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Pure Maths For A Level-Raman

a level pure maths text book

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Pure Maths For A Level-Raman

a level pure maths text book

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prince mutikani
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PURE MATHEMATICS f ol 100 | tcctanny a F(x1¥2)_ 59, 100 F041 2) yp EE R. RAMAN Pure Mathematies for Advanced Levels one of the best selling titles among A-Level. Mathematics books ever published. Reprinted several times'since its first edition in 2002 and recommended by the Ministry of Education, this Second Edition has been therpughly reviewed and updated to meet the examination boards in various countries including UK, Singapore and the Caribbean. It has also received the appreciation of Maths teachers worldwide. This Second Edition of Pure Mathematics for Advanced yreevel is intended for students taking the University of =. Cambridge A-Level Mathematics at Principal Level as from 2008. Rashid Raman, formerly Associate Professor at the Mauritius Institute of Education (MIE), has taught mathematics for the last 40 years. He taught at the Islamic Cultural College and the Queen Elizabeth College before joining the MIE in 1976 and retired ir 1997. Hes the author of several mathematics textbooks. NATHEMPHICS PURE “Pure Mathematics for Advanced Level isan excellent text targeted for all SADC (Southern African Development Community) countries and is also suitable for the Singapore: Mathematics Advance Level Syllabus 9233 (Pure Mathematics). “ ‘www bookselp.com i KingueC (Rev eqweth PURE MATHEMATICS FOR ADVANCED LEVEL SECOND EDITION Rashid Raman Copyright 2009 Editions Le Printemps Ltée Rashid Raman Published by: ELP- MAURITIUS Fax: 686 7302 Email: [email protected] elp editorial @intnet. mu Ist Print: Dec 2002 Reprints: March 2003 Dec 2003 Oct 2004 j Oct 2005 April 2007 Second Revised Edition 2008 Reprints: Sep 2009 Nov 2010 Page layout: Firebird Ltd (Mauritius) Printed in Singapore ALL RIGHTS RESERVED [No par of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system. or tansmitted in any form or by any means, } clectronic, mechanical, photocopying. recording. oF otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owners. j ISBN: 978-99903-87-78-0 | \ Contents ‘Acknowledgement Preface f Chapter 1 Quadratics - t Chapter 2 Functions. Chapter 3 _ Coordinate Geometry- Chapter 4 Circular measure Chapter 5 ‘Trigonometry 1 Chapter 6 Vectors 1° Chapter?) Series - Chapter 8% ‘Bifferentiation 1 Chapter 97 Yhtegration fe Chapter 10 “Algebra Chapter 11 Logarithmic and Exponential Functions Chapter 12.” “Trigonometry 2 * Chapter 13 7 Tifferentiation 2° Chapter 14“ Yntegration 2"q Chapter 15 “ Numerical solutions * of equations © Chapter 16 Wectors 2 ¢ Chapter 17 “ ifferential Equations ® Chapter 18 -Complex Numbers *# Answers Parple Math - Cam ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ‘We are grateful tothe following for having gone through the book, made necessary corrections and for theit suggestions: Ram SATHAN Gassen ARNASSALON ‘Vijesh MAYARAM Jeelani Mittoo For the Second Revised Esition (2008): Balah ARITHOPPAH We wish also to thank the Cambridge Examinations Syndicate for granting us permission to reproduce questions from past papers. << The University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate bears no responsibilty for the example answers {0 questions taken from its past question papers which are contained inthis publication.» PREFACE This book has been written specifically for students taking principal level mathematics at the Higher School Certificate Examinations and who have taken Additional Mathematics at the Ordinary (School Certificate) Level. For the sake of simplicity, the chapters have been written in the same order as they appear in the syllabus but it is not intended that they should be taught or learned in the same order. This is the second edition of this book. Further to comments made by teachers and students alike, alterations have been made to the bookwork in a few chapters and exercises at the end of these chapters. Rashid RAMAN CHAPTER 1 QUADRATICS 1.1 Reduction of ex? + bx + ¢ to the form afx +h) +k ‘We know that a quadratic polynomial is of the form ax’ + bx +c where a,b, are constants and a #0 Any quadratic polynomial ax? + bx + ¢ can be reduced to the form a(x +h)’ + k by completing the square 1,4,9, 16, ete. are perfect squares as they are squares of whole numbers. 97. +2), (&— 5) are perfect squares. In algebra also, expressions like Since (x+y = (x+y) x+y) x24 Day + y?is a perfect square, but in an expanded form. In the expression (x? + 2x + 1), the coefficient of x° = 1, the coefficient ect square it) =e. inthe abov In general, an expression in the form (x? + bx +.) is pet verity tat (2) = 1 ‘Thus, if we want to make the expression (x' + 6x) become a perfect square. we find the constant term as follows: (Note: Coefficient of x divided by 2, then squared = 9) The new expression becomes x? + 6x +9. Note that x + 6x +9 = (x + 3)'. So, x° + 6x +9 is a complete square. Reduce each of the following to the form a(x + hy + k. (areae (bye +10x (HT de + aces Solution (@x'+8x= 8x + 16-16 (x44) 16. (x + 10x= x eros (9) - (2) =x) + 10x +25-25 =(x+ 57-25. ossneeome(f GF =84+ 9-8 oe (s+3)-2 a) @etax+dex vae(2 3) oa § 3} extant 244-2 Be me tea ‘Rewrite 2¢ ~9x + I1 in the form alx + hy +. Solution | 2x 9x4 I= ae - 3x44!) fee) ~fe-3f- ate SEE ae Rewrite “3+ I1x~ 14 inthe form afx +h} +k. Solution siesta t4= ae -4xst) 37 More generally av ebr+e wae +a) Reduce each of the following quadratic polynomials to the form a(x +h)’ +k. 1 480417, 9 3844-1 Boeke 10. 8-9x— 10. 3. 2x? 1x +10. U.P 45-6" 4o 3x? 10x. 12, 2x84 3x2. ata de. 13, 12-2x-3e 6 stax. 14, 25— 4x4 Uaredx. 15, 3x + 1x +20. ; 8 2t—4-5. 16, Se ~ 128 +7. alia (a) We know also that if x is a real number, x: > 0. $0 the minimum value of x is 0-and it occurs when x= Also,-x<0. So the maximum value of =© is 0 and it occurs when x = 0 Itfollows that x +k > kand 7 + kk. PURE MATHS FOR Hence, the polynomial x? + k has a minimum value of k and the polynomial —<° + k has a maximum value of k. Both oceur when x= 0. i Find the minimum value of + 3and the value of x for which i occurs. Solution For any value of x > 0 ‘Adding 3 to both sides, x! +3 > 3 Hence the minimum value of x°+ 3 is 3, and this occurs when x = 0. i {b) Ifa > 0, the polynomial ax’ = 0 and has therefore a minimum value of 0 when x = 0. Ifa <0, the polynomial ax < 0 and has therefore a maximum value of 0 when x= 0 ‘Thus ~2x" has a maximum value of 0 when x = 0 and 5x° has a minimum value of 0 when x = 0. ; Hence, ax’ +k has a minimum value ofk when x=0 if > 0, and a masimuom value ofk when x0, ifa <0. i ‘Thus 2x° ~7 has « minimum value of ~7 when x = 0 and -Sx? + 2 has a maximum value of 2 when x =0. 1 a<0, the polynomial a(x +h)? k for a> 0 and a(x +h)’ +k = k fora <0. It follows that a(x + h)? + k has minimum value k when x =—b, fa>0. Also a(x +h) + k has maximum value k when x = —h, if a<0. (©) If > 0, the polynomial a(x + hy > O and has therefore a minimum value of 0 when x + Let us consider the expression 3(x ~ 1)?+5. The minimum value of (x — 1)?is 0. So the minimum value of 3(x ~ 1)? + 5 is (3 x 0) +S or 045 or 5. This occurs when (x — 1)? = 0, Similarly, the minimum value of 4(x +2) +7 is 7 when x +2=0, ic. when x=-2. More generally, if a > 0, the minimum value of a(x +h)? + is k when x =—h and if a <0, the maximum Value of a(x +h)? + k is k when x=—h. (@) To find the maximum or the minimum value of a quadratic polynomial, we reduce the polynomial to the form {| a(x +h)’ +.kas illustrated in the following example: =, uf Sap! State whether the expression 2¢=71~ 10 has a maximum value ora minimum value. Find the maxima vale (or the minimum value and state the value of x for which it occur. Solution 2x? - 7x ~ 10 has a minimum value as the coefficient of x7 > 0. ‘CHAPTER T Find the minimum or maximum value of 12 ~ 6x — 5x° and state the value of x for which it occurs Solution 2 6x — 5x? has a maximum value as the coefficient of x" < 0. 2 Exercise 1B Reduce each of the following quadratic polynomials to the form a (x + h)? +. Ineach case, state whether the polynomial has a miximum or a minimum value. Find this value and the valve of x for which it occurs. LP +8x+19, 6. 2 8-6 +10. 7 3. +8 + 6x-15. 8 ise 10x +11 9. 3x 8x. 5. 2x 6x+15, 10. 12x-5¥. We know that the graphs of y =x° and y =—x* are as shown in Figures 1.1(a) and 1.1(b) @ o Figure 11 Generally, the graph of y = ax* + bx + ¢ can be obtained by determining its maximum or its minimum value according to whether a <0 or a>0. To sketch the graph of y = x" ~ 4x +7, we find its minimum value. = 442472 K-27 +3, x! 4x +7 has therefore a minimum value of 3 when x ‘The graph of y = x°— 4x + Thas therefore a minimum at (2,3) as shown in Figure 12, y OD 23 Figure 12 Note: The graph cuts the y-axis at (0, 7) and it does not cut the x-axis. CHAPTER 1 Bete Skech th graph ofy=-22" + 8-17. Solution 2 4 8x — 17 has a maximum value as the coefficient of x* <0. +8x-17 =-2| Maximum value = -9 when ‘The graph of ~2x° + 8x — 17 has therefore a maximum value at (2,9). ‘The graph of y 2x? + 8x — 17 is as shown in Figure 13. Figure 13 Note: The graph cuts the y-axis at (0,17) and it does not cut the x-axis Sketch the graph of y = 3x’ + 2x7, showing the coordinates ofits points of intersection with the axes, if any Solution 3x? + 2x — int 2x When y =0 y=3e+2x-7 22 V4-4x35 7 \ = 238, 38 0.) 56 | 23 or -1.89 Exercise 1C Sketch the graph of each of the following quadratic polynomials showing the coordinates of the points of intex- | section with the axes, if any. 1.4 Nature of reots of « quadratic equation | We know from earlier work in the mathematics course that the roots of the. equation ax’ + bx + -b+ Vo — 406 gqq —b— Vb — 400 “The nature ofthe roots depends upon the value of b*— 4ac which is known as the discriminant. (i 176? ~4ac > 0, the roots are real and unequal. ii) 16? —4ac < 0, then NF ~ Fac is not real as there isno real number whose square is negative. We say that the roots are not real or that they are imaginary. Infollows that the equation ax’ + bx + ¢ has real roots if b—4ac > 0. | (019? — ac =O, then both roots are — > and the equation has tv equa root. | | | Determine the nature of the roots of each of the following quadratic equations: (a)3e+2x+1=0 (b) 92 - 12x +420 (0)2e-7x-3=0 Solution -(4x3x1)<0 bi dac = So, the equation has imaginary roots. 12, » bP dac = 144 - (4x 9x4) =0 Equation has equal roots. bi-dac =49— (4x 2-3) >0 Roots are real and unequal. O has equal roots. 1. Find the nature of the roots of each of the following equations: (@) 38 +x42=0 () 28 +x-3=0 (© 38-x-: (@) 8 +6x+9=0 : (©) 8 10x+25=0 ( 5+3x-e=0 @) 7+40420=0 _ (b) 64+ 16x—x°=0 () 94 2x-3v=0, @ 5-2-4 =0. 2. Find the valves of m for which the equation mx? + 10x 20 = 0 has equal roots. 3:/ Find the values of m for which the equation 3x? + mx ~_m=0 has equal roots. Show that the equation 3x? + kx — 4 = 0 has real roots for all real values of k. 'S. Find the value of k for which (x +k)’ = x has equal roots. 1.5.1 Method 1 - Graphical To solve a quadratic inequality such as x°—4x-+ 3 > O, we sketch the graph of y = x" 4x +3 paying particular attention to its points of intersection sith the x-axis. ‘The graph intersects the x-axis where x? — 4x + 3 =0. ie, (X= D@x-3) =0 Jor 3. AAs the graph has a minimum, ts as shown in figure 14 ¥ Figure 14 X— 4x +3 > 0, ie. y > 0 forthe parts of the graph where x < Torx > 3 So, x-4xn43>0 x 0. Solation Ropes 2% 20-3x- det + 3x-20 (x a+4) x2 or -4, 5 2 ‘As the graph of 20 — 3x ~ 2x" has a maximum, itis as shown in Figure 1. Figure 15 From the graph 20 - 3x-2x?>O,ie.y>0 for-40 for x < 1 orx>3 PURE MATHS FOR S0,x° 4x +3 = Oforx < Lorx > 3. Similarly, to find the values of x for which 20 ~ 3x —2x’ > 0, we find the values of x for which 20 ~ 3x ~2x ie, 9-244 =0 Use either @ graphical method or a numerical method to solve the following quadratic inequalities. 1 -8x+12<0 2. 24x-1050 3. 3x? 10x 430 4. 4¢4x-350 5. 0-3x-x<0 1. 2-x<0 8. 144-0 <0 10. Sx°-3x-5>0 II, Find the values of for which the equation Sx’ +kx + 5 =0 has rel rots in x 12, Find the values of k for which the equation x(x + 2k) = 4x —K" has real roots in x 13, Find the values of k for which the equation x(k ~ 3x) = 3 has no real roots in x 14, Find the values of k for which the equation x(3x - 2) + kx + 12 =0 has no rel roots in x. 1.6 Simultaneous equations, one linear and one quedratic Tosolve a pair of simultaneous equations, one linear and the other quadratic, we make one variable in the linear equation become the subject of the formula and substitute in the quadratic. The method is illustrated in the fol- owing example: Example 13 Salve the equations ae2yel o Foyts=ls i) Solution = From the linar equation x = 1~2y (A) Replacing i Gi) (1-29 (1 -2ypy + 39? = 15 ~ dy +4y'—y +29" + 3y? = 15 Sy" -Sy- 14 PURE MATHS FOR ‘Solve the equations xnys3 a (x—2yP = 8h i) Solution From (i) x-y=3 xey+3 Replacing in (i) (x+2yF 281 (+3 +2yF=81 Gy +37 2381 By +3229 3y43=9 or = By 43a 9 3y=6 or Bye? ye? y=4 xeyt3) X=243 of xa4e3 xeS = a =i) 1. Solve the simultaneous equations @ x+y =4 xa 2ay ty =25 (i) Bet any-y=3 += ii) 2s-3y=11 XY 20+ 4y =-4 ww 3x4 2y BN ty'+7x—3y =0 () —-P-2y + 4y aT 2x-3y =5 i 2x+3y=13 2+ Say + 6)? =88 (vi 3x+2y =23 3x! + Day +1 = 162 a-y=4 38 -xy-y =17 as such is not a quadratic equation. However, if we put Vx ‘The equation x - 2Vx — So,x~ 2ve 3=0 (-dy+1 y=3or- The value ~ 1 is rejected as VX = 0 for all real values of x. ‘The solution can be checked as for x ~(2«3)-3=0. Note that ify = -1 is accepted, x = 1 and this does not satisfy the equation x ~ 2Vx -3 Equations which can be reduced to the form ax? + bx + ¢ = 0 (a #0) are known as disguised quodratics. Examples of disguised quadrats 5x2 Use in each case the appropriate substitution to reduce it to a quadratic polynomial and solve the equations. The solutions are given below Example 15 s are 2* -620,x°+20-8=0 Solve the following equations (a)2°*"-5x2-25—0 — (b)xt-2P-6=0 (ex + 28'-8=0 Solution ® Pur" =y 2l_5 x 2-25 =0 Pix 25x 2-25 2y?—Sy-25 =0 (Q2y+5)(y-5) Ses pate w= ays PURE MATHS FOR, 22/8 2 ‘= 3.645... (or — 1.645... which is not possible as x? = 0). So, x= 3.645... x= 191 (003 significant figures). © +2w-8=0 Putx’sy i +2y-8=0 O+9G-2=0 y=4or2 w=s4or2 ‘X= — 1.59 or 1.26 (to 3 significant figures). Solve the following equations: 3 if 1 InP anre1n0 eg ey er 2. %-5fi+2=0 2. SaatiTar+ 1020 i 3. x¥-6x*+8=0 & w3-x 4 M84 1520 9 +t SO*+17 +6=0 i 5. Qx+'-62x417+5=0 10. (x + 30+ RF +2=0 \ If Miscellaneous Exercise 1 | 1, Solve the simultaneous equations 1 4x —3y = 15 | ax —2y'=45 ira Find the range of values of x for which 2x? ~ 3% > 2 a Calculate the coordinates of the points of intersection of the straight line 2x + 3y = 10 and the curve i 21. i re e i 5. Write 2x? 6x +25 in the form A(x +h)? +k. Hence obtain the minimum value of 2x*— 6x +25 and the Value of «for which it ocean: Stet the poaph of y = 25? — 6a + 25 \ 6. Solve the simultaneous equations i xty=ny Dy=x+2 a Find te range of values ofx for which xix +5) =—6. ci Find the maximum value of 25 ~ 4x ~ 2x? and the value of x for which it occurs. Hence, sketch the graph of y = 25 — 4x — Find the values of p for which the equation (p+ 1)x?-+ 4px +9 =0 has equal roots Solve the equation 2x‘— 3x? + 1 =0. Find the coordinates of the minimum point of the curve y = (3x —5)' + 2 and sketch the curve: Solve the equation 3 x 2-5 x2"—2=0. ©) snow tht te equation (p+ 1x? + p+ 3x + (p+ 2) O has real os for all eal values of cee (@) the value of p and of q. (© the range of values ofr for which the equation x” + px + @= has no real oot. 15. (@) Find the range of values of x for which 8x +3 < 3x°. (®) Show that the equation x’ + (2—K)x +k = 3 has real roots for all real values of k. 16, (@) Solve the simultaneous equations y = x°—3x +2, y=3x—7. (b) Interpret your solution to part (a) geometrically. Solve the inequality x2 < (2x44 Solve the equations x’ + y' = 7 and x*— x'y'= y*=71. Solve the inequalities: @ x -2x°-3>0 (b) x*+2x7-3<0 Write x’ ~ 8x + 19 in the form (x +a)? +b. Hence, obtain the minimum value of x*— 8x + 19 and the value of x for which it occurs. i Stich the graphs of y =x! Sx" 19 andy = —=—t 4 10) Wie aims the nso te conan ae! b+

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