tl\
NA=Ks\Pet-PAi) - -(s)
Or for stagnant layer mass transfer (non - volatile liquid), the rate of mass transfer can
be written as:
NA=KrVnu-PAi) ---. (<>
where (')
refers to the equimolar counter diffusion case.
The above equations can be written in terms of mole fractions as:
Ko /
Na :';A nu - t Ai): K'r 0 nu - ! Ai) ^ (+)
And
--
N1 =?6uu - !Ai): *r bnu - vu,) -{BJ

For the liquid phase, we might use molar concentrations:

NA=x,(cu, -cAb) - - (1) forequi-molarmasstransfer
NA=KtlC,q,-CAb) - - {t.) for uni - molar mass transfer
Also can be written in terms of mole fractions:

( rr)
 t

NA =
*6^, - xAb): x'*6u, - *.qr) - - - (tt) for equi - molar mass transfer
And
NA = ui - x Ab)= x, 6 n, -''en) (t9 for uni - molar mass transfer
rrLG

At the phases interface, C Ai and Pl, are in equilibrium. Apptying a version of

Henry's law:
gAi H,q* PAi - - (lr)
Equations ( 5 ), ( ! ) and ( 13 ) are a commonly used combination for vapor-liquid
mass transfer. Computations of mass transfer rates are generally made from
knowledge of bulk concentrations, which in this case are C 1u andpau.
The equilibrium relationship for dilute solution (Henry's law) is:
P)=H*,A
And for gases (Dalton's Law):
pA=pT-*yA -(tr)
Then
tl. H **A-m*xA
yA =
P7
,----,(tO
Or
*
yA=m*xA -- (t7)
And for the interface
Yi=m*xi (te)
Equilibrium data can be presented as a curye (for concentrated solution) and straight
line (for dilute solution).
The task now is how to calculate the interfacial concentration (interfacial mole
fraction) because we need them in the calculation of mass transfer rate.
Depending on the two film theory, and as shown in above sections we have two cases,
the EMD (for example distillation), and the UMD (absorption through non volatile
liquid).
-
Case 1:
For equi-molecular counter diffusion
Let Ye
: Yeu
and XA : XAb
NA = xyb e - | *n) rJ
"" 6u, -
Ai)= (r
Then

(ez1
 -4,-V;:q
K',
-Uu-vt,) .-*- .4-.(z-)

Assume a column where a gas and a liquid are contacted. At any point (P) in the
column, the gas phase has a mole fraction of A (certain composition of A) that ir yo.
And the liquid has a mole fraction of A (certain composition of A) that is xa. Then at
that point an equilibrium between the gas phase and the liquid phase exist at ! At and
x1, at point (m)

c,
o e{\r\.\ wr.
CE
F
CL 0.8 C.yv{
o
(E
ct
ra-

E
o 0.6
ger gL5a
[!:ref]-
o 3\-F /
{J
(, 0.4
lvtviwr
trJ
, ki- ,/
|E ts'r c< :*/
t-
rF
c,
bA -L i,T
o 0.2
E l* _f
I
I

xAs' XerF
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 ^0.9 1

(x) mole fraction of liquid phase

In the above figure plot the equilibrium data and also and point (p). Draw a straight
line from point (P) to intersect the equilibrium curve at point (l), lei it be q.
The slop of this straight line (pq) is:
yA-yAi Kx
Slop - xA - xAr I

Kv
Then, to estimate the interface composition, we must know the mass transfer
coefficient for both gas phase and liquid phase also the equilibrium data must be
known.
The equilibrium data are presented by a curve for concentrated solution, and by a
straight line for dilute solution.

(r:;
 Case 2:
For uni-molecular difftrsion (mass transfer of A through stagnant layer of B)
Let ye : yau
and XA: XAb
NA= KrVu- rAi)= K*Ve, -*l - - (et)
Ori

NA=K'u /Vn-!t,)-+V,e,
\ K'- / \
-*1) - (z{
! Atru Arru x

Then
Kx _Vu - ve,)
-.r-F;=A
But the slop of the drawn between points (P) & (m) is
(,r^-_ YA-yAi
DioP =
K|
xA - xAi Ky
Therefore substitute K, and (by there equivalents as

Ky- =
-K.,,
| Atru
t -l
I

And These relations must be found from the previous section

,a'

K* = 'tlr
x
__i
Ait*t

Therefore the slop for this case is:

x'*/
Slop -
/ *A,r, |,n - !.1,
K,, / xA-xAt
/ ! A,r,
Where

Cr*1
 (r-*) -(1 -*n,)
xA.
.^ILM =

And
(t-ru,)-tt -ve)
rAiru
M
'"6j5
From the slop equation we can conclude that there is a difficulty in calculating the
interface composition (y 4 andx 1. ), because they are already exist in the left hand
side of the slop, equation. This problem will be solved by trail and error by following
these steps:
l- Assume avalue for (!lrrrandxAiru ) and let itbe equal to (l).
2- Calculate the slop.
3- Plot the line (pq).
4- From the intersection point read xai and /a1 .
5- Calculate (!Ar,uandxArru ), then recalculate the slop of the line (pq) and let it be
if
the value of the two slops are equal then the assumed values of
(slop)2
Q4mandxArru ) is correct. If not, then use the value of (slop)2 to estimate a new
values of xal and y6 by repeating steps (3-5) until you will reach not more the l1Yo
change in the value of the slop.
Note:
niLM )' are equal to (l)
For dilute solutions (y,t,_-.andx1,-,-
'- "tLM

overall driving force and overall mass transfer coefficient

Because of difficulties in measuring the interface composition and the individual mass
transfer coefficients in some cases, another driving force and coefficients are used, that
is the overall driving force and the overall mass transfer coefficient.
Again, assume a column where a gas and a liquid are contacted. At any point (p) in the
column, the gas phase has a mole fraction of A (certain composition oi A) that i, yo,
and the liquid has a mole fraction of A (certain composition of A) that is xa. Then at
that point which we will call point (1), equilibriu- b"tween the gas phase and the
liquid phase exist at lAi andx1.. From point P plot a vertical line to intersect the
equilibrium curve at point (2), where y: y) and x: XA. And plot a horizontal line

(es)
from point (p) to intercept the equilibrium curve at point (3) at this point y: 1la and x
*
: xA.
O ,e - y)) itcalled the overall driving force for the gas phase, and

t*l - x 1) iscalled the overall diving force for the liquid phase.
The slope of the equilibrium curve at point ( 1) is z1 :

YA-YAi
ml-
xA-xAr
The slope of the equilibrium curve at point (2) rs m2:
*
yAi - yA
m2=
xA - xAr
The slope of thq equilibrium curve at point (3) is z3:
yA-yAi
t7l3 =
-xA - xAr
The slops of the equilibrium curve at points 1,2, and 3 are equivalent if the solution is
a dilute solution. that is
1lll:1112:fIl3

o
o
(E

CL 0.8
o
(E
E'
rF
o 0.6
c,
o
iH
- rril
C' 0.4

K+
(tr
l-
rts )ni
q,
o 0.2
E rd
0

0 0.2
lii
Ab
0.4
xAi
0.6
xAn
0.8
(x) mole fraction of liquid phase

(et1
Now, the rate of mass transfer which will be calculated based on overall driving force
can be written as follow:
A) For EMD
NA=K'oy(yt-fi) (zr)
B) For UMp
NA=Koy(vt-fi)

Where
Ko, Ko, are the overall mass transfer coefficients with units (kmol/m2. s.mol
and
fract), which are based on the overall driving force in the gas phase.
y) , is the value of the mole fraction of A in the gas phase that would be in
equilibrium with xa.

Or, and for the two cases

NA=K'or@lq-xtr) - (ze)
NA=Ko*@)-x1) . --(27)
Where
K'o* and Ko* arethe overall mass transfer coefficients with units (kmol/m2. s.mol
fract), which are based on the overall driving force in the liquid phase.
*
xtr: LS the value of the mole fraction in the liquid phase that would be in equilibrium
with ya.

The relationship between the overall mass transfer coefficient and the
individual mass transfer coeffi cient
A)Case I EMD
We can write the overall driving force as follow by adding and subtractingyAi, that is:
:f*
YA- Y A=0d - l,l,) + (1,1, - y A)
But
*
rti2
!,q, -lA
- xA-xAr
Then
:1.

yA - y A = 0,q - I 4) * [email protected] - xAi)

Substitute each driving force by its equivalent in the EMD case, that is:
(t+)
 N1 _N1,rrtz*NA
t-t-I
Koy Ky Kx
Finally
llm2
r =----=
Koy Ky
r

Kx
Equation 174 canbe explained as follow:
The total resistance for mass transfer is equal to the summation of individual resistance
for each phase 9the gas phase & the liquid phase).
The same procedure could be made to find the relationship between the over all mass
transfer coeffrcient for the liquid phase and the individual mass transfer coefficients,
the relation is:
lll
, =-----l-*
Ko*
t

m3Ky,Kx
For the dilute solutions:
lTlI : l7l2 : ll13: lft
Then:
llm I
t-t---
Koy Ky Kx
111 ,\
J =- ,T--; (31)
Ko, *Ky Kx
B) Case I UMD
In this case only solute A is transferred through the interface and no B is transferred.
As shown in above:
K,,,
Kv- =
! Airu
And
I

r. Kx
l\-r - x Aitu
Then

NA :;l-K'u V/ n - y Ai ):;-
\ K. /
V,e, -
\
*n)
lAitu. '' xAiru
For the over all driving force, and by using the over all mass transfer coefficient, the
mass transfer rate is calculated by:

(<e)
 NA=-y(r^-fi)=+(fi-.^) ( rs)
! Aru
'Au,r
Where:
*
XALM =

And
:f
|Aru =

Using the same procedure done in the EMD, we can find the relationship between the
overall mass transfer coefficient and the individual mass transfer coefficients, as
shown:
For the gas phase:
* 1)t
/ AtU _, ^iLM mzx Airu
r -----=
l/ rl
,
( sr)
noy ny K,*
For the liquid phase:
*
*AL^
r
Ko* m3K,
_,utr,r-=---;-
**ntw
Kx
( rr)
Again for diluie solution when:
lftI : l7l2 : l7l3: l7l
Then
**
*Aru: lAru: *4ut: YArrM: I

Question:
Is there an overall mass transfer coefficient base on partial pressure for
the gas phase, and other one based on concentration for the'liquid phase?
Answer:
Yes, these are presented as Iqs, and IQr.
Question:
Find the relationships between these overall mass transfer coefficients
and the individual mass transfer coefficient?

( L1)