Chapter 2
Chapter 2
1
Uniform flow
■ Equations are developed for steady-state conditions
– Depth, discharge, area, velocity all constant along
channel length
■ Rarely occurs in natural channels (even for constant
geometry) since it implies a perfect balance of all
forces
■ Two general equations in use: Chezy and Manning
formulas
2
Or in general, uniform flow
- Energy slope = Bed slope or dH/dx = dz/dx
- Water surface slope = Bed slope = dy/dz = dz/dx
- Velocity and depth remain constant with x
3
UNIFORM FLOW
Q =C
V =C
y =C
S0 = C
A =C
B =C
n =C
4
5
General Flow Equation
Q = Av
Avg. velocity of
flow at a cross-
section (m/s)
Area of the
Flow rate (m3/s) cross-section
(m2)
6
Chezy’s Formula
Antoine Chezy, in 1769
7
Other Flow Formulas
Two other flow formula defined more accurately the value
for the coefficient C in the Chezy formula.
Values of m to be used in the Bazin formula
for determining C in the chezy formula.
87
C
m
1
R
8
Values of n to be used in the Kutter’s n
formula for determining C in the chezy formula.
9
Manning Formula
10
Table of Manning’s n Roughness
Coefficient
Type of Channel and Description
Streams
Minimum Normal Maximum
Streams on plain
Clean, straight, full stage, no rifts or deep pools 0.025 0.03 0.033
Clean, winding, some pools, shoals, weeds & stones 0.033 0.045 0.05
Same as above, lower stages and more stones 0.045 0.05 0.06
Sluggish reaches, weedy, deep pools 0.05 0.07 0.07
Very weedy reaches, deep pools, or floodways 0.075 0.1 0.15
with heavy stand of timber and underbrush
Mountain streams, no vegetation in channel, banks
steep, trees & brush along banks submerged at
high stages
Bottom: gravels, cobbles, and few boulders 0.03 0.04 0.05
Bottom: cobbles with large boulders 0.04 0.05 0.07
11
Values for the computation of the
roughness coefficient (Chow,
1959)
Channel Conditions Values
Material Involved Earth n0 0.025
Rock Cut 0.025
Fine Gravel 0.024
Coarse Gravel 0.027
Degree of irregularity Smooth n1 0.000
Minor 0.005
Moderate 0.010
Severe 0.020
Variations of Channel Cross
Section
Gradual n2 0.000 n = (n0 + n1 + n2 +
Alternating Occasionally
Alternating Frequently
0.005
0.010-0.015
n3 + n4 ) m5
Relative Effect of Obstructions Negligible n3 0.000
Minor 0.010-0.015
Appreciable 0.020-0.030
Severe 0.040-0.060
Vegetation Low n4 0.005-0.010
Medium 0.010-0.025
High 0.025-0.050
Very High 0.050-0.100
Degree of Meandering Minor m5 1.000
Appreciable 1.150
Severe 1.300
12
Values of Manning’s n according
to MASMA
Open Channel (Surface Cover of Finishing) Manning’s n Manning’s n
(Minimum) (Maximum)
Grass Swales
Short grass cover 0.030 0.035
Tall grass cover 0.035 0.053
Lined Drains
Concrete
Troweled finished 0.011 0.015
Off form finished 0.013 0.018
Stone Pitching
Dressed stones in Mortar 0.015 0.017
Random stones or rubble masonry 0.020 0.035
13
Manning’s Roughness (n)
Roughness coefficient (n) is a function of:
– Channel material
– Surface irregularities
– Variation in shape
– Vegetation
– Flow conditions
– Channel obstructions
– Degree of meandering
14
Conveyance Factor, K
K, the capacity of the channel to carry flow
where K AC R
1 2
Manning formulae: Q AR 3 S o
n 2
AR 3
where K
n
15
Channel Section Factor, Z
Z, the characteristics of channel geometry
2
Z AR 3 for Manning
1
Z AR 2 for Chezy
2 nQ
Or, AR nK
3 for Manning
So
1 K Q
AR
2 for Chezy
C C So
16
Flow Rate Per Unit Width, q
For rectangular channel only
y
Q
q
B B
unit as m3 / s or m 3 / s.m
m
Basic, Q = Av
q = vy
17
Very Wide Channel
Shallow flow depth compared to the channel width
So, remember R y
18
Calculation of Normal
Depth, yo
(iii) Charts
yo 1
Z
B
19
Trial and error method
Given the flow condition (channel dimension,
roughness, flow rate and bed slope)
Graphical method
2
A plot of y vs Z (where Z AR 3 ) is made
nQ
Normal depth is when Z
So
20
Chart: Curve for Determining
Normal Depth (Chow, 1959)
0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10
10
NOTE :
2 nQ
Rectangular z = 1.0
AR 3
z = 0.5 S0
Circular
yo 1 1
z = 1.5
B z = 2.0
z = 2.5
or z = 3.0
z = 3.5
yo 1 y
z
Φ B
0.1 0.1
y
0.01 0.01
0.0001 0.001 0.01 AR 2 3 3 0.1 1 10
2
AR
8
or 8
B 3
Φ 3
21
Best Hydraulic Section(BHS)
For a given Q, there are many channel shapes. There
is the need to find the best proportions of B and y which
will make the discharge is maximum.
22
For a given Area (A), Q will be maximum when P is
minimum (from equation 1)
23
For a Trapezoidal Section
L y 1
Z
B
24
dP T 2L
1) 0 ; you got T 2 y 1 z2 or
dy
- Top water width (T) is twice the side length (L)
y
- Hydraulic Radius; R
2
dP 1
2) for 0 ; you got z
dz 3
- The side slope is 60⁰ or B = L
25
Best Hydraulic Section
26
Why BHS???
27
Example
28
A = (B +zy)y
Solution 10 2(2)2
28m 2
2.3m
P B 2 y 1 z2
10m 10 2(2) 1 (2) 2
n = 0.011 18.94m
y = 2.3 - 0.3
= 2.0m R A/ P
z=2 28 / 18.94
So = 0.0001 1.478
29
Cont…
2
3
AR So From T = 2L
Q
n 2
28(1.478) 3 0.0001 B 2 zy 2 y 1 z 2
Q
0.011 B 2 y 1 (0.58) 2 2(0.58) y
33.03m3 / s B 1.152 y
Re-designed as the Best Hydraulic
Section as Then A = By +zy2
z = 0.58
1.152 y 2 0.58 y 2
n = 0.011
So = 0.0001 1.732 y 2
Q = 33.03 m3/s
30
Cont…
2
3
AR So
Q
P B 2 y 1 z2 2
n
33.03(0.011)
1.152 y 2 y 1 (0.58) 2 AR
3
0.0001
3.464 y 2
AR 3 36.33
2
2
1.732 y (0.5 y ) 3
36.33
8
y 3
33.299
R A/ P
y 3.72m
1.732 y 2
3.464 y B 1.152(3.72)
0.5 y B 4.29m
31
Cont…
T = 8.61m
B = 4.29m
32
The Design of Circular Culverts-
Optimum Water Depth
y optimum for max discharge
33
y optimum for max velocity
34
Design of Erodible Channels
(Earthen Channels)
35