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Inference

This document defines and explains inference. It notes that inference is deriving new truths from relationships between premises and conclusions. There are two types of inference: immediate inference uses one premise, while mediate inference uses two or more premises related to each other to derive a conclusion. The document provides examples of inferences using premise and conclusion indicators to demonstrate the different types.

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Bettina Tiongco
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37 views

Inference

This document defines and explains inference. It notes that inference is deriving new truths from relationships between premises and conclusions. There are two types of inference: immediate inference uses one premise, while mediate inference uses two or more premises related to each other to derive a conclusion. The document provides examples of inferences using premise and conclusion indicators to demonstrate the different types.

Uploaded by

Bettina Tiongco
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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INFERENCE

1. Meaning

 An activity of the mind where we derive new truth from the conclusion drawn from the (or
its) relationship of (or to) one or more premises

2. Parts of an Inference

A. Premises

 Propositions that lend support to the conclusion


 Supporting statements which aim to make the conclusion acceptable

B. Conclusion

 Proposition being supported or affirmed


 Expresses or affirms the main point of the entire argument

Premise Indicators Conclusion


Indicators
 Since  Therefore
 Because  Hence
 For  Thus
 As  I conclude
 Inasmuch as that…
 For the reason  So
that…  Consequently
 First, …  It follows that
 If  One may infer
that
 One may
conclude that

3. 2 Kinds of Inference

A. Immediate Inference

 A process of reasoning where we derive our conclusion from one premise only, where it
expresses the same or opposite on its value.

1
Examples:

Premise 1: Because no rocks are animals;


Conclusion : Therefore, no animals are rocks.

Premise 1: Since all Bedan students are rich;


Conclusion: Thus, no Bedan students are poor.

Premise 1: Since there is only black or white in an argument;


Conclusion: Therefore, there is no room for anything that’s gray.

B. Mediate Inference

 A process of reasoning where we derive our conclusion from 2 or more premises, where the
former commonly expresses the relationship of the latter.

Examples:

Premise 1: Since all things run by batteries are machine-operated and;


Premise 2: Since all laptops are run by batteries;
Conclusion: Therefore, all laptops are machine-operated.

Premise 1: All professional musicians are artists;


Premise 2: Bruno Mars is a professional musician;
Conclusion: Hence, Bruno Mars is an artist.

Premise 1: Bill is either literate or illiterate;


Premise 2: But Bill is literate;
Conclusion: Therefore, Bill is not illiterate.

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