REPORT EE 361

LABORATORY

Center of Excellence – Da Nang University of

Science and Technology

Instructor/LA: Thai Vu Hien

Members:
Nguyễn Viết Khánh Linh
Trần Ngọc Quốc
TWO-WIRE TRANSMISSION LINE
Exercise1: Getting used to WIPL-D 3D EM solver

Step 1) Open the file [TwoWire] > [TwoWireTL.IWP]

You will see the window of WIPL-D 3D Electromagnetic Software as below. This
software simulates a two-wire transmission line (TL) shown in the right-hand side of
the window.

RUN button

Generator

Two-wire TL
Load

Fig. 1: WIPL-D solver for 3D EM simulation

Step 2) Set parameters for the TL. Parameters for the TL can be set by clicking on
the button on the upper right. A pop-up window [Symbols] will appear and shows
parameters below:
l: length of the line in mm. Confirm that Fig. 1 shows l = 100 mm.
d2: half of the center-to-center distance between the two wires. Confirm that Fig. 1
shows d2 = 5 mm, meaning that the center-to-center distance between the wires is
10 mm (1cm). Other parameters are not important.
 Step 3) Set parameters for the terminating load. Look the left-hand side of the window.
Go to [Loadings] > [Concentrated] > [cl1] and double click on [cl1]. This is where you
can change the value of the terminating load. Confirm that Fig. 1 shows R=1e+18 Ohm,
meaning that the terminating end is opened.
Step 4) Run the program by clicking on [Run] button. Obtain the result by
going to
[Output] > [List] > [Y, Z, S] >Click

Input impedance of the TL

Seen from the generator

Read the input impedance Zin1 = 0.01929-j22340 [Ohm]

Because the TL is lossless, the real part of Zin1 is very small. So, we can write Zin1=-
j22340 [Ohm]

Exercise2: Observing input impedance when the TL is terminated in an open-

circuit.
Step 1) Repeat the steps 1 to 4 in exercise 1 for other values of the length l=1000,
3000, 5000,
7000, 9000, 11000, 11100,11200, 13000, 15000 and 17000 mm. Fill the measured
Zin1 in the table below.
As R = 1e+18[Ohm] which is considered infinity resistor, the load is terminated in an
open circuit.
l (mm) Zin1[Ohm]
100 -j22340
1000 -j2512
3000 -j800
5000 -j425.6
7000 -j245
9000 -j110.1
11000 -j4.31
11100 j0.8154
11200 j5.94
13000 j100.6
15000 j224
17000 j402.1
Step 2) Use MS Excel to draw a graph of imaginary part of Zin1 vs. the TL length l

ZIN1[Ohm]
5000

0
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000 18000

-5000

-10000

-15000

-20000

-25000

What you observe? Do the simulation results agree with theory? What is the theoretical
formula for Zin1?
As the length of the line increases, the imaginary part of Zin1 also increases.

The result we got strongly support the theory of lossless transmission line for open
circuit.
For open circuit, the value of Zin:
𝑂𝐶
𝑍𝑖𝑛 = −𝑗𝑍0 cot 𝛽𝑙
Consider the value of the angle of cot 𝛽𝑙 in the first and second quadrant:
- When l is small, the angle 𝛽𝑙 is also small, therefore, cot 𝛽𝑙 is small which makes
the value of Zin1 small and negative. As l increases until the angle reaches 90o, the
value of Zin1 rises to 0.
 - When l is continuously increasing and 𝛽𝑙 exceeds 90o, the value of cot 𝛽𝑙 becomes
negative. Hence, Zin1 increases and become positive.

Exercise3: Observing input impedance when the TL is terminated in a short-

circuit.
Step 1) Now, the TL is terminated in an open-circuit. To terminate the TL in a short-
circuit, go to [Loadings] > [Concentrated] > [cl1] > Double-click
Change value of “R” to 0 [Ohm] and click [OK]

Step 2) Chang the value of TL length l to 100m

Run simulation again and read the input impedance Zin2 = +j5.562 [Ohm] (Your result
may differ from this value)
Step 3) Repeat step 2 in this exercise for other values of the length l=1000, 3000, 5000,
7000, 9000, 11000, 11100,11200, 13000, 15000 and 17000 mm. Fill the measured Zin2
in the table below.

l (mm) Zin2[Ohm]
100 j5.562
1000 j52.51
3000 j163.6
5000 j299.4
7000 j498.5
9000 j1215
11000 j31250
11100 -j165200
11200 -j22690
13000 -j1357
15000 -j626.5
17000 -j369.7

Step 4) Use MS Excel to draw a graph of imaginary part of Zin1 vs the TL length l
 ZIN2[Ohm]
50000

0
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000 18000

-50000

-100000

-150000

-200000

What you observe? Do the simulation results agree with theory? What is the theoretical
formula for Zin2?
As l increases, the value of the imaginary part of Zin2 also increases and positive.
However, when l reaches 11100mm, Zin2 suddenly falls and become negative and
reaches the negative peak at -165200. The value of Zin2 the gradually rises up.

As can be seen, our result strongly supports the theory of lossless transmission line for
short circuit.
For short circuit, the value of Zin is:
𝑠𝐶
𝑍𝑖𝑛 = 𝑗𝑍0 tan 𝛽𝑙
Consider the value of the angle of tan 𝛽𝑙:
- When l is small, the angle 𝛽𝑙 is also small, therefore, tan 𝛽𝑙 is small which makes
the value of Zin2 small and positive. As l increases until the angle reaches 90o, the
value of Zin2 reaches the positive peak.
- When l is continuously increasing and 𝛽𝑙 exceeds 90o, the value of tan 𝛽𝑙 decreases
making Zin2 gradually decreases until 𝛽𝑙 = 1800, Zin2 is negative. The length of line
 keeps rising and 𝛽𝑙 exceeds 180o, Zin2 then rising as the value of 𝛽𝑙 is the third
quadrant.

Exercise4: Measuring characteristic impedance of the TL

Step 1) Change the value of length l to an arbitrary value that you want and assume that
from now on we don’t know the value of l. (Because of the computational limitation of the
WIPL-D software, please don’t choose too large value for l. Value of l should below
17000 mm.
Step 2) Chang the terminating load to 1e+18 [Ohm] and measure the input impedance
Zin1.
Step 3) Change the terminating load to 0 [Ohm] and measure the input impedance Zin
Step 4) Calculate characteristic impedance by using the formula
𝑍0 = √𝑍𝑖𝑛1 ∗ 𝑍𝑖𝑛2

What is your result?

Take l = 10000mm
For R=1e+18[Ohm], Zin1 = - j56.02 Ω
For R=0[Ohm], Zin2= j2394 Ω
𝑍0 = √𝑍𝑖𝑛1 ∗ 𝑍𝑖𝑛2 = 366.213Ω

Exercise5:
We know that when a TL is terminated by its characteristic impedance, the input
impedance seen by the generator will be the same as the load impedance. We can use
this property to confirm result in exercise 4. To this end, perform the following steps

Step 1) Go to [Loadings] > [Concentrated] > [cl1] > Double-click

Change value of “R” to Z0 calculated in Exercise 4 and click [OK]
Step 2) Run simulation and read the input impedance Zin3. Is this value similar to the
measured Z0?

Zin3 = 366.2 Ω

The value of Zin3 is similar to Z0

Exercise6: Observing input impedance when the TL is terminated in ZL = 100Ohm.

 Step 1) Now, the TL is terminated in a load ZL = 100 Ohm. To this end, go to [Loadings]
> [Concentrated] > [cl1] > Double-click
Change value of “R” to 100 [Ohm] and click [OK]
Step 2) Chang the value of TL length l to 100m. Run simulation again and read the input
impedance Zin3 [Ohm]
Step 3) Repeat step 2 in this exercise for other values of the length l=1000, 3000, 5000,
7000, 9000, 11000, 11100,11200, 13000, 15000 and 17000 mm. Fill the measured Zin2
in the table below.

l (mm) Zin3[Ohm]
100 100 + j5.114
1000 101.9 + j48.45
3000 118.6 + j148.8
5000 161.4 + j261.5
7000 260.1 + j392.3
9000 659.2 + j615.8
11000 1344 + j53.63
11100 1347 – j10.17
11200 1344 – j73.87
13000 728.8 - j632.6
15000 316.6 – j485.2
17000 180.8 – j324.7

Step 4) Use MS Excel to draw graph of real part and imaginary part of Zin3 vs. the TL
length for Zin3

ZIN3 (Real Part) [Ohm]

1600

1400

1200

1000

800

600

400

200

0
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000 18000
 ZIN3 (Imaginary part) [Ohm]
800

600

400

200

0
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000 18000
-200

-400

-600

-800

What you observe? Do the simulation results agree with theory? What is the
theoretical formula for Zin3?
When l increases, the value of Zin (both real and imaginary parts) also increases. When
l rises to 11100 [Ohm], the real part of Zin reaches peak at 1347[Ohm] while its
imaginary part drops to negative value. As l keeps rising up, both real and imaginary
parts of Zin decreases. However, from when l= 13000mm, Zin’s imaginary part increases
while its real part still drops.

The result supports the theory.

Its formula for Zin:
𝑧𝐿 + 𝑗 tan 𝛽𝑙
𝑍𝑖𝑛 = 𝑍0 ( )
1 + 𝑗𝑧𝐿 tan 𝛽𝑙
𝑠𝑐 𝑜𝑐
Whereas: Z0=√𝑍𝑖𝑛 ∗ 𝑍𝑖𝑛 [Ohm], zL= 100[Ohm]
We have f = 6.78MHz
Also,
𝑐
𝜆=
𝑓
Therefore,
2𝜋 2𝜋𝑓
𝛽= = = 0.142
𝜆 𝑐