Basic Electronics Operational Amplifiers and Applications

Operational Amplifiers and Applications

Syllabus: Introduction to Op-Amp, Op-Amp Input Modes, Op-Amp Parameters - CMRR, Input Offset
Voltage and Current, Input Bias Current, Input and Output Impedance, Slew Rate. Applications of
Op-Amp - Inverting amplifier, Non-Inverting amplifier, Summer, Voltage follower, Integrator,
Differentiator, Comparator. (8 Hours)

Introduction
An operational amplifier, or op-amp, is the most important and versatile analog IC. It is a
direct coupled multistage voltage amplifier with an extremely high gain. With the help of op-
amp, the circuit design becomes very simple. The variety of useful circuits can be built without
the necessity of knowing about the complex internal circuitry.
Fig. 1 shows circuit symbol and circuit model of an op-amp.

Fig. 1 Circuit symbol and model of an op-amp

An op-amp has two input terminals – an inverting input 𝑉1 and a non-inverting input 𝑉2 ,
and an output 𝑉𝑜 . It requires two power supplies: +𝑉𝐶𝐶 and −𝑉𝐸𝐸 . It has a very high input
impedance 𝑍𝑖𝑛 , a very low output impedance 𝑍𝑜𝑢𝑡 and a very high gain 𝐴.

Advantages of Op-Amps
• Low cost
• Small size
• Versatility
• Flexibility
• Dependability

Applications of Op-Amps
• Op-amps have become an integral part of almost every electronic circuit which uses
linear integrated circuits.
• Op-amps are used in analog signal processing and analog filtering.
• They are used to perform mathematical operations such as addition, subtraction,
multiplication, integration, differentiation, etc.

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Operational Amplifiers and Applications Basic Electronics

• They are used in the fields of process control, communications, computers, power and
signal sources, displays and measuring systems.
• They are used in linear applications like voltage follower, differential amplifier, inverting
amplifier, non-inverting amplifier, etc. and non-linear applications like precision
rectifiers, comparators, clampers, Schmitt trigger circuit, etc.

Ideal Op-Amp
Fig. 2 gives the representation of ideal and practical op-amps.

Fig. 2 Representation of ideal and practical op-amps

An ideal op-amp has the following characteristics:
1. Infinite voltage gain (𝑨𝒐𝒍 = ∞): The voltage gain, also known as differential open loop
gain is infinite in an ideal op-amp.
2. Infinite input impedance (𝒁𝒊𝒏 = ∞): The input impedance is infinite in an ideal op-amp.
This means that no current can flow into an ideal op-amp.
3. Zero output impedance (𝒁𝒐𝒖𝒕 = 𝟎): The output impedance is zero in an ideal op-amp.
This means that the output voltage remains the same, irrespective of the value of the load
connected.
4. Zero offset voltage (𝑽𝑶𝑺 = 𝟎): The presence of the small output voltage even when 𝑉1 =
𝑉2 = 0 is called offset voltage. In an ideal op-amp, offset voltage is zero. This means the
output is zero if the input is zero.
5. Infinite bandwidth (𝑩𝑾 = ∞): The range of frequencies over which the amplifier
performance is satisfactory is called its bandwidth. The bandwidth of an ideal op-amp is
infinite.
6. Infinite CMRR (𝑪𝑴𝑹𝑹 = ∞): The ratio of differential gain to common mode gain is
called common mode rejection ratio (CMRR). In an ideal op-amp, CMRR is infinite. This
means that the common mode gain is zero in an ideal op-amp.
7. Infinite slew rate (𝑺 = ∞): Slew rate is the maximum rate of change of output voltage
with time. In an ideal op-amp, slew rate is infinite. This means that the changes in the
output voltage occur simultaneously with the changes in the input voltage.

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Basic Electronics Operational Amplifiers and Applications

8. No effect of temperature: The characteristics of an ideal op-amp do not change with the
changes in temperature.
9. Zero PSRR (𝑷𝑺𝑹𝑹 = 𝟎): Power supply rejection ratio (PSRR) is defined as the ratio of
the change in input offset voltage due to the change in supply voltage producing it,
keeping other power supply voltage constant. In an ideal op-amp, PSRR is zero.

Practical Op-Amp
Characteristics of a practical op-amp are very high voltage gain, very high input
impedance, and very low output impedance.

Internal Block Diagram of an Op-Amp

A typical op-amp is made up of three types of amplifier circuits: a differential amplifier, a
voltage amplifier, and a push-pull amplifier, as shown in Fig. 3.

Fig. 3 Basic internal arrangement of an op-amp

• The differential amplifier is the input stage for the op-amp. It provides amplification of
the difference voltage between the two inputs.
• The second stage is usually a class A amplifier that provides additional gain. Some op-
amps may have more than one voltage amplifier stage.
• A push-pull class B amplifier is typically used for the output stage.

Op-Amp IC 741
IC 741is the most popular IC version of op-amp. It is an 8-pin IC as shown in Fig. 4.

Fig. 4 Pin diagram of IC 741

• Pin 2 is the inverting input terminal and Pin 3 is the non-inverting input terminal

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Operational Amplifiers and Applications Basic Electronics

• Pin 6 is the output terminal

• Pin 4 is for −𝑉𝐸𝐸 (𝑉 −) supply and pin 7 is for +𝑉𝐶𝐶 (𝑉 +) supply
• Pins 1 and 5 are offset null pins. These are used to nullify offset voltage
• Pin 8 is a dummy pin and no connection is made to this pin

Op-Amp Input Modes

The input signal modes are determined by the differential amplifier input stage of the op-
amp.

Differential Mode
In the differential mode, either one signal is applied to an input with the other input
grounded or two opposite-polarity signals are applied to the inputs.

Single-Ended Differential Mode

When an op-amp is operated in the single-ended differential mode, one input is grounded
and a signal voltage is applied to the other input, as shown in Fig. 5.

Fig. 5 Single-ended differential mode

In the case where the signal voltage is applied to the inverting input as in Fig. 5 (a), an
inverted, amplified signal voltage appears at the output. In the case where the signal is applied
to the noninverting input with the inverting input grounded, as in Fig. 5(b), a noninverted,
amplified signal voltage appears at the output.

Double-Ended Differential Mode

In the double-ended differential mode, two opposite-polarity (out-of-phase) signals are
applied to the inputs, as shown in Fig. 6(a). The amplified difference between the two inputs
appears on the output.

Fig. 6 Double-ended differential mode

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Basic Electronics Operational Amplifiers and Applications

Equivalently, the double-ended differential mode can be represented by a single source

connected between the two inputs, as shown in Fig. 6(b).

Common Mode
In the common mode, two signal voltages of the same phase, frequency, and amplitude
are applied to the two inputs, as shown in Fig. 7.

Fig. 7 Common mode operation

When equal input signals are applied to both inputs, they tend to cancel, resulting in a
zero output voltage. This action is called common-mode rejection. Its importance lies in the
situation where an unwanted signal appears commonly on both op-amp inputs. Common-mode
rejection means that this unwanted signal will not appear on the output and distort the desired
signal.

Op-Amp Parameters
Open-Loop Voltage Gain (Differential Gain)
An op-amp amplifies the difference between the two input signals 𝑽𝒅 = 𝑽𝟐 − 𝑽𝟏 . The
output voltage is given by
𝑽𝒐 = 𝑨𝒐𝒍 𝑽𝒅 = 𝑨𝒐𝒍 (𝑽𝟐 − 𝑽𝟏 )
𝑽𝒐
where Aol is the open-loop voltage gain, also called differential gain given by 𝑨𝒐𝒍 =
𝑽𝒅

The open-loop voltage gain of an op-amp is the internal voltage gain of the device and
represents the ratio of output voltage to input voltage when there are no external components.
𝑽
Generally 𝐴𝑜𝑙 is expressed in decibel (dB) as 𝑨𝒐𝒍 = 𝟐𝟎 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟏𝟎 (𝑽𝒐 ) 𝒅𝑩.
𝒅

Common Mode Gain

If we apply two input voltages which are equal i.e. if 𝑉1 = 𝑉2 , then ideally the output must
be zero. But practically, the output voltage not only depends on the difference voltage but also
depends on the average common level of the two inputs. Such a common level is called common
𝑽𝟏 +𝑽𝟐
mode signal 𝑽𝒄 = .
𝟐

The differential amplifier produces the output voltage proportional to common mode
signal and the output voltage is given as
𝑽𝒐 = 𝑨𝒄𝒎 𝑽𝒄
𝑽𝒐
where 𝐴𝑐𝑚 is the common mode gain given by 𝑨𝒄𝒎 = 𝑽𝒄

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Operational Amplifiers and Applications Basic Electronics

Common Mode Rejection Ratio

Common mode rejection ratio (CMRR) is the ability of an op-amp to reject a common
mode signal. It is defined as the ratio of open-loop voltage gain 𝑨𝒐𝒍 to common mode gain
𝑨𝒄𝒎.
𝑨𝒐𝒍
𝑪𝑴𝑹𝑹 =
𝑨𝒄𝒎
The higher the CMRR, the better. A very high value of CMRR means that the open-loop
gain, 𝐴𝑜𝑙 , is high and the common-mode gain, 𝐴𝑐𝑚, is low.
CMRR is a large value and is often expressed in decibel as
𝑨𝒐𝒍
𝑪𝑴𝑹𝑹 = 𝟐𝟎 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟏𝟎 ( ) 𝒅𝑩
𝑨𝒄𝒎

Maximum Output Voltage Swing 𝑽𝑶(𝒑−𝒑)

With no input signal, the output of an op-amp is ideally 0 V. This is called the quiescent
output voltage. When an input signal is applied, the ideal limits of the peak-to-peak output signal
are ±𝑉𝐶𝐶 . In practice, however, this ideal can be approached but never reached. 𝑉𝑂(𝑝−𝑝) varies
with the load connected to the op-amp and increases directly with load resistance.

Input Offset Voltage

The ideal op-amp produces zero volts out for zero volts in. In a practical op-amp, a small
dc voltage appears at the output when no differential input voltage is applied.
The input offset voltage, 𝑉𝑂𝑆 , is the differential dc voltage required between the inputs
to force the output to zero volts.
Typical values of input offset voltage are in the range of 2 mV or less. In the ideal case, it
is 0 V.

Input Offset Current

Ideally, the two input bias currents are equal, and thus their difference is zero. In a
practical op-amp, however, the bias currents are not exactly equal.
The input offset current, 𝐼𝑂𝑆 , is the difference of the input bias currents, expressed as an
absolute value.
𝑰𝑶𝑺 = |𝑰𝟏 − 𝑰𝟐 |

Input Bias Current

The input bias current is the average of the two input currents of the op-amp. It is
calculated as follows:
𝑰𝟏 + 𝑰𝟐
𝑰𝑩𝑰𝑨𝑺 =
𝟐
It is the dc current required by the inputs of the amplifier to properly operate the first
stage. The concept of input bias current is illustrated in Fig. 8.

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Basic Electronics Operational Amplifiers and Applications

Fig. 8 Input bias current

Input Impedance
Two basic ways of specifying the input impedance of an op-amp are the differential and
the common mode.

Fig. 9 Op-amp input impedance

The differential input impedance is the total resistance between the inverting and the
noninverting inputs, as illustrated in Fig. 9(a). It is measured by determining the change in bias
current for a given change in differential input voltage.
The common-mode input impedance is the resistance between each input and ground
and is measured by determining the change in bias current for a given change in common-mode
input voltage. It is depicted in Fig. 9(b).

Output Impedance
The output impedance is the resistance viewed from the output terminal of the op-amp,
as indicated in Fig. 10.

Fig. 10 Op-amp output impedance

Slew Rate
Slew rate is defined as the maximum rate of change of output voltage in response to a
step input voltage.
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Operational Amplifiers and Applications Basic Electronics

Fig. 11 Slew rate measurement

Slew rate is measured with an op-amp connected as shown in Fig. 11 (a). A pulse is
applied to the input and the resulting ideal output voltage is indicated in Fig. 11 (b). The width
of the input pulse must be sufficient to allow the output to “slew” from its lower limit to its upper
limit. A certain time interval ∆𝑡 is required for the output voltage to go from its lower limit −𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥
to its upper limit +𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 once the input step is applied.
∆𝑽𝒐𝒖𝒕
𝑺𝒍𝒆𝒘 𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒆 = 𝑺 =
∆𝒕
where ∆𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 = +𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 − (−𝑉𝑚𝑎𝑥 ). The unit of slew rate is volts per microsecond (𝑉/𝜇𝑠).

Operation of an Op-Amp
An op-amp is basically differential amplifier which amplifies the difference between the
two input signals.
Fig. 12 shows the basic operation of an op-amp as inverting and non-inverting amplifiers.

Fig. 12 Basic operation of an op-amp

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Basic Electronics Operational Amplifiers and Applications

When a voltage 𝑉1 is applied to the inverting input with the non-inverting input grounded
(𝑉2 = 0), the output voltage is
𝑉𝑜 = 𝐴(𝑉2 − 𝑉1 ) = 𝐴(0 − 𝑉1 ) = −𝐴𝑉1
This indicates that the output voltage is amplified with a gain 𝐴 and inverted (phase or
polarity reversed) with respect to the input voltage as shown in Fig. 12 (a).
On the other hand, when a voltage 𝑉2 is applied to the non-inverting input with the
inverting input grounded (𝑉1 = 0), the output voltage is
𝑉𝑜 = 𝐴(𝑉2 − 𝑉1 ) = 𝐴(𝑉2 − 0) = 𝐴𝑉2
This indicates that the output voltage is amplified with a gain 𝐴 and is in the same phase
or polarity as the input voltage as shown in Fig. 12 (b).

Assumptions
While analyzing the operation of op-amp circuits, two assumptions are made:
1. Zero Input Current: Since the input resistance of an ideal op-amp is infinite, no current
flows into an op-amp. This makes the input current zero.
2. Virtual Ground: An ideal op-amp has an infinite gain. We know that output voltage
𝑉𝑜
𝑉𝑜 = 𝐴(𝑉2 − 𝑉1). That makes (𝑉2 − 𝑉1 ) = 𝐴
. If gain 𝐴 is infinite, that means the difference
𝑉2 − 𝑉1 = 0, or 𝑉1 = 𝑉2.
This means that the input terminals of an op-amp are always at the same
potential. Thus, if one terminal is grounded, the other one can be treated to be virtually
grounded.

Basic Op-Amp Circuits

Inverting Amplifier
An amplifier which produces a phase shift of 180° between input and output is called
inverting amplifier. Fig. 13 shows an inverting amplifier using op-amp.

𝑅𝑓
𝐼𝑓
𝑅1

𝐼1

Fig. 13 Inverting amplifier

From the circuit, the potential at node B, 𝑉𝐵 = 0.
From the concept of virtual ground, the two input terminals are at same potential.
Therefore, the potential at node A, 𝑉𝐴 = 𝑉𝐵 = 0.
From the circuit,

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Operational Amplifiers and Applications Basic Electronics
𝑉𝑖𝑛 − 𝑉𝐴 𝑉𝑖𝑛 − 0 (∵ 𝑉𝐴 = 0)
𝐼1 = =
𝑅1 𝑅1
𝑽𝒊𝒏
𝑰𝟏 =
𝑹𝟏
and
𝑉𝐴 − 𝑉𝑜 0 − 𝑉𝑜
𝐼𝑓 = =
𝑅𝑓 𝑅𝑓
𝑽𝒐
𝑰𝒇 = −
𝑹𝒇

Since op-amp input current is zero, 𝐼1 passes through 𝑅𝑓 as 𝐼𝑓 . That is,

𝐼1 = 𝐼𝑓
𝑉𝑖𝑛 𝑉𝑜
=−
𝑅1 𝑅𝑓
𝑹𝒇
𝑽𝒐 = − ( )𝑽
𝑹𝟏 𝒊𝒏
𝑅𝑓
Here is called the gain of the amplifier and negative sign indicates that the output is
𝑅1
inverted.
Fig. 14 shows the input and output waveforms of an inverting amplifier.

Fig. 14 Waveforms of inverting amplifier

Non-Inverting Amplifier
An amplifier which amplifies the input without producing any phase shift between input
and output is called non-inverting amplifier. Fig. 15 shows a non-inverting amplifier using op-
amp.
From the circuit, the potential at node B, 𝑉𝐵 = 𝑉𝑖𝑛 .
From the concept of virtual ground, the two input terminals are at same potential.
Therefore, the potential at node A, 𝑉𝐴 = 𝑉𝐵 = 𝑉𝑖𝑛 .

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Basic Electronics Operational Amplifiers and Applications

𝑅𝑓
𝐼𝑓
𝑅1

𝐼1

Fig. 15 Non-inverting amplifier

From the circuit,
𝑉𝐴 − 0 𝑉𝑖𝑛 − 0
𝐼1 = = (∵ 𝑉𝐴 = 𝑉𝑖𝑛 )
𝑅1 𝑅1
𝑽𝒊𝒏
𝑰𝟏 =
𝑹𝟏
and
𝑉𝑜 − 𝑉𝐴 𝑉𝑜 − 𝑉𝑖𝑛
𝐼𝑓 = =
𝑅𝑓 𝑅𝑓
𝑽𝒐 − 𝑽𝒊𝒏
𝑰𝒇 =
𝑹𝒇
Since op-amp input current is zero, 𝐼𝑓 passes through 𝑅1 as 𝐼1 . That is,
𝐼1 = 𝐼𝑓
𝑉𝑖𝑛 𝑉𝑜 − 𝑉𝑖𝑛
=
𝑅1 𝑅𝑓
𝑉𝑖𝑛 𝑉𝑜 𝑉𝑖𝑛
= −
𝑅1 𝑅𝑓 𝑅𝑓
𝑉𝑜 𝑉𝑖𝑛 𝑉𝑖𝑛
= +
𝑅𝑓 𝑅1 𝑅𝑓
𝑉𝑜 1 1
= ( + ) 𝑉𝑖𝑛
𝑅𝑓 𝑅1 𝑅𝑓
𝑅1 + 𝑅𝑓
𝑉𝑜 = 𝑅𝑓 ( ) 𝑉𝑖𝑛
𝑅1 𝑅𝑓
𝑅1 + 𝑅𝑓
𝑉𝑜 = ( ) 𝑉𝑖𝑛
𝑅1
𝑹𝒇
𝑽𝒐 = (𝟏 + )𝑽
𝑹𝟏 𝒊𝒏
𝑅𝑓
Here (1 + 𝑅 ) is called the gain of the amplifier. Fig. 16 shows the input and output
1
waveforms of an inverting amplifier.

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Operational Amplifiers and Applications Basic Electronics

Fig. 16 Waveforms of non-inverting amplifier

Op-Amp Applications
Voltage Follower
A circuit in which the output voltage follows the input voltage is called voltage follower.
Fig. 17 shows a voltage follower circuit using an op-amp.

Fig. 17 Voltage follower

From the circuit, the potential at node B, 𝑉𝐵 = 𝑉𝑖𝑛 .
From the concept of virtual ground, the two input terminals are at same potential.
Therefore, the potential at node A, 𝑉𝐴 = 𝑉𝐵 = 𝑉𝑖𝑛 .
The node 𝐴 is directly connected to the output. Hence
𝑉𝑜 = 𝑉𝐴
Now since 𝑉𝐴 = 𝑉𝑖𝑛 ,
𝑽𝒐 = 𝑽𝒊𝒏
In a voltage follower gain is unity (𝐴 = 1). A voltage follower is also called source
follower, unity gain amplifier, buffer amplifier or isolation amplifier. Fig. 18 shows the input
and output waveforms of a voltage follower.

Fig. 18 Waveforms of voltage follower

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Basic Electronics Operational Amplifiers and Applications

Advantages of Voltage Follower

1. Very large input resistance
2. Very low output resistance
3. Large bandwidth
4. The output follows the input exactly without any phase shift

Summing Amplifier (Summer or Adder)

Inverting Summing Amplifier
In this circuit, the input signals to be added are applied to the inverting input terminal.
An adder with two inputs is shown in Fig. 19.

𝑅1
𝑅𝑓
𝐼1 𝐼𝑓

𝑅2

𝐼2

Fig. 19 Inverting summing amplifier (adder) with two inputs

From the circuit, the potential at node B, 𝑉𝐵 = 0.
From the concept of virtual ground, the two input terminals are at same potential.
Therefore, the potential at node A, 𝑉𝐴 = 𝑉𝐵 = 0.
From the circuit,
𝑉1 − 𝑉𝐴 𝑉1 − 0 (∵ 𝑉𝐴 = 0)
𝐼1 = =
𝑅1 𝑅1
𝑽𝟏
𝑰𝟏 =
𝑹𝟏
Similarly,
𝑉2 − 𝑉𝐴 𝑉2 − 0
𝐼2 = =
𝑅2 𝑅2
𝑽𝟐
𝑰𝟐 =
𝑹𝟐
and
𝑉𝐴 − 𝑉𝑜 0 − 𝑉𝑜
𝐼𝑓 = =
𝑅𝑓 𝑅𝑓
𝑽𝒐
𝑰𝒇 = −
𝑹𝒇
Now since op-amp input current is zero, 𝐼1 and 𝐼2 together pass through 𝑅𝑓 as 𝐼𝑓 . That is,
𝐼𝑓 = 𝐼1 + 𝐼2

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Operational Amplifiers and Applications Basic Electronics
𝑉𝑜 𝑉1 𝑉2
− = +
𝑅𝑓 𝑅1 𝑅2
𝑉1 𝑉2
𝑉𝑜 = −𝑅𝑓 ( + )
𝑅1 𝑅2
𝑅𝑓 𝑅𝑓
𝑉𝑜 = − ( 𝑉1 + 𝑉2 )
𝑅1 𝑅2
If 𝑅1 = 𝑅2 = 𝑅,
𝑅𝑓
𝑉𝑜 = − (𝑉 + 𝑉2 )
𝑅 1
If 𝑅1 = 𝑅2 = 𝑅𝑓 ,
𝑉𝑜 = −(𝑉1 + 𝑉2 )
This shows that the output is the sum of the input signals. The negative sign indicates that
the phase is inverted.

Three-Input Adder (Inverting Summing Amplifier)

An adder with three inputs is shown in Fig. 20.

𝑅1
𝑉1 𝑅𝑓
𝑅2 𝐼1 𝐼𝑓
𝑉2
𝑅3 𝐼2
𝑉3
𝐼3

Fig. 20 Inverting summing amplifier (adder) with three inputs

From the circuit, the potential at node B, 𝑉𝐵 = 0.
From the concept of virtual ground, the two input terminals are at same potential.
Therefore, the potential at node A, 𝑉𝐴 = 𝑉𝐵 = 0.
From the circuit,
𝑉1 − 𝑉𝐴 𝑉1 − 0 (∵ 𝑉𝐴 = 0)
𝐼1 = =
𝑅1 𝑅1
𝑽𝟏
𝑰𝟏 =
𝑹𝟏
Similarly,
𝑉2 − 𝑉𝐴 𝑉2 − 0
𝐼2 = =
𝑅2 𝑅2
𝑽𝟐
𝑰𝟐 =
𝑹𝟐
Also

14 www.shrishailbhat.com Shrishail Bhat, Dept. of ECE, AITM Bhatkal

Basic Electronics Operational Amplifiers and Applications
𝑉3 − 𝑉𝐴 𝑉3 − 0
𝐼3 = =
𝑅3 𝑅3
𝑽𝟑
𝑰𝟑 =
𝑹𝟑
and
𝑉𝐴 − 𝑉𝑜 0 − 𝑉𝑜
𝐼𝑓 = =
𝑅𝑓 𝑅𝑓
𝑽𝒐
𝑰𝒇 = −
𝑹𝒇

Now since op-amp input current is zero, 𝐼1 , 𝐼2 and 𝐼3 together pass through 𝑅𝑓 as 𝐼𝑓 . That
is,
𝐼𝑓 = 𝐼1 + 𝐼2 + 𝐼3
𝑉𝑜 𝑉1 𝑉2 𝑉3
− = + +
𝑅𝑓 𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑅3
𝑉1 𝑉2 𝑉3
𝑉𝑜 = −𝑅𝑓 ( + + )
𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑅3
𝑅𝑓 𝑅𝑓 𝑅𝑓
𝑉𝑜 = − ( 𝑉1 + 𝑉2 + 𝑉3 )
𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑅3
If 𝑅1 = 𝑅2 = 𝑅3 = 𝑅,
𝑅𝑓
𝑉𝑜 = − (𝑉 + 𝑉2 + 𝑉3 )
𝑅 1
If 𝑅1 = 𝑅2 = 𝑅3 = 𝑅𝑓 ,
𝑉𝑜 = −(𝑉1 + 𝑉2 + 𝑉3 )
This shows that the output is the sum of the input signals. The negative sign indicates that
the phase is inverted.

Non-Inverting Summing Amplifier

In this circuit, the input signals to be added are applied to the non-inverting input
terminal. Fig. 21 shows a non-inverting summing amplifier with two inputs.
𝑅𝑓

𝐼𝑓
𝑅
𝐼
𝑅1
𝐼1

𝑅2 𝐼2

Fig. 21 Non-inverting summing amplifier

Let the potential at node B be 𝑉𝐵 .

Shrishail Bhat, Dept. of ECE, AITM Bhatkal www.shrishailbhat.com 15

Operational Amplifiers and Applications Basic Electronics

From the concept of virtual ground, the two input terminals are at same potential.
Therefore, the potential at node A, 𝑉𝐴 = 𝑉𝐵 .
From the circuit,
𝑉1 − 𝑉𝐵
𝐼1 =
𝑅1
and
𝑉2 − 𝑉𝐵
𝐼2 =
𝑅2
Now since op-amp input current is zero,
𝐼1 + 𝐼2 = 0
𝑉1 − 𝑉𝐵 𝑉2 − 𝑉𝐵
∴ + =0
𝑅1 𝑅2
𝑉1 𝑉𝐵 𝑉2 𝑉𝐵
− + − =0
𝑅1 𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑅2
𝑉1 𝑉2 𝑉𝐵 𝑉𝐵
+ = +
𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑅1 𝑅2
𝑅2 𝑉1 + 𝑅1 𝑉2 𝑅1 + 𝑅2
= 𝑉𝐵 ( )
𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑅1 𝑅2
𝑅2 𝑉1 + 𝑅1 𝑉2 (1)
𝑉𝐵 =
𝑅1 + 𝑅2
At node 𝐴,
𝑉𝐴 𝑉𝐵
𝐼= = (∵ 𝑉𝐴 = 𝑉𝐵 )
𝑅 𝑅
and
𝑉𝑜 − 𝑉𝐴 𝑉𝑜 − 𝑉𝐵
𝐼𝑓 = =
𝑅𝑓 𝑅𝑓
Now since op-amp input current is zero,
𝐼 = 𝐼𝑓
𝑉𝐵 𝑉𝑜 − 𝑉𝐵
=
𝑅 𝑅𝑓
𝑉𝐵 𝑉𝑜 𝑉𝐵
= −
𝑅 𝑅𝑓 𝑅𝑓
𝑉𝑜 𝑉𝐵 𝑉𝐵
= +
𝑅𝑓 𝑅 𝑅𝑓
𝑉𝑜 𝑅 + 𝑅𝑓
= 𝑉𝐵 ( )
𝑅𝑓 𝑅𝑅𝑓
𝑅 + 𝑅𝑓 (2)
𝑉𝑜 = 𝑉𝐵 ( )
𝑅
16 www.shrishailbhat.com Shrishail Bhat, Dept. of ECE, AITM Bhatkal
Basic Electronics Operational Amplifiers and Applications

Substituting Eqn. (1) in (2),

𝑅2 𝑉1 + 𝑅1 𝑉2 𝑅 + 𝑅𝑓
𝑉𝑜 = ( )( )
𝑅1 + 𝑅2 𝑅
𝑅2 (𝑅 + 𝑅𝑓 ) 𝑅1 (𝑅 + 𝑅𝑓 )
𝑉𝑜 = 𝑉1 + 𝑉
𝑅 (𝑅1 + 𝑅2 ) 𝑅(𝑅1 + 𝑅2 ) 2
If 𝑅1 = 𝑅2 = 𝑅,
𝑅 + 𝑅𝑓
𝑉𝑜 = (𝑉1 + 𝑉2 )
2𝑅
If 𝑅1 = 𝑅2 = 𝑅 = 𝑅𝑓 ,
𝑉𝑜 = 𝑉1 + 𝑉2
This shows that the output is the sum of the input signals.

Subtractor
In a subtractor circuit, the output is the difference between the two inputs. Fig. 22 shows
a subtractor circuit using an op-amp.

𝑅1 𝐼𝑓 𝑅𝑓

𝐼1
𝑅2

𝐼2
𝑅𝑓
𝐼2

Fig. 22 Subtractor
From the circuit, the potential at node B,
𝑅𝑓
𝑉𝐵 = ( )𝑉
𝑅2 + 𝑅𝑓 2
From the concept of virtual ground, the two input terminals are at same potential.
Therefore, the potential at node A,
𝑅𝑓 (3)
𝑉𝐴 = 𝑉𝐵 = ( )𝑉
𝑅2 + 𝑅𝑓 2
From the circuit,
𝑉1 − 𝑉𝐴
𝐼1 =
𝑅1
and
𝑉𝐴 − 𝑉𝑜
𝐼𝑓 =
𝑅𝑓

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Operational Amplifiers and Applications Basic Electronics

Since op-amp input current is zero, 𝐼1 passes through 𝑅𝑓 as 𝐼𝑓 . That is,

𝐼1 = 𝐼𝑓
𝑉1 − 𝑉𝐴 𝑉𝐴 − 𝑉𝑜
=
𝑅1 𝑅𝑓
𝑉1 𝑉𝐴 𝑉𝐴 𝑉𝑜
− = −
𝑅1 𝑅1 𝑅𝑓 𝑅𝑓
𝑉𝑜 𝑉𝐴 𝑉𝐴 𝑉1
= + −
𝑅𝑓 𝑅1 𝑅𝑓 𝑅1
𝑉𝑜 1 1 𝑉1
= 𝑉𝐴 ( + ) −
𝑅𝑓 𝑅1 𝑅𝑓 𝑅1
𝑉𝑜 𝑅1 + 𝑅𝑓 𝑉1
= 𝑉𝐴 ( )−
𝑅𝑓 𝑅1 𝑅𝑓 𝑅1
𝑅1 + 𝑅𝑓 𝑅𝑓
𝑉𝑜 = 𝑉𝐴 𝑅𝑓 ( ) − 𝑉1
𝑅1 𝑅𝑓 𝑅1
𝑅1 + 𝑅𝑓 𝑅𝑓 (4)
𝑉𝑜 = 𝑉𝐴 ( ) − 𝑉1
𝑅1 𝑅1
Substituting Eqn. (3) in (4),
𝑅𝑓 𝑅1 + 𝑅𝑓 𝑅𝑓
𝑉𝑜 = ( ) 𝑉2 ( ) − 𝑉1
𝑅2 + 𝑅𝑓 𝑅1 𝑅1

𝑅𝑓 (𝑅1 + 𝑅𝑓 ) 𝑅𝑓
𝑉𝑜 = 𝑉2 − 𝑉
𝑅1 (𝑅2 + 𝑅𝑓 ) 𝑅1 1

If 𝑅1 = 𝑅2 ,
𝑅𝑓 𝑅𝑓
𝑉𝑜 = 𝑉2 − 𝑉1
𝑅2 𝑅1
If 𝑅1 = 𝑅2 = 𝑅,
𝑅𝑓
𝑉𝑜 = (𝑉 − 𝑉1 )
𝑅 2
If 𝑅1 = 𝑅2 = 𝑅 = 𝑅𝑓 ,
𝑉𝑜 = 𝑉2 − 𝑉1
This shows that the output is the difference between the two input signals.

Integrator
In an integrator circuit, the output is the integration of the input voltage. Fig. 23 shows an
integrator circuit using an op-amp.

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Basic Electronics Operational Amplifiers and Applications

𝑅1 𝐼𝑓 𝐶𝑓

𝐼1

Fig. 23 Integrator
From the circuit, the potential at node B, 𝑉𝐵 = 0.
From the concept of virtual ground, the two input terminals are at same potential.
Therefore, the potential at node A, 𝑉𝐴 = 𝑉𝐵 = 0.
From the circuit,
𝑉𝑖𝑛 − 𝑉𝐴 𝑉𝑖𝑛 − 0
𝐼1 = = (∵ 𝑉𝐴 = 0)
𝑅1 𝑅1
𝑽𝒊𝒏
𝑰𝟏 =
𝑹𝟏
and
𝑑 (𝑉𝐴 − 𝑉𝑜 ) 𝑑 (0 − 𝑉𝑜 )
𝐼𝑓 = 𝐶𝑓 = 𝐶𝑓
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝒅𝑽𝒐
𝑰𝒇 = −𝑪𝒇
𝒅𝒕
Since op-amp input current is zero, 𝐼1 passes through 𝑅𝑓 as 𝐼𝑓 . That is,
𝐼1 = 𝐼𝑓
𝑉𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑉𝑜
= −𝐶𝑓
𝑅1 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑉𝑜 𝑉𝑖𝑛
=−
𝑑𝑡 𝑅1 𝐶𝑓
Integrating both sides with respect to t,
𝑑𝑉𝑜 1
∫ 𝑑𝑡 = − ∫ 𝑉𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑡 𝑅1 𝐶𝑓
1
𝑉𝑜 = − ∫ 𝑉𝑖𝑛 𝑑𝑡
𝑅1 𝐶𝑓
1
This shows that the output is the integration of the input voltage. The term (− 𝑅 )
1 𝐶𝑓

indicates the gain of the amplifier.

Differentiator
In a differentiator circuit, the output is the differentiation of the input voltage. Fig. 24
shows a differentiator circuit using an op-amp.

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Operational Amplifiers and Applications Basic Electronics

𝐶1 𝐼𝑓 𝑅𝑓

𝐼1

Fig. 24 Differentiator
From the circuit, the potential at node B, 𝑉𝐵 = 0.
From the concept of virtual ground, the two input terminals are at same potential.
Therefore, the potential at node A, 𝑉𝐴 = 𝑉𝐵 = 0.
From the circuit,
𝑑 (𝑉𝑖𝑛 − 𝑉𝐴 ) 𝑑 (𝑉𝑖𝑛 − 0)
𝐼1 = 𝐶1 = 𝐶1 (∵ 𝑉𝐴 = 0)
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝒅𝑽𝒊𝒏
𝑰𝟏 = 𝑪𝟏
𝒅𝒕
and
𝑉𝐴 − 𝑉𝑜 0 − 𝑉𝑜
𝐼𝑓 = =
𝑅𝑓 𝑅𝑓
𝑽𝒐
𝑰𝒇 = −
𝑹𝒇
Since op-amp input current is zero, 𝐼1 passes through 𝑅𝑓 as 𝐼𝑓 . That is,
𝐼1 = 𝐼𝑓
𝑑𝑉𝑖𝑛 𝑉𝑜
𝐶1 =−
𝑑𝑡 𝑅𝑓
𝑑𝑉𝑖𝑛
𝑉𝑜 = −𝑅𝑓 𝐶1
𝑑𝑡
This shows that the output is the differentiation of the input voltage. The term (−𝑅𝑓 𝐶1 )
indicates the gain of the amplifier.

Comparator
In a comparator circuit, the amplitude of one voltage is compared with another. In this
application, op-amp is used in the open-loop configuration with the input voltage on one input
and reference voltage on the other. Fig. 25 shows a comparator circuit using an op-amp.
Here 𝑉2 = 𝑉𝑖𝑛 and 𝑉1 = 0.
When 𝑉𝑖𝑛 > 𝑉1 = 0, 𝑉𝑜 = +𝑉𝑠𝑎𝑡 ≅ +𝑉𝐶𝐶
When 𝑉𝑖𝑛 < 𝑉1 = 0, 𝑉𝑜 = −𝑉𝑠𝑎𝑡 ≅ −𝑉𝐸𝐸

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Basic Electronics Operational Amplifiers and Applications

Fig. 25 Comparator
Fig. 26 shows the input and output voltages.

Fig. 26 Waveforms of comparator

The comparator circuit in Fig. 25 is also known as zero crossing detector.

Numerical Examples
1. A certain op-amp has an open loop voltage gain of 1,00,000 and a common mode gain of 0.2.
Determine the CMRR and express it in decibels.
Solution:

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Operational Amplifiers and Applications Basic Electronics

2. A certain op-amp has an open loop differential voltage gain of 1,00,000 and
CMRR = 4,00,000. Determine common mode gain and express CMRR in decibels.
Solution:

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Basic Electronics Operational Amplifiers and Applications

3. Determine the input bias current and input offset current of an op-amp if the current into
non-inverting and inverting terminals are 8.3 𝜇𝐴 and 7.9 𝜇𝐴 respectively.
Solution:

4. For a particular op-amp, the input offset current is 20 𝑛𝐴 while input bias current is 60 𝑛𝐴.
Calculate the values of two input currents.
Solution:

Shrishail Bhat, Dept. of ECE, AITM Bhatkal www.shrishailbhat.com 23

Operational Amplifiers and Applications Basic Electronics

5. When a pulse is applied to an op-amp, the output voltage changes from −8 𝑉 to +7 𝑉 in

0.75 𝜇𝑠. What is the slew rate?
Solution:

6. How long does it take for the output voltage of an op-amp to go from −10 𝑉 to +10 𝑉, if the
slew rate is 0.5 𝑉/𝜇𝑠.
Solution:

24 www.shrishailbhat.com Shrishail Bhat, Dept. of ECE, AITM Bhatkal

Basic Electronics Operational Amplifiers and Applications

7. An op-amp has a slew rate of 0.8 V/μsec. What is the maximum amplitude of undistorted sine
wave that the op-amp can produce at a frequency of 40 kHz? What is the maximum frequency
of the sine wave that op-amp can reproduce if the amplitude is 3 V?
Solution:

Shrishail Bhat, Dept. of ECE, AITM Bhatkal www.shrishailbhat.com 25

Operational Amplifiers and Applications Basic Electronics

8. Find the gain of a non-inverting amplifier if Rf = 10 kΩ and R1 = 1 kΩ.

Solution:

26 www.shrishailbhat.com Shrishail Bhat, Dept. of ECE, AITM Bhatkal

Basic Electronics Operational Amplifiers and Applications

9. A non-inverting amplifier has closed loop gain of 25. If input voltage Vi = 10 mV, Rf = 10 kΩ,
determine the value of R1 and output voltage Vo .
Solution:

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Operational Amplifiers and Applications Basic Electronics

10. Design an inverting and non-inverting operational amplifier to have a gain of 15.
Solution:

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Basic Electronics Operational Amplifiers and Applications

11. A non-inverting amplifier circuit has an input resistance of 10 kΩ and feedback resistance
60 kΩ with load resistance of 47 kΩ. Draw the circuit. Calculate the output voltage, voltage
gain, load current when the input voltage is 1.5 V.
Solution:

Shrishail Bhat, Dept. of ECE, AITM Bhatkal www.shrishailbhat.com 29

Operational Amplifiers and Applications Basic Electronics

12. For an op-amp circuit shown in the figure, find the output Vo1 and Vo2. Also write the
function of each op-amp used.

Solution:

30 www.shrishailbhat.com Shrishail Bhat, Dept. of ECE, AITM Bhatkal

Basic Electronics Operational Amplifiers and Applications

13. Calculate the output voltage of a three input inverting summing amplifier, given R1 =
200 kΩ, R2 = 250 kΩ, R 3 = 500 kΩ, Rf = 1 MΩ, V1 = −2V, V2 = −1V and V3 = +3V.
Solution:

14. Determine Vo for the circuit shown below.

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Operational Amplifiers and Applications Basic Electronics

Solution:

15. Design an adder circuit using op-amp to obtain an output voltage,

Vo = −[2V1 + 3V2 + 5V3 ]. Assume Rf = 10 kΩ.
Solution:

32 www.shrishailbhat.com Shrishail Bhat, Dept. of ECE, AITM Bhatkal

Basic Electronics Operational Amplifiers and Applications

16. Design an op-amp circuit that will produce an output equal to

−[4V1 + V2 + 0.1V3 ].
Solution:

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Operational Amplifiers and Applications Basic Electronics

17. Find the output of the following op-amp circuit.

Solution:

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Basic Electronics Operational Amplifiers and Applications

18. Find the output of the op-amp circuit shown in the figure below.

Solution:

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Operational Amplifiers and Applications Basic Electronics

19. Find the output of the following op-amp circuit.

Solution:

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Basic Electronics Operational Amplifiers and Applications

20. A sinusoidal signal with peak value 6 mV and 2 kHz frequency is applied to the input of an
ideal op-amp integrator with R1 = 100 kΩ and Cf = 1μF. Find the output voltage.
Solution:

Shrishail Bhat, Dept. of ECE, AITM Bhatkal www.shrishailbhat.com 37

Operational Amplifiers and Applications Basic Electronics

21. The input to the basic differentiator circuit is a sinusoidal voltage of peak value of 10 mV
and frequency 1.5 kHz. Find the output if Rf = 100 kΩ and C1 = 1μF.
Solution:

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Basic Electronics Operational Amplifiers and Applications

22. Write expression for output voltage at points A, B, C, D and E as shown in figure.

Solution:

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Operational Amplifiers and Applications Basic Electronics

23. For the circuit given, draw the output waveform if the input voltage is as shown in the figure.

40 www.shrishailbhat.com Shrishail Bhat, Dept. of ECE, AITM Bhatkal

Basic Electronics Operational Amplifiers and Applications

Solution:

Questions
1. What is an op-amp? Mention the applications of op-amp.
(Sep ’20, Jan ’20, Jul ‘19, Jul ‘18, Jan ‘18, Jan ‘17, Jan ‘16, MQP ’15, MQP ’14)
2. Describe the characteristics of basic op-amp. List out its ideal characteristics.
(MQP ’18 – 8M)
3. What is op-amp? List out the ideal and practical characteristics of op-amp.
(Jan ‘19 – 7M)
4. List and explain the characteristics of an ideal op-amp.
(Sep ’20 – 6M, Jan ’20 – 6M, Jul ‘19 – 6M, Jan ‘19 – 5M, MQP ’18 – 8M, Jul ‘18 – 5M, Jan
‘18 – 6M, Jul ‘17 – 4M, Jan ‘17 – 6M, Jul ‘16 – 7M, Jan ‘16 – 4M, Jul ‘15 – 6M, Jan ‘15 –
5M, MQP ’15, MQP ’14 – 6M)
5. Explain the internal block diagram of an operational amplifier. (Jan ‘19 – 6M, Jul ‘16)
6. With neat circuit diagrams, explain the different input modes of an op-amp.
(Jan ’20 – 6M, Jan ‘19 – 6M)
7. Explain the following terms related to op-amp: (i) Open loop voltage gain (ii) Common
mode gain (iii) CMRR (iv) Maximum Output Voltage Swing (v) Input Offset Voltage (vi)
Input Offset Current (vii) Input bias current (viii) Input impedance (ix) Output impedance

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Operational Amplifiers and Applications Basic Electronics

(x) Slew rate (xi) PSRR/Supply voltage rejection ratio (xii) Virtual ground.
(Sep ’20 – 8M, Jan ’20 – 8M, Jul ‘19 – 8M, Jan ‘19 – 8M, MQP ’18 – 10M, Jul ‘18 – 6M, Jan
‘18 – 5M, Jul ‘16 – 5M, Jan ‘16 – 6M)
8. Write a short note on virtual ground concept of an op-amp. (Jan ‘18 – 6M)
9. Explain the operation of an op-amp as an (i) Inverting amplifier (ii) Non inverting
amplifier. Derive an expression for the output voltage and voltage gain.
(Jan ‘19 – 8M, Jan ‘18 – 4M, Jul ‘17 – 6M, Jan ‘17 – 6M, Jul ‘16 – 5M)
10. Explain the operation of an op-amp as an inverting amplifier with neat diagram and
waveforms. Derive the expression for output voltage.
(Jan ’20 – 6M, MQP ’18 – 8M, Jul ‘18 – 7M, Jan ‘18 – 5M)
11. Explain the operation of an op-amp as a non-inverting amplifier with neat diagram and
waveforms. Derive the expression for output voltage.
(Sep ’20 – 8M, Jan ’20 – 7M, Jan ‘19 – 6M, MQP ’18 – 6M, Jul ‘18 – 4M)
12. With neat circuit and necessary equations, explain the voltage follower circuit using op-
amp. Mention its important properties.
(Jan ’20 – 4M, Jul ‘19 – 4M, MQP ’18 – 4M, Jan ‘18, Jul ‘17 – 6M, Jan ‘17 – 6M, Jan ‘16 –
4M, Jul ‘15 – 5M, MQP ’15 – 6M, MQP ’14)
13. Explain how an op-amp can be used as (i) Inverting summer (ii) Non inverting summer.
(Jan ‘18, Jul ‘17, MQP ’14)
14. Derive an expression for the output voltage of an inverting summer.
(Jan ’20 – 6M, Jul ‘19, MQP ’18 – 6M)
15. With neat circuit, explain the operation of three input adder circuit. Derive expression for
V0 . (Sep ’20 – 8M)
16. Draw the three input inverting summer circuit and derive an expression for its output
voltage. (Jan ‘19 – 5M, MQP ’18 – 8M, Jan ‘18 – 5M, Jan ‘16 – 5M, MQP ’15 – 5M)
17. Show with a circuit diagram, how an op-amp can be used as a subtractor. Derive an
expression for the output voltage.
(Sep ’20 – 7M, Jul ‘19 – 4M, Jan ‘19 – 8M, Jan ‘17 – 8M)
18. Explain difference amplifier using op-amp. (Sep ‘20 – 6M)
19. With a neat circuit diagram, show how an op-amp can be used as an integrator. Derive
the expression for output voltage.
(Sep ’20 – 6M, Jan ‘20 – 4M, Jul ‘19 – 5M, Jan ‘19 – 5M, MQP ’18 – 6M, Jul ‘18 – 5M, Jan
‘18 – 4M, Jul ‘17 – 4M, Jan ‘17, Jul ‘16 – 6M, Jan ‘16 – 6M, MQP ’14)
20. With a neat circuit diagram, show how an op-amp can be used as a differentiator. Derive
the expression for output voltage.
(Jul ‘19 – 6M, MQP ’18 – 6M, Jan ‘18, Jan ‘17, Jan ‘15 – 5M)
21. Define the following and derive the expression for its output voltage
i) Differentiator ii) Integrator (Jan ’20 – 6M)
22. With a neat circuit diagram, derive an equation for op-amp application as

42 www.shrishailbhat.com Shrishail Bhat, Dept. of ECE, AITM Bhatkal

Basic Electronics Operational Amplifiers and Applications

i) Inverting amplifier ii) Non-inverting amplifier iii) Inverting 2-input summer

iv) Subtractor v) Integrator vi) Differentiator (Jul ’19 – 12M)
23. With a neat circuit diagram, show how an op-amp can be used as a comparator.
24. A certain op-amp has an open loop differential voltage gain of 1,00,000 and CMRR =
4,00,000. Determine common mode gain and express CMRR in decibels. (Sep ’20 – 6M)
25. A certain op-amp has an open loop voltage gain of 1,00,000 and a common mode gain of
0.2. Determine the CMRR and express it in decibels. (MQP ’18 – 4M)
26. An op-amp has an open loop voltage gain of 104 and a common mode voltage gain of 0.1.
Express the CMRR in dB. (Jul ‘16 – 8M)
27. An op-amp has a slew rate of 0.8 V/μsec. What is the maximum amplitude of undistorted
sine wave that the op-amp can produce at a frequency of 40 kHz? What is the maximum
frequency of the sine wave that op-amp can reproduce if the amplitude is 3 V?
(Sep ’20 – 4M)
28. An inverting amplifier has R1 = 20 kΩ, Rf = 100 kΩ. Find the output voltage, input
resistance and input current for an input voltage of 1V. (Sep ’20 – 4M)
29. A non-inverting amplifier has closed loop gain of 25. If input voltage Vi = 10 mV, Rf =
10 kΩ, determine the value of R1 and output voltage Vo . (Sep ’20 – 6M)
30. Find the gain of a non-inverting amplifier if Rf = 10 kΩ and R1 = 1 kΩ.
(Sep ’20, Jan ‘16 – 6M)
31. Find the gain and output voltage for a non-inverting amplifier using op-amp when input
voltage is i) 0.5 V ii) −3V (Jan ‘20 – 2M)
32. A non-inverting amplifier circuit has an input resistance of 10 kΩ and feedback resistance
60 kΩ with load resistance of 47 kΩ. Draw the circuit. Calculate the output voltage,
voltage gain, load current when the input voltage is 1.5 V. (Jan ‘19 – 6M, MQP ’18 – 8M)
33. Design an inverting and non-inverting operational amplifier to have a gain of 15.
(Jan ‘18 – 5M)
34. Calculate the output voltage of a three input inverting summing amplifier, given R1 =
200 kΩ, R2 = 250 kΩ, R3 = 500 kΩ, R f = 1 MΩ, V1 = −2V, V2 = −1V and V3 = +3V.
(Jan ‘19 – 5M, Jul ‘16 – 4M)
35. Design an op-amp circuit to obtain output expression as Vo = −[V1 + 3V2 + 5V3 ].
(Jul ‘19 – 6M)
36. Design an adder circuit using op-amp to obtain an output expression
Vo = −[0.1V1 + 0.5V2 + 20V3 ], where V1 , V2 and V3 are inputs. Select Rf = 10 kΩ.
(Jul ‘19 – 7M, Jul ‘18 – 6M)
37. Design an adder circuit using op-amp to obtain an output voltage, Vo = −[2V1 + 3V2 +
5V3 ]. Assume Rf = 10 kΩ. (Jan ’20 – 6M, MQP ’18 – 6M, Jan ‘18 – 6M)
38. Design an op-amp circuit that will produce an output equal to −[4V1 + V2 + 0.1V3 ].
(Jan ‘18 – 6M)

Shrishail Bhat, Dept. of ECE, AITM Bhatkal www.shrishailbhat.com 43

Operational Amplifiers and Applications Basic Electronics

39. Design an inverting summing circuit with feedback Rf = 100 kΩ using an op-amp to
generate the output Vo = −[3V1 + 4V2 + 5V3 ]. (Jan ‘17 – 6M)
40. Design an adder circuit using op-amp to obtain an output voltage of
Vo = −[0.1V1 + 0.5V2 + 2V3 ], where V1 , V2 and V3 are input voltages. Draw the circuit
diagram. (Jul ‘15 – 8M)
41. The input to the basic differentiator circuit is a sinusoidal voltage of peak value of 10 mV
and frequency 1.5 kHz. Find the output if Rf = 100 kΩ and C1 = 1μF. (MQP ’18 – 4M)
42. Calculate the output voltage for the circuit shown in the figure. (Jan ‘20 – 8M)

43. Find the output of the op-amp circuit shown in the figure below. (Jul ‘19 – 6M)

44. For an op-amp circuit shown in the figure, find the output Vo1 and Vo2. Also write the
function of each op-amp used. (Jan ‘19 – 6M, MQP ’18 – 6M)

45. Find the output of the following op-amp circuit. (Jul ‘18 – 5M)

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Basic Electronics Operational Amplifiers and Applications

46. Find the output of the following op-amp circuit.

(Jul ‘17 – 5M, Jan ‘17 – 5M, MQP ’14 – 5M)

47. Find the output of the following op-amp circuit. (Jul ‘17 – 5M)

48. Determine Vo for the circuit shown below. (Jul ‘16 – 5M)

49. For the circuit shown in the figure, calculate the output voltage. (Jan ‘16 – 4M)

50. Write expression for output voltage at points A, B, C, D and E as shown in figure.
(Jan ‘15 – 10M)

Shrishail Bhat, Dept. of ECE, AITM Bhatkal www.shrishailbhat.com 45

Operational Amplifiers and Applications Basic Electronics

51. Find the output of the following op-amp Circuit (MQP ’14 – 5M)

References
1. Thomas L. Floyd, “Electronic Devices”, Pearson Education, Ninth Edition, 2012.
2. D.P. Kothari, I. J. Nagrath, “Basic Electronics”, McGraw Hill Education (India) Private
Limited, 2014.
3. David A. Bell, “Operational Amplifiers and Linear IC’s”, 2nd edition, PHI/Pearson, 2004.

46 www.shrishailbhat.com Shrishail Bhat, Dept. of ECE, AITM Bhatkal