UNIT 1 PRESENT PROGRESSIVE

1. SPELLING

Add-ing to these verbs to from the present participle. Make spelling changes where
necessary.

1. Start starting
2. Get getting
3. Try trying
4. Plan planning
5. Have having
6. Do doing
7. Match matching
8. Grab grabbing
9. Give giving
10. Say saying
11. Visit visiting
12. Forget forgetting
13. Hurry hurrying
14. Begin beginning
15. Decide deciding
16. Answer answering
17. Happen happening
18. Determine determining
19. Entertain entertaining
20. Continue continuing

2. AFFIRMATIVE STATEMENTS

Read and complete these postcards with the present progressive form of the verbs in the
boxes.

Blow build fly shine sit

Dear Margaret,
Hi! I am sitting on the beach under a big, bright umbrella. The weather. The sun
shining, and there isn´t a cloud in the sky. A soft breeze blowing. Some tropical birds (I
don´t know what kind) flying stove. Children building sand castles. This is the place to
be!
Wish you were here,
Alice
 Get stand start take travel

Dear Rick,

Susan and I traveling through England. Right now I am standing in front of Buckingham
palace. It´s a cloudy day. The shy getting darker by the minute. Molly taking pictures.
Oh, no! it starting to rain.
See you in a few weeks!
Mark

Help improve live study try

Dear jane,

Here I am in Paris! I am studying French and I am living with a French family the
Michaud’s. My French improving a lot because I have to speak it ´´at home´´. The
Michaud’s are great. They helping me find a job. I trying to save enough money to
travel in August. Why don´t you come and visit me? it´s great here!
Elise

3. YES/NO QUESTIONS AND SHORT ANSWERS

Look at the postcards in exercise 2. Ask questions and give short answers.

Postcard 1
1. Alice/ swim?
A:is Alice swimming?
B: no, she isn´t

2. It/rain?
A: is it raining?
B: no, it isn´t

3. The children/ build sand castles?

A: are the children building sand castles?
B: yes, they are.
Postcard 2
4. Susan and Rick/ travel in Spain?
A: are Susan and Rick traveling in Spain?
B: no, they aren´t.

5. The sun/ shine?

A: is the sun shining?
B: no, it isn´t.
 6. Molly/take pictures?
A: is molly taking pictures?
B: yes, she is.
Postcard 3
7. Elise/ practice her French?
A: is Elise practicing her French?
B: yes, she is.

8. She/ enjoy her summer?

A: is she enjoying her summer?
B: no, she isn´t.

9. She/work?
A: is she working?
B: yes, she is.

4. AFFIRMATIVE AND NEGATIVE STATEMENTS

Look at the picture and reads the news report. Chuck Andrew, the reporter, has
five of the facts wrong. Find and correct the mistakes.

Chuck: I´m standing in front of general hospital. As you can see, it´s raining.
Smoke is coming from the fourth-floor windows. The fire fighters are trying to put
out the fire. One fire fighter is carrying s woman down the ladder. Right now, three
more engines are arriving at the scene. We´ll have more on this breaking story
later. This is chuck Andrews reporting live for channel 3.

1. He isn´t standing in front of memorial hospital.

He´s standing in front of general hospital.

2. The sun is not shinning

It´s raining.
3. Smoke is not coming from the second floor windows.
Smoke is coming from the fourth-floor windows.

4. Right now, three more five engines are engines arriving at the score.
Right now, two more five engines are engines arriving at the score.

5. One fire fighter is carrying man down the ladder.

One fire fighter is carrying a woman down the ladder.

5. WH- QUESTIONS

Complete the questions. Use the words in parentheses ()

1. A: what are you doing?

(you/do)
B: I´m watching the news.
2. A: which channel are you watching?
(you/watch)
B: channel 3.

3. A: who is reporting the news?

(report)
B: chuck Andrews.

4. A: what is happening?
(happen)
B: there´s a fire at general hospital.

5. A: what is fire fighters doing?

(fire fighters/do)
B: they´re trying to put out the flames, and they´re getting the victims out of the
building.

6. A: where are they taking them?

(they /take)
B: they´re taking them to another hospital.

7. A: how are the victims doing?

(the victims/do)
B: they´re doing OK. They got out just in time.

UNIT 2 SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE

1. SPELLING
Add-s or -es to from the third-person-singular form of these verbs. Make spelling
changes where necessary.
1. Want wants
2. Study studies
3. Work works
4. Hope hopes
5. Live lives
6. Reach reaches
7. Rush rues
8. Know knows
9. Marry marries
10. Pay pays
11. Call calls
12. Swim swims
13. Happen happens
14. Do does
15. Say says
 16. Have has
17. Try tries
18. Buy buys
19. Go goes
20. Pass passes

2. AFFIRMATIVE STATEMENTS
Mario and Silvia are students. Look at what they do every day. Write sentences
about their activities.

Mario Silvia
A.M A.M
7:30 get up 7:00 get up
8:00 watch tv 8:00 listen to the radio
8:30 go to school 8:30 go to school

P.M P.M
12:00 have lunch 12:00 have lunch
3:00 study at the library 3:00 play basketball
4:00 go home 4:00 visit her grandmother
5:00 do homework 5:00 do homework
6:00 have dinner 6:00 practice the guitar
7:00 play computer games 7:00 make dinner
8:00 read the newspaper 8:00 wash the dishes

1. At 7:30 A.M, MARIO and Silvia get up

2. At 8:00 A.M, Mario watches TV. Silvia listens to the radio.
3. At 8:30 A.M, Mario and Silvia go to school.
4. At 12:00 P.M, Mario and Silvia have lunch.
5. At 3:00 P.M, Mario studies at the library. Silvia plays basketball.
6. At 4:00 P.M, Mario goes home. Silvia visits her grandmother.
7. At 5:00 P.M, Mario and Silvia do homework.
8. At 6:00 P.M, Mario has dinner. Silvia practices the guitar
9. At 7:00 P.M, Mario plays computer games. Silvia makes dinner.
10. At 8:00 P.M, Mario reads the newspaper. Silvia watches the dishes.

3. YES/NO QUESTIONS AND SHORT ANSWERS

Look at the schedules in exercise 2. Ask and answer the questions.

1. Mario and Silvia/ go to school?

A: do Mario and Silvia go to school?
B: yes, they do.

2. Mario and silvia/ get up at the same time?

A: do Mario and Silvia get up at the same time?
 B: yes, they do.

3. Silvia/ watch TV in the morning?

A: does Silvia watch TV in the morning?
B: yes, they do.

4. She/ listen to the radio?

A: does she listen to the radio?
B: yes, she does.

5. Mario/ study at the library?

A: does Mario study at the library?
B: yes, he does.

6. He/ do his homework at school?

A: does he do his homework at school?
B: no, he does.

7. Silvia play basketball?

A: does Silvia play basketball?
B: yes, she does.

8. Mario/ play computer games before dinner?

A: does Mario play computer games before dinner?
B: yes, he does.

9. Mario and Silvia/ eat dinner together?

A: DO MARIO AND SILVIA EAT DINNER TOGOTHER?
B: no, they do.

10. Silvia/ wash the dishes after dinner?

A: does Silvia wash the dishes after dinner?
B: no, she does.

4. ADVERBS OF FREQUENCY
Put these words in the correct order to from statements.

1. Mario/ the newspaper/reads/always

Mario always reads the newspaper.

2. On time/ usually/silvia/is
Silvia usually is on time.

3. Never/ school/ silvia and Mario/ miss

Silvia and Mario never miss school.

4. Do/their homework/ silvia and Mario /always

 Silvia and Mario always do their homework.

5. Is/Mario/tired/ often
Mario tired is often.

6. Usually/eat/ the students/in school/lunch

The students eat usually lunch in school.

7. Hungry/they/are/always
Are they hungry always.

8. Gets up/rarely/silvia/late
Silvia gets up late rarely.

5. WH- QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

Ray mano is a famous TV talk show host. Look at this schedule and complete the
interview with mano.
 THE SCHEDULE
N P.M
I 2:30 arrive at the studio
5:00-5:30 talk to the TV audience
G
5:30-6:30 tape the night show
H 7:00 arrive home
T 8:00-9:00 work in the garage
10:00-12:00 write jokes

S
A.M
H 12:00-4:00 meet with other writers
O 4:00-8:00 sleep

1. What time/you/arrive at the studio?

Interviewer: what time do you arrive at the studio?
Ray: at 2:30 P.M

2. What/you/do before the show?

Interviewer: what do you before the show?
Ray: I go home

3. How long/you/talk to the audience?

Interviewer: how long do you talk to the audience
Ray: a half hour

4. When/you/tape to the show?

Interviewer: when do you tape the show?
Ray: at 5:30-6:30

5. How long/the show/last?

Interviewer: how long does the show last?
Ray: it last an hour.

6. Where/you/go after the show?

Interviewer: where do you go after the show?
Ray: after the show. I so home

7. What/you/do at home?
Interviewer: wat do you do at home?
Ray: I work in the garage

8. When/you/write/ new jokes?

Interviewer: when do you write new jokes?
 Ray: I write new jokes at 10:00 pm

9. How long/ you/work with other writers?

Interviewer: how long do you work with other writers?
Ray: I work with other writer for four hours

10. How many hours/you/sleep?

Interviewer: how many hours do you sleep?
Ray: I sleep for four hours

6. AFFIRMATIVE AND NEGATIVE STATEMENTS

The interviewer in exercise 5 wrote a short article about Ray Mano, but she got
five of the facts wrong. Find and correct the mistakes.

Talk-show host and comedian Ray Mano works unusual hours. He gets up at 8:00
and goes directly to his studio. Mano loves his studio audience and always talks to
them after each show.
The night show lasts a half-hour. After the taping. Mano goes home and works in
his garage on the cars and motorcycles that he collects. He then writes screenplays
for two hours. At midnight, Mano and a group of writers meet in his kitchen for
three hours. There they plan the next show. At 4:00 A.M, Mano calls it a day and
goes to bed for a whole four hours. The life of a comedian is no laughing matter!

1. He doesn´t go directly to his studio

He goes to the studio in the afternoon.
2. He always talks to the tv audience before the show.
He doesn’t talk to thaw after each show.
3. The night show doesn’t fast a half hour.
The night show last an hour.
4. He doesn’t write screen plays for two hours.
He write joker for two hours.
5. Mano and groups of writer don’t meet in this kitchen.
They meet for four hours.

UNIT 3 CONTRAST: SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE AND PRESENT

PROGRESSIVE

1. SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE OR PRESENT PROGRESSIVE

Complete the chart about a businesswoman, Laura Desoto. What does she usually
do? What is she doing today?
 Usually Today
1. Laura Desoto gets up at 7:00. She is getting up at 8:00.
2. She takes the bus to work. She is taking the train to work.
3. She reads A magazine. She is reading the paper.
4. She drinks a cup of coffee. She is drinking A cup of tea.
5. She wears Pants. She is wearing a dress.
6. She eats Lunch in the office. She is eating lunch in a coffee shop.
7. She wants a small lunch. She wants A big lunch.
8. She speaks English. She is speaking Spanish.
9. She seems relaxed. She seems Nervous.
10. She goes home late. She is going Home early.

2. SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE OR PRESENT PROGRESSIVE

Complete the sentences about a businessman. Tony martin. Use the correct form of
the verbs in parentheses ().

1. Its 8:00 A.M is driving to work.

2. He drives to work every day. (drive)
3. The trip usually takes 45 minutes. (take)
4. Today it is taking longer. (take)
5. Workers are repairing the highway this morning. (repair)
6. Because of the construction. Tony is using parson road. (use)
7. Normally, he takes route 93. (take)
8. Traffic always moves faster on route 93. (move)
9. Today, the weather is slowing the traffic, too. (slow down)
10. It is raining hard, and the roads are slippery. (rain)
11. Tony is a careful driver. He always drive slowly when the roads are wet. (drive)
12. The radio is on, and tony is listening to the traffic report. (listen to)
13. He always listens to the radio on his way to work. (listen to)
14. The announcer is describing an accident on parson road. (describe)
15. Tony doesn´t want to be late for work, but there is nothing he can do. (not want)
16. Traffic is moving even more slowly because of the accident. (move)
17. Tony likes to drive even when the traffic is bad. (like)
18. He always feels relaxed when he is behind the wheel. (feel)
19. He knows he can´t do anything about the traffic conditions. (know)
20. Tony has what psychologists call a type B personality. (have)

3. CORRECT THE MISTAKES

Read this students letter. There are eight mistakes in the use of the simple present
tense and present progressive.

Dear pat,
Hi. How are you? Write (I’m writing) you this letter on the bus. Quests what? I am
having (I have) a job as a clerk in the mail room of a small company. The pay isn´t
good, but I’m liking (I like) the people there. They´re all friendly, and we are speaking
(we speak) English all the time. I´m also taking an English class at night at the adult
center. The class is meeting (class meets) three times a week. It just started last week,
so I’m not knowing (I don´t know) many of the other students yet. They seem nice,
though.
What do you do (what are you doing) these days? Do you still look (are you still
looking) for a new job?
Please write when you can. I always like to hear from you
Yours,
Bill

UNIT 4 IMPERATIVE
1. AFFIRMATIVE AND NEGATIVE IMPERATIVES
Complete the chart. Use the words in the box.

Backward in left off tight

Down late low shut up

AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE
1. Bend your right leg. Don´t bend your left leg.
2. Look down Don´t look up.
3. Lean forward. Don´t lean backward.
4. Breathe out. Don´t breathe in.
5. Keep your eyes shut. Don´t keep your eyes open.
6. Wear loose clothes. Don´t wear tight clothes.
7. Turn the lights on. Don´t turn the lights off
8. Turn the music up. Don´t turn the music down.
9. Put the air conditioner on don´t put the air conditioner on high.
low.
10. Come early. Don´t come late

2. AFFIRMATIVE AND NEGATIVE IMPERATIVES

Ada, a student, is asking her friends for directions to Jim’s gym. Look at the map and
complete the conversation. Use the words in the box.

Ask continue go make ride take walk

Be cross have pass stop turn work

ADA: I’m going to take an exercise class at Jim’s gym. Do you know how to get there?
Bob: Jim’s gym? Ask chen. He´s taking a class there.
ADA: I didn´t know that. Which bus do you take to the gym, chen?
Chen: oh, don´t take the bus! It´s not far from here. walk Or ride you bikes. It´s
good exercise!
Ada: I’ll walk. How do I get there?
Chen: go two blocks east on first avenue.
Ada: east? You mean turn left?
Chen: no. don´t turn left. Go right when you leave the building. Ok? Then make
a left turn when you get to avenue C. continue on avenue C, but stop when
you reach fourth avenue. Don´t cross Fourth Avenue. It´s another left at fourth. But
be careful. Jim´s gym is small and it´s easy to miss. Don´t pass The post office. The
gym is just a few buildings before it.
Ada: thanks.
Chen: sure. have Fun! Don´t work Too hard!

UNIT 5 SIMPLE PAST TENSE

1. SPELLING: REGULAR AND IRREGULAR SIMPLE PAST TENSE FORMS
Complete the chart

BASE FORM SIMPLE PAST

1. Answer answered
2. Buy bought
3. Catch caught
4. Do did
5. Look looked
6. Find found
7. Give gave
8. Hurry hurried
9. See saw
10. Die died
11. Kiss kissed
12. Come came
13. Live lived
14. Meet met
15. Need needed
16. Open opened
17. Put put
18. Read read
19. Say said
20. Think thought
21. Understand understood
22. Vote voted
23. Win won
24. Feel felt
 25. The past of be is was or were

2. AFFIRMATIVE AND NEGATIVE STATEMENTS WITH THE PAST TENSE OF BE.

Look at the of famous writers of the past. Complete the sentences with was,
wasn´t, were, and weren´t.

Isaac babe! 1894-1941 Russia short-story writer, playwright*

James Baldwin 1924-1987 United states author, playwright

Honore de Balzac 1799-1850 France novelist

Simeno de Beauvoir 1908-1966 France novelist, essayist

Giovanni Boccaccio 1313-1375 Italy poet, storyteller

Karel Capek 1890-1939 Czechoslovakia novelist, essayist

Agatha Christie 1891-1976 England mystery writer

Lorraine Hansberry 1930-1965 United states playwright

Pablo Neruda 1904-1973 Chile poet

1. Simone de Beauvoir wasn´t a French poet. She was a French novelist.

2. Giovanni Boccaccio was born in 1313.
3. James Baldwin and Lorraine Hansberry weren´t American poets. They
were play wrights.
4. Karel Capek wasn´t a poet.
5. Pablo Neruda was from chile.
6. Honore de Balzac wasn´t a playwright. He was a novelist.
7. Agatha Christie wasn´t American. She was English.
8. Isaac babel was Russian. He wasn´t French.
9. Simone de Beauvoir and Honore de Balzac were both French.
10. Pablo Neruda and simone de Beauvoir were both born in the early
1900s.

3. QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH THE PAST TENSE OF BE

Ask and answer questions about the people in exercise2. Use was and wasn´t.

1. James Baldwin/a playwright?

A: was james Baldwin a playwright?
B: yes, he was.

2. Where/simone de Beauvoir from?

A: where was simone de Beauvoir from?
B: she was from France.
 3. What nationality/Pablo Neruda?
A: What nationality was Pablo Neruda?
B: he was Chilean.

4. WHO/Boccaccio?
A: Who was Boccaccio?
B: He was a poet and storyteller.

5. Agatha Christie/French?
A: Was Agatha Christie French?
B: No, she wasn´t.

6. What nationality/ Lorraine Hansberry?

A: What nationality was Lorraine Hansberry?
B: Hes was American.

7. Honore de Balzac/ a poet?

A: Was Honore de Balzac a poet?
B: No, he wasn´t.

8. When/karel capek/born?
A: When was Karel Capek born?
B: He was born in 1890.

9. Who/ Isaac Babel?

A: Who was Isaac Babel?
B: He was a short-story writer and playwright.

4. AFFIRMATIVE STATEMENTS
Complete these short biographies. Use the simple-past-tense form of the verbs in
the boxes.

Be die include spend translate write

1. Lin yutang(1895-1976) was a Chinese-American writer. He spend

most of his life in the united states. Dr. Lin write a lot about his
native China. His books include several novels. He also
translated other people´s works. Lin died at the age of 81.

Be begin call have live paint

 2. Anna Mary Robertson Moses (1860-1961) was an American painter.
She lived on a farm in New York State. Because she began
painting in her seventies, people called her Grandma Moses. She never
had any formal art training. Moses painted simple, colorful scenes of
farm life.

Be build fly last take place watch

3. Orville Wright(1871-1948) and Wilbur Wright (1867-1912) were

American airplane inventors.the two brothers built their first planes in
their bicycle shop in Ohio. On December 17, 1903, Orville flew their
plane, flyer 1, a distance of 120 feet. Wilbur, four men, and a boy watched
from the ground. This first controlled, power- driven flight took place near
Kitty HAWK, NORTH Carolina. It lasted only about 12 seconds.

5. QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

Ask and answer questions about the people in exercise 4.

Biography 1

1. When/lin Yutang/live?
A: when did Lin Yutang live?
B: he lived from 1895 to 1976.

2. What/he/do
A: What did he do?
B: He was a writer.

3. He/ write poetry?

A: Did he write poetry?
B: No, he didn´t.

4. Where/ he/ spend most of his life?

A: Where did he spend most of has life?
B: he spent most of his life in the United State

BIOGRAPHY2

5. WHAT/PEOPLE/CALL Anna Mary Robertson Moses?

 A: What did people call Anna Mary Robertson Moses?
B: They called her

6. What/ she/ do?

A: What did she do?
B: She was a painter.

7. When/ she/begin painting?

A: when did she begin painting?
B: She began painting in her seventies.

8. SHE/have formal art training?

A: Did she have formal art training?
B: No, she didn´t.

BIOGRAPHY 3

9. Where/ the wright brothers/ build their first planes?

A: Where did the Wright brothers built their first planes?
B: They build their first planes in their

10. Both brothers/ fly the flyer 1?

A: Did both brothers fly the Flyer 1?
B: No, they didn´t.

11. Where/ first controlled flight/take place?

A: Where did the first controlled flight take place?
B: It took place near Kitty Hawk, North Carolina.

12. HOW long/ the flight/last?

A: How long did the flight last?
B: it lasted only about 12 seconds.

6. NEGATIVE STATEMENTS
There were a lot of similarities between the wright brothers. But there were also
differences. Complete the chart about the differences between Orville and
Wilbur.

ORVILLE WILBUR
1. Orville talked a lot Wilbur didn´t talk a lot.
2. Orville didn´t spend a lot of time alone Wilbur spent a lot of time alone.
 3. Orville didn´t have serious health problems Wilbur had serious health
problems.
4. Orville grew a moustache. Wilbur didn´t grow a
moustache.
5. Orville didn´t lose most of his hair Wilbur lost most of his hair.
6. Orville took courses in Latin. Wilbur didn´t take courses in
Ltin.
7. Orville liked to play jokes. Wilbur didn´t like to play jokes.
8. Orville dressed very fashionably. Wilbur didn´t dress very
fashionably.
9. Orville played the guitar. Wilbur didn´t play the guitar.
10. Orville didn´t build the first glider Wilbur built the first glider.
11. Orville didn´t make the first attempts to fly. Wilbur made the first attempts
to fly.
12. Orville didn´t choose the location of Kitty Hawk Wilbur chose the location of
Kitty Hawk.
13. Orville had a lot of patience. Wilbur didn´t have a lot of
patience.
14. Orville lived a long life. Wilbur didn´t live a long life.

UNIT 6 USED TO

1. AFFIRMATIVE STATEMENTS
Life in the united states isn´t the way it used to be. Complete the chart.

IN THE PAST NOW

1. People used to ride horses. People ride in cars.
2. People used to read By candlelight. People read by electric light.
3. People used to cook Over open fires. People cook in microwave ovens.
4. People used to fly In propeller airplanes People fly in jet planes.
5. People used to have Large families. People have small families.
6. People used to wash All of their clothes by hand. People wash most of their
clothes in washing machines
7. People used to use Manual typewriters. People use word processors and
computers.
8. People used to take Twenty-five days to get a message from new it takes just a
few York to San Francisco.
seconds.

2. AFFIRMATIVE AND NEGATIVE STATEMENTS

Complete the sentences about the assistant manager of a California bank, Yoko
Shimizu. Use used to or didn´t use to and the verbs in parentheses ().
 1. Yoko used to be a full-time student. Now she has a job at a bank. (be)
2. She didn´t use to work with a computer. Now she uses one every day. (work)
3. She didn´t use to have a car. Now she owns a 1993 Toyota Corolla. (have)
4. Yoko used to take the bus to work. Now she drives. (take)
5. The bus didn´t use to be crowded. These days it´s difficult to find a seat. (be)
6. Yoko used to live New York. Then she moved to Los Angeles. (live)
7. She didn´t use to like Los Angeles. Now she thinks it’s a nice city. (like)
8. She didn´t use to know a lot of people in Los Angeles. Now she has a lot of
friends there.(know)
9. She used to return to New York several times a year. These days she doesn´t go
there very often (return)
10. She used to write a lot of letters. Now she makes a lot of phone calls instead.
(write)

3. QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

Look at these two ID cards. Ask and answer questions about Sara Rogers, a new
employee at city savings Bank. Use used to and the cues in parentheses ().

1. (Live in California?)
A: did she use to live in California?
B: no, she didn´t.

2. Sara recently, moved to los Angeles (where/live?)

A: Where did she use to live?
B: She used to live in New York.

3. This is her first job. (what/do?)

A: What did she use to do?
B: She used to be a student.

4. Sara looks very different from before. She has short hair and wears glasses. (have
long hair?)
A: Did she use to have long hair?
B: yes, she did.

5. (WEAR GLASSES?)
A: Did she use to wear glasses?
B: No, she didn´t.

6. Sara´s last name is different from before. ( be married?)

A: Did she use to be married?
B: Yes, she did.
UNIT 7 PAST PROGRESSIVE AND SIMPLE PAST TENSE
1. AFFIRMATIVE AND NEGATIVE STATEMENTS WITH THE PAST PROGRESSIVE
Frank cotter is a financial manager. Look at his schedule and complete the
sentences.

10
WEDNESDAY

9:00-10:00 meet with Ms. Jacobs.

10:00-11:00 write financial reports.
11:00-12:00 answer correspondence.
12:-1:00 eat lunch with Mr. Webb at Sol´s Café.
1:00-3:00 attend lecture at City University.
3:00-4:00 discuss budget with Allen.
4:00-5:00 return phone calls.

1. At 9:30 Mr. Cotter was meeting with Ms. Jacobs.

2. At 9:30 he wasn´t writing financial reports.
3. At 11:30 he was answering correspondence.
4. At 12:30 he and Mr. Webb were eating lunch.
5. They weren´t eating at frank´s Diner.
6. At 2:00 he was attending a lecture.
7. At 3:30 he and Allen weren´t writing financial reports.
8. They were discussing the budget.
9. At 4:30 he wasn´t answering correspondence.
 10. He was returning phone calls.

2. QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH THE PAST PROGRESSIVE

Look at the schedule in exercise 1. Ask questions and give short answers.

1. Mr. Cotter/ meet/with Mr. Webb at 9:30?

A: was Mr. Cotter meeting with Mr. Webb at 9:30?
B: no, he wasn´t.

2. What/he/do at 9:30?
A: What was he doing at 9:30?
B: He was meeting with Ms. Jacobs.

3. Mr. Cotter/write police reports at 10:30?

A: Was Mr. Cotter writing police reports at 10:30?
B: No, he wasn´t.

4. WHAT KIND OF REPORTS/HE/ WRITE?

A: What kind of reports was he writing?
B: He was writing financial reports.

5. What/he/do at 11:30?
A: What was he doing at 11:30?
B: He was answering correspondence.

6. He/have lunch at 12:00?

A: Was he having lunch at 12:00?
B: Yes, he was.

7. Who/eat lunch with him?

A: Who was eating lunch with him?
B: Mr. Webb was eating lunch with him.

8. Where/they/have lunch?
A: Where were they having lunch?
B: They were having lunch at Sol´s Café.

9. Who/he/talk to at 3:30?
A: Who was he talking to at 3:30?
B: He was talking to Allen.

10. What/they/discuss?
A: What were they discussing?
B: They were discussing the budget.

3. STATEMENTS WITH THE PAST PROGRESSIVE AND SIMPLE PAST TENSE

 Read about an explosion at the world trade center in New York City.
Complete the story with the past progressive or simple-past-tense form of
the verbs in parentheses ().

On February 26,1993, a bomb

Exploded in New York City´s World Trade Center. At the time, 55 000 people
were working in the Twin Towers, and thousands of others were visiting the
110-story world-famous tourist attraction.
The explosion, which took place a little after noon. Killed Six people and
injured more than a thousand others. It took all day and half the night
to get everyone out of the building.
When the bomb exploded the lights went out, the elevators stopped ,
and fires started .many people were in the wrong place at the wrong time.
Four co- workers were eating lunch in their offices when the
explosion shook the Twin Towers. When the blast occurred,
walls crumbled and ceilings collapsed .rescue workers. arrived
Within fifteen minutes and found the four workers dead.
One man was walking in the garage beneath the World Trade Center
when the bomb went off .he had a heart attack while rescue workers
were carrying him to the ambulance.
Sixty school children were luckier. They were riding the huge elevators
when the lights went out and the elevators stopped .the children and
their teachers had to stand in the het, dark space as they waited for help.
Six hours later, when the elevator reached the ground floor, the school bus
driver for them. He drove the children home to their worried
families. How did the children feel while all this was happening? ¨we were
scared.¨ they answered.
This is one class trip they will never forget.

4. QUESTIONS WITH THE PAST PROGRESSIVE AND SIMPLE PAST TENSE

Reporters are interviewing people about the explosion at the world trade
center. Use the past progressive and the simple past tense to write the
interview questions.

1. What/you do/ when you feel the explosion?

A: what were you doing when you felt the explosion?
B: I was sitting in my chair.

2. What happen/when the bombs explode?

A: what happened when the bomb exploded?
B: I flew off my chair and landed on the floor.

3. What/ the school children do/when the lights/go out?

A: What were the school children doing when the lights went out?
B: they were riding the elevator.
4. How many people/work in the building/when the bomb/explode?
A: How many people were working in the building when the bomb
exploded?
B: Approximately 55 000.

5. Four world Trade Center Workers killed. What/they do/ when the bomb/
go off?
A: What were they doing when the bomb went off?
B: they were having lunch in their offices.

6. What/ happen to the offices/when the blast occur?

A: What happened to the offices when the blast occurred?
B: The walls crumbled and the ceilings collapsed.

7. There was a man in the garage. What/he do/ when the bomb exploded?
A: What was he doing when the bomb exploded?
B: he was walking to his car

8. What/ happen/ when the rescue workers/bring him to the ambulance?

A: What happened when the rescue workers brought him to the
ambulance?
B: he had a heart attack before they got him in the ambulance.

UNIT 8 WH- QUESTIONS: SUBJECT AND PREDICATE

1. SUBJECT QUESTIONS
Ask questions about the words in italics. Use what, whose, who, or
how many.

1. Something happened last night.

What happened last night?

2. Someone´s phone rang at midnight.

Whose phone rang at midnight?

3. Someone was calling for Megan.

Who was calling for Megan?

4. Someone was having a party.

Who was having a party?

5. Some number of people left the party.

How many people left the party?

6. Something surprised them.

 What surprised them?

7. Someone´s friend called the police.

Whose friend called the police?

8. Some number of police arrived.

How many police arrived?

2. PREDICATE QUESTIONS
Use the cues to write questions about Megan Knight, an accountant
in Texas. Then match each question to its correct answer.

QUESTIONS ANSWERS
1. Where/she/live? A) two years.
Where does she live e

2. How many rooms/her apartment/have? B) by bus.

How many rooms does her apartment have? f

3. How much rent/she/pay? C) the first of the month.

How much rent does she pay? j

4. When/she/pay the rent? D) ling, Jackson, Drew,

Inc.
When does she pay the rent? c

5. Who/she/live with? E) in Texas.

Who does she live with? H

6. What/she/do? F) five and a half.

What does she do? g

7. Which company/she/work for? G) she´s an accountant.

Which company does she work for? d

8. How long/she/plan to stay there? H) her sister.

How long does she plan to stay there? a

9. How/she/get to work? i) because she doesn´t like to

drive.
How does she get to work? b

10. Why/she/take the bus? J) about $500 a month.

Why does she the bus? i
 3. SUBJECT AND PREDICATE QUESTIONS
Megan wrote a letter to her friend, Janice. The letter got wet, and
now Janice can´t read some parts of it. What questions does Janice
ask to get the missing information?
Dear Janice, We need to buy some .9
Hi! I just moved to 1.i left ´s 10 brother wants to visit her, so
Chicago because .2 we really need an extra bed. By
3.moved with me, and we are the way, 11 called last
sharing an apartment. I got a job in Sunday. I also spoke to 12
a 4. It started .5 the people they want to visit us in
seem nice. .13
Our apartment is great. It has 6 Would you like to come too? Is
rooms. 7 of the rooms came that a good time for you? There´s
with carpeting, but two of them plenty of room because
have beautiful wood floors. The rent 14 write and let me know.
isn´t too high, either. We each pay $ Love,
8. A month. Megan.

1. Where did you move?

2. Why did you leave Chicago?
3. Who moved with you?
4. Where did you get a job?
5. When did it start?
6. How many rooms does it have?
7. How many of the rooms came with carpeting?
8. How much do you each pay?
9. What do you need to buy?
10. Whose brother wants to visit her?
11. Who called last Sunday?
12. Who did you speak to?
13. When do they want to visit you?
14. Why is there plenty of room?

UNIT 9 FUTURE
1. AFFIRMATIVE STATEMENTS WITH BE GOING TO
Read the situations below. Write a prediction. Use be going to and the correct
information from the box.

Crash get a ticket make a left turn take a trip

Eat lunch get gas rain wash the car
 1. Mr. Medina is carrying two suitcases toward his car.
He´s going to take a trip.

2. Ms. Marshall has a bucket of water, soap, and a sponge.

She´s going to was the car.

3. Mr. and Mrs. Johnson are driving into an Exxon service station.
They are going to get gas.

4. Fred is driving behind a woman in a black sports car. The left indicator is flashing.
She is going to make a left turn.

5. Marcia is driving 70 miles per hour in a 50-mile-per-hour zone. A police officer is

right behind her.
She is going to get a ticket.

6. A blue Ford is driving directly toward a white Toyota. They don´t have time to
stop.
They are going to crash.

7. It´s noon. The Smiths are driving into a Burger King parking lot.
They are going to eat lunch.

8. The sky is full of dark clouds.

It is going to rain.

2. QUESTIONS WITH BE GOING TO

Write questions using the cues.

1. What/you/do this summer?

A: what are you going to do this summer?
B: my wife and I are going to take a trip to San Francisco.

2. How long/ you/stay?

A: how long are you going to stay?
B: just for a week.

3. You/stay at a hotel?
A: Are you going to stay at a hotel?
B: we´re staying at a hotel in North beach.

4. What/ you/do in San Francisco?

A: What are you going to do in San Francisco?
B: oh, the usual. I suppose. Sightseeing and shopping.

5. You/visit Fisherman´s Wharf?

A: Are you going to visit Fisherman´s Wharf?
 B: yes, we´re going to take one of those city bus tours.

6. Your daughter/ go with you?

A: Is your daughter going to go with you?
B: no, she´s going to attend summer school. Our son isn´t going either.

7. What/he/do?
A: What is he going to do?
B: he got a job at Burger King.

8. When/you/leave?
A: When are you going to leave?
B: June 11.

3. AFFIRMATIVE AND NEGATIVE STATEMENTS WITH BE GOING TO

Look at Mr. and Mrs. Medina´s boarding passes. Then read the sentences below. All
of them have incorrect information. Correct the information.

1. Mr. Medina is going to go to los Angeles.

He isn´t going to go to L OS Angeles.
He´s going to go to San Francisco.

2. He´s going to take the train.

He isn´t going to take the rain
He´s going to fly take a plane.

3. He´s going to travel alone.

He isn´t going to travel alone.
He´s going to travel with his wife.

4. The Medinas are going to leave from Chicago.

The Medinas aren’t going to leave from Chicago.
They´re going to leave from New York.

5. They´re going to fly US Air.

They aren´t going to fly US Air.
They´re going to fly Fair Airs.

6. They´re going to leave on July 11.

They aren´t going to leave on July.
They´re going to leave on June 11.

7. The plane is going to depart at 7:00 A.M.

The plane isn´t going to depart at 7:00 A.M.
It´s going to depart at 7:00 P.M

8. Mrs. Medina is going to sit in seat 15B.

 Mrs. Medina isn´t going to sit in seat 15B.
She´s going to sit in seat 15C.

4. AFFIRMATIVE AND NEGATIVE STATEMENTS, QUESTIONS, AND SHORT ANSWERS WITH

WILL.

Mrs. Medina is reading the airplane magazine. Complete this magazine interview
about personal robots. Use will or won´t and the verbs in parentheses ().

Interviewer: we all know that robots are already working in factories. But tell us
something about the future. Will people have robots at home?
Scientist: yes, they will . I believe that personal robots will become as
common in the home as personal computers are today.

Interviewer: will they replace (replace) the computer?

Scientist: no, they won´t replace (replace) the computer, but one day robots will
probably operate (operate) computers.
ac
Interviewer: amazing! What other things will personal robots do
(do)?
Scientist: well, for one thing, they will be (be) complete home
entertainment centers. They will sing (sing) , they will dance
(dance) …

Interviewer: will they tell (tell) jokes?

Scientist: yes, they will ! but, as with humans they won´t always be (be)funny!.
Interviewer: what else will the personal robot do (do)? Will it have (have)
more serious uses?

Scientist: yes, it will. Robots will probably. help(help)care for this country´s aging
population. They won´t (replace) people, but they will perform (perform) some
of the more routine activities such as vacuuming and loading the dishwasher.

Interviewer: it all sound great. Do you predict any problems?

Scientist: unfortunately, yes. Some people won´t (be) happy with the spread of
robots. Not everyone´s life will improve (improve). Some people will lose (lose)
their jobs to robots. And other people will create (create) criminal robots!

Interviewer: will we need (need) new laws to deal with robotic crime?
Scientist: I’m afraid so.

Interviewer: tell me, how will these personal robots look (look)?
Scientist: well, they won´t look (look) exactly like humans, but they will resemble
(resemble) them.
 Interviewer: and when will all this happen (happen)?
Scientist: soon! I predict it will happen (happen) in the very near future.

5. RECOGNIZING THE SIMPLE PRESENT AND PRESENT PROGRESSIVE WHEN THE REFER TO
THE FUTURE
Read this article about a new play. Underline the simple-present-tense verbs and
present progressive verbs only when they refer to the future.

A NEW PLAY
BATS

Next Wednesday is the first performance of bats.

Melissa Robins is playing the leading role. Robins,
who lives in Italy and who is vacationing in Greece,
is not available for an interview at this time. She is,
however, appearing on channel 8´s theater talk
sometime next month.
Although shows traditionally begin at 8:00 P.M,
bats, because of its length, starts a half-hour earlier.
Immediately following the opening-night
performance, the company is having a reception in
the theater lounge. Tickets are still available. Call
555-6310 for more information.

6. CONTRAST OF FUTURE FORMS

Read the conversations and circle the most appropriate future forms.

1. A: what time do we arrive/ will we arrive in San Francisco?

B: I’m not sure, but here´s the schedule.

2. A: why did you bring your computer with you?

B: I’ll do/ I’m going to do some work while we´re away.

3. A: I’m thirsty. I think I’ll ask/ I’m asking for a Coke.

B: good idea. There´s the flight attendant.

4. A: excuse me. Do you know what the weather´s like in San Francisco?
B: it´s clear now, but it´s raining/ it´s going to rain tomorrow.

5. A: which movie will they show/ are they showing?

B: Rocky 4. Have you seen it?
 6. A: just look at those dark clouds!
B: I see. I t looks like we´re going to have/ we´ll have some rough weather ahead.

7. A: I’m tired. I think I ´ll take/ I´m taking a little nap. Wake me when the movie begins.
B: ok. Sweet dreams.

8. A: it’s 11:00 P.M, already!

B: I know. We´re going to arrive/ we arrive late.

9. A: you know. I don´t think the airport buses run after midnight.
B: I ´m afraid you´re right. How are we going to get/ are we getting to the hotel?

10. A: Hmm. No buses. Well, that´s no problem. We´ll take/ we´re going to take a taxi
instead.
B: good idea.

11. A: I missed the announcement. What did the captain say?

B: he said, ¨Fasten your seat belts. We´re landing/ We´ll land in about ten minutes¨

12. C: how long are you going to stay/ will you stay in San Francisco?
A/B: just a week.

C: well, enjoy yourselves. And thank you for flying Fair Airs.

UNIT 10 : FUTURE TIME CLAUSES

1. Simple Present or Future (Will/Be Going To) and Time Expressions

Vera is a student. Look at her future plans. Complete the sentences bellow with the correct
form of the verbs in parentheses ( ) and choose the correct time expression.
 Future Plans

Take the TOEFL exam

Apply to college for next year
Finish school
Visit aunt Isabel at Shadybrook
Get a summer job and take a
computer-programming course
Fly to Brazil – Aug. 28
Get married! – Sept. 30
Return to the United States

1. Vera will take the TOEFL exam before she applies to college.
2. Vera will apply to college before she finishes school.
3. After she finishes school, she will visit her aunt.
4. While she works at a summer job, she will take a course in computer programming.
5. She ‘ll visit her aunt before she gets a summer job.
6. When she finishes the computer course, she ‘ll fly to Brazil.
7. She ‘ll get married before she been in Brazil.
8. She ‘ll return to the United States after she gets married.

2. Simple Present Tense or Future.

Vera’s aunt lives at Shadybrook Retirement Village. Complete this ad for Shadybrook.
Use the correct form of the verbs in parentheses ( ).

Shadybrook Retirement Village

What will you do when you retire ?
Where will you go when you finally have all that free time?
By the time you turn 65, you probably will want to make some
major life changes. Here at Shadybrook Retirement Village, you
can enjoy swimming, tennis, golf, and much more. Come and see
for yourself. After you visit us, you won’t want to leave!

3. Sentence Combining
Combine these sentences. Use the simple present tense and future forms (will/be
going to)
1. Vera will finish her summer job. Then she’s going to fly to Brazil.
Vera is going to fly to Brazil after she finishes her summer job.
 2. Vera will save enough money from her summer job. Then she’s going to buy a
plane ticket.
As soon as Vera saves enough money from her summer job, she’s going to buy a
plane ticket.
3. Vera’s going to buy presents for her family. Then she’s going to go home.
Before Vera goes home, she’s going to buy presents for her family.
4. Vera will arrive at the airport. Her father will be there to drive her home.
When Vera arrives at the airport, her father will be there to drive her home.
5. Vera and her father will get home. They’ll immediately have dinner.
As soon as Vera and her father get home, they’ll have dinner.
6. They’ll finish dinner. Then Vera will give her family the presents.
Vera will give her family the presents after they finish dinner.
7. Vera’s brother will wash the dishes, and Vera’s sister will dry them.
Vera’s brother will wash the dishes while Vera’s sister dries them.
8. The whole family will stay up talking. Then the clock will strike midnight.
The whole family will stay up talking until the clock strikes midnight.
9. They’ll all feel very tired. Then they’ll go to bed.
By the time they go to bed, they’ll all feel very tired.
10. Vera’s head will hit the pillow, and she’ll fall asleep immediately.
Vera will fall asleep as soon as her head hits the pillow.

UNIT 11 PRESENT PERFECT: FOR AND SINCE

1. Spelling: Regular and Irregular Past Participles
Complete the chart
 Base Form Simple Past Past Participle
1. Be was/were been
2. Look looked looked
3. Come came come
4. Bring brought brought
5. Play played played
6. Have had had
7. Get got gotten
8. Fall fell fallen
9. Watch watched watchen
10. lose lost lost
11. win won won
12. eat ate eater

2. For or Since
Put these time expressions in the correct column.
1993 4:00 P.M Monday a day
yesterday an hour she was a child
a long time ten years many months

FOR SINCE
ten years 1993
a day 4:00 P.M
an hour Monday
a long time yesterday
many months she was a child

3. Affirmative Statements with For and Since

Complete these brief biographies of famous people. Use the present perfect form of the
verbs in parentheses ( ) and choose between for and since.

1. Toni Morrison (1931- ) has been a novelist for more than twenty years. Her first novel,
The Bluest Eye, was published in 1970. Since the, she has written five more novels and
has begun work on another one. She been a professor at Princeton University since
1987.
In 1988, Morrison won the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction for her novel, Beloved, a powerful
work about the experience of African-American women after the Civil War. In 1993,
she won the world’s highest literary honor—the Nobel Prize for Literature. She is the
first African-American to win this award. It is also the first time the award gone to an
American woman since 1938.

2. Jodie Foster (1963- ) has been an actress for most of her life. At the age of three, she
began appearing in tv commercials. She made her first movie in 1972 and has
appeared in dozens of movies since then. In 1985, she graduated with honors from
Yale University. Since her graduation, she has received two Oscars for Best Actress,
has directed her first film, and has formed her own production company, called Egg
Pictures.
3. Jonathan Knight, Jordan Knight, Joe McIntyre, Donnie Wahlberg, and Danny Wood,
members of The New Kids in the Block (1984- ) have been the most successful pop
music group in the United States for the last ten years. In 1986, their first single
record, ‘’Be My Girl’’ reached the U.S Top 10. Since then, they have had more than
eight U.S top 10 entries and have made videos that have sold over a million copies
each. In 1989, the five teenagers were the top recording act in the United States. Since
1990, they have become very famous in Great Britain, too, where they scored seven
Top 10 singles—the first American group ever to do that.

4. Questions and Answers

Ask and answer questions about the people in exercise 3.

Biography 1
1. How long/Toni Morrison/be a novelist?
A: How long has Toni Morrison been a novelist?
B: She’s been a novelist for more than twenty years.

2. How many novels/she/write since 1970?

A: How many novels has she written since 1970?
B: She has written five novels since 1970

3. She/receive any awards since her Pulitzer Prize for Fiction?

A: Has she received any awards since her Pulitzer Prize for Literature?
B: Yes, she has.

Biography 2
4. How long/Jodie Foster/be and actress?
A: How long was Jodie Foster been an actress?
B: For most of her life.

5. She/win any Oscars since 1985?

A: Has she won any Oscars since 1988?
B: Yes, she has
6. She/ direct any movies since she graduated from Yale?
A: Has she directed any movies since she graduated from Yale.
B: Yes, she has.

Biography 3
7. The New Kids on the Block/be/a pop music group for more than twenty years?
A: Have the New Kids on the Block been a pop music group for more than twenty
years?
B: No, they haven’t

8. How long/they/be successful in the United States?

A: How long have they been successful in the United States?
B: For the last ten years since.
9. They/have any Top 10 entries since their first U.S hit?
A: Have they had any U.S Top 10 entries since their first U.S hit?
B: Yes, they have.
5. Affirmative and Negative Statements
Read the pairs of sentences. Write a third sentence that has a meaning similar
to the two sentences.
 Carlos became a tennis player in 1959.
+ He is still a tennis player
= Carlos has been a tennis player since 1959.

 Fei-Mei competed in 1992.

+ That was the last time she competed
= Fei-Mei hasn’t competed since 1992.

 Min Ho won two awards in 1993.

+ He won another award in 1994
= Min Ho has won three awards

 Marilyn appeared in a movie in 1989

+ She appeared in another movie last year
= Marilyn has appeared is two movies

 Victor saw Marilyn in 1989.

+ That was the last time he saw her
= Victor hasn’t seen Marilyn since 1989.

 Andreas lost two games in February if this year

+ He lost another game last week.
= Andreas has lost three games.

UNIT 12: PRESENT PERFECT: ALREDY AND YET

1. SPELLING: Regular And Irregular Past Participles

Complete the chart.

BASE FORM SIMPLE PAST PAST PARTICIPLE

1. Become became become
2. Act acted acted
3. Give gave given
4. Keep kept kept
5. Hold held held
6. Travel traveled traveled
7. Sing sang sung
 8. Dance danced danced
9. Fight fought fought
10. Know knew know
11. Drink drank drunk
12. smile smiled smiled

2. Questions And Statements With Already And Yet

Monica Clarke is a home health aide. Read her list of things to do. She has checked (√) all the
things she’s already done. Ask and answer questions about the words in parentheses ( ).

Monday. March 29

 Make breakfast for pt.

 Make lunch for pt.
 Take pt.’ temperature
 Give pt. a bath
 Change pt.’s bandages
 Go food shopping
 Do the laundry
 Call doctor for the blood-test
results
 Exercise pt.’s legs
 Give pt. medication

1. (breakfast) Has she made breakfast for the patient yet?

She already made breakfast for the patient.
2. (lunch) Has she made lunch for the patient yet?
She hasn’t made lunch for the patient yet.
3. (food shopping) Has she gone food shopping yet?
She is already gone food shopping.
4. (medication) Has she given the patient medication yet?
She is already given the patient medication.
5. (doctor) Has she called the doctor for the blood-test results yet?
She hasn’t called the doctor for the blood-test results yet.
6. (bandages) Has she changed the patient’s bandages yet?
She’s already changed the patient’s bandages.
7. (bath) Has she given the patient bath yet?
She hasn’t given the patient a bath yet.
8. (temperature) Has she taken the patient’s temperature yet?
She is already taken the patient’s temperature.
9. (laundry) Has she done the laundry yet?
She hasn’t done the laundry yet.
10. (legs) Has she exercised the patient’s legs yet?
She hasn’t exercised the patient’s legs yet.

3. Correct The Mistakes

Monica wrote a letter to a friend, but she made five mistakes in the use of the present
perfect with already and yet. Find the mistakes and correct them.

Dear Suzanne:

It’s 8:00p.m. I’m exhausted. I’m at my new

job. I’ve already worked here for two weeks.
The job is hard, but I feel that the patient has
already made progress. She hasn’t walked
yet, but she’s already sat up by herself. She
can feed herself now, too. She has already
gained three pounds.

How are you? When are you coming to visit?

Have you decided yet? Please write.

Love

Monica
 UNIT 13 PRESENT PERFECT: INDEFINITE PAST

1. Spelling: Regular And Irregular Past Participles

Complete the cart.

BASE FORM SIMPLE PAST PAST PARTICIPLE

work worked worked

Begin began begun

Forgive forgave forgiven

Promise promised promised

Go went gone

Feel felt felt

Grow grew grown

Hear heard heard

See saw seen

Decide decided decided

Keep kept kept

Act acted acted

2. AFFIRMATIVE AND NEGATIVE STATEMENTS

Every year Hollywood gives out awards for movie achievements. Complete this editorial
about the Academy Awards. Use the present-perfect form of the verbs in parentheses ().
 It´s Oscar once again. Have gone To women.
You and a billion other African-American actors
people from ninety and actresses have
countries around the also felt excluded. Fewer
world have just than ten have gotten
turned on your TVs awards for acting.
to see who Hollywood Actors and actresses with
will honor this year. The physical disabilities have
Academy of Motion not gotten major roles
Picture Arts and either. Many movies have
Sciences has chosen recently told the stories
nominees to compete in of people who are blind or
categories including paralyzed, but ¨able-
Best picture, best actor, bodied¨ Hollywood stars
best actress, and best have played these parts.
director. Actors and On screen as well as off, we
actresses from around still have a long way to go
the world have come toward equal opportunity.
to Hollywood to take In the meantime.
part in the gala event. Hollywood has produce
As always, opinions of another evening of glitter
the nominations have and glamour as movies
been mixed. Many continue to fascinate and
groups are unhappy. entertain us. As one actor
Lately, there many said, ‘they take us to places
great roles for women. we have never been
In fact, there have not and allow us to see things
been many great roles we have never seen .
for women. In fact, So, relax, have some
there has seldom popcorn, and enjoy the
been a Hollywood show.
actress who has worked
past the age of 45. I
have recently read
several scripts, said one
well-known actress¨ and
I have rejected the
stories are ridiculous.
This absence of good
roles for women may
partly explain why out
of more than 2 000
Oscar awards fewer
than 300
3. QUESTIONS
Bob waters is interviewing a movie star. Read the star´s answer. Write bob´s questions.
1. Bob: how many movies have you been in?
Star: i´ve been in ten movies.

2. Bob: how many nominations for best actor have you received?
Star: i´ve received four nominations for best actor.

3. Bob: some actors don´t like to see their own films.

Star: no, I haven´t. I´ve never watched the completed films.

4. Bob: have you ever gone to the academy awards?

Star: no, never. I´ve never gone to the Academy Awards. I prefer to watch the event on TV.

5. Bob: your last movie was an Italian production.

Star: I´ve acted in foreign films three times.

6. Bob: have you ever worked with Sophia Loren?

Star: yes, I have. I´ve worked with Sophia Loren once.

7. Bob: you’ve made a lot of money in a very short time.

Star: how? It´s changed my life in many ways. I´ve traveled more. I´ve bought a new house

8. Bob: have you read any good scripts lately?

Star: no, I haven´t read any good scripts lately. But I´m sure a good one will come my way
soon.

Unit 14 CONTRAST: PRESENT PERFECT AND SIMPLE PAST TENSE

1. Present PERFECT OR SIMPLE PAST TENSE
Complete the chart about Joe Dorsey, a teacher who is looking for a job.
 LAST YEAR THIS YEAR

1. Joe answered twenty employment ads. Joe has answered thirty ads.
2. Joe had two job interviews. Joe has had three job interviews.
3. Joe had one job offer. Joe has gotten three job offers.
4. Joe made $ 18 000. Joe has made the same amount of money.
5. Joe was sick once. Joe has been Sick twice.
6. Joe locked well. Joe has looked tired.
7. Joe bought A new camera. Joe has bought a VCR.
8. Joe paid with cash. Joe has paid by credit card.
9. Joe read five books. Joe has read two books.
10. Joe felt Discouraged. Joe has felt more encouraged.

2. Present PERFEC OR SIMPLE PAST TENSE

A journalist is interviewing a woman about marriage. Complete the interview with the
correct form of the verbs in parentheses ().

Interviewer: how long have you been married?

Woman: let´s see. We got have been married in 1993, so we married for just a
few years.

Interviewer: and, when did you have your first child?

Woman: well, I became a mother pretty quickly. We had Stephanie ten months after we
were married.

Interviewer: you say this isn´t your first marriage. How long did your first marriage last
?

Woman: about two years. We divorced in 1985.

Interviewer: did you have any kids?

Woman: no, we did not .

Interviewer: do you still see your first husband?

Woman: yes. We have remained friends. In fact, I saw him last week. He and
Joe have become friends, too.

Interviewer: has he remarried ?

Woman: no, he hasn´t .

Interviewer: In your opinion, why did your first marriage fail ?

Woman: I think that we got married too young. We did not know each other
well enough.
 Interviewer: where did you meet Joe?

Woman: In Atlanta. We were both students there.

Interviewer: And when did you move to Los Angeles?

Woman: This year. Los Angeles is the third city we have lived in! Joes teaches
college, and it´s hard to find a permanent job these days.

3. Present Perfect Or Simple Past Tense Read Some Facts About

The changing American family. Complete the statements. Use the correct form of the verbs
in the boxes.

Begin change get have

The American family has changed a lot in the past thirty-five years. In the 1960s, couples
began to get married at an older age. They also got divorced more
frequently than they ever did and had fewer children.

Be create occur
rise

AGE

In 1960, the average age for marriage for women was 20.3 and for men, 22.8. today it
has risen to 24.1 for women and 26.3 for men. In the early 1960s, most divorces
occurred among couples older than 45. Today people of all ages are getting divorced
at a rate of more than 50 percent. This, in part, has created many single-parent
homes.

Be begin have increase

BIRTH RATE

In the mid-1960s, birth rates began to drop. Then, almost 60 percent of women
had three or more children by the time they were in their late thirties. These
days, 35 percent of women in the same age group have only two children. In addition, the
number of births to older women has greatly increased .

Change get stay

 LIVING ARRANGEMENTS

Before 1960, most children stayed in their parent´s homes until they got
married. This pattern has changed since then. Today many single people live alone.

4. Correct The Mistakes

Read this student´s letter to a friend. There are seven mistakes in the use of the present
perfect and the simple past tense. Find and correct them.

Dear Jennifer

Last month met the most wonderful guy. His name is Roger and he is a student in my
night class.

Has lived here since 1992. Before that he lived in Detroit too, so we have a lot in
common. Roger was married for five years but got divorced last April.

Roger and I spent a lot of time together. Last week I saw him every night, and this
week were already gotten together three times after class. Monday night we have
saw a great movie. Have you see the purple room? It´s playing at all the theaters.

We´re decided to take a trip back to Detroit in the summer. Maybe we can get
together? It would be great to see you again. Please let me know if you´ll be there.

Love,

Diana

Unit 15: PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE

1. Affirmative Statements with For and Since
Read the information about a married couple, Pete and Amanda Kelly. Write a
sentence that summarizes the information.
1. They year is 1995. Pete and Amanda Kelly moved to New York in 1992. They are still
living there.
They have been living in New York since 1992/for three years.

2. Amanda began work at the Daily News in 1994. She’s still working there.
Amanda has been working at the Daily News since 1994.

3. Amanda is writing articles about the homeless. She began a series last month.
 She has been writing a series about the homeless for a month.

4. The number of homeless Americans is increasing. It began to increase steadily in 1980.

The number of homeless Americans has been increasing since 1980.

5. Pete is working at a homeless shelter. He started last month.

Pete has been working at a homeless shelter for a month.

6. Pete went back to school last year. He’s studying economics.

He has been studying economics for a year.

7. Amanda and Pete started looking for a new apartment two months ago. They are still
looking.
Amanda and Pete have been looking for a new apartment for two months

2. Affirmative and Negative Statements

Complete the statements. Use the present-perfect-progressive form of the verbs
in the box.

eat rain rub study wait

feel run sleep try work

1. Amanda’s eyes are red. She‘s been rubbing them all morning.
2. She’s tired. She hasn’t been sleeping well lately.
3. She’s losing weight. She hasn’t been eating much lately.
4. Pete is exhausted too. He’s been studying all night for a test.
5. Amanda doesn’t know many people at the Daily News. She hasn’t been working
there very long.
6. She just looked out the window. The street is wet. It has been raining.
7. Pete is out of breath. He has been running.
8. He’s only five minutes late. Amanda hasn’t been waiting very long.
9. They’re going to look at an apartment. They have been trying to find one for
months.
10. It’s very hard to find an apartment in New York. They’re often too expensive.
Amanda and Pete haven’t been feeling very hopeful.

3. Questions with How Long

Look at the picture. Ask questions about the man on the bench, the woman with
the dog, the children, the police officer, the two men, and the weather. Begin
with How Long and use the present perfect progressive.

1. How long has the man been sitting in the bench?

2. How long has the police officer been standing under the tree?
3. How long has the woman been walking the dog?
4. How long have the children been playing ball?
5. How long has it been raining?
 6. How long have the men been waiting for the bus?

UNIT 16 Contrasts: Present Perfect and Present Perfect Progressive

1. Present perfect or present progressive

Read this information about a famous British businesswoman and
environmentalist. Complete it with the present perfect or present perfect
progressive form of the verbs in parentheses (). If either form is possible, use
the present perfect progressive.
In a short period of time, Anita Roddick has become one of the most
successful businesswomen in the world. She is the owner of an international
chain of stores that sells soaps, makeup, body lotions, and creams. For almost
twenty years, The Body Shop has been selling products that are
“environmentally friendly”. They are made mostly of natural products from
renewable sources, and they come in biodegradable, recyclable containers. In
addition, Roddick, who has been fighting for years against the practice of
animal testing of cosmetics, refuses to use any animals in the testing of her
products.
The first Body Shop opened in Brighton. England, in 1976. Since then, more
than 700 stores in more than forty different countries around the world have
opened .Roddick relies on the reputation of her products and stores to attract
customers. She has never done any advertisements or commercials for her
stores. Lately, however, you will see Roddick´s face if you turn on your TV. She
has been appearing on commercials for the American Express charge card.
Roddick spends almost half of her time traveling. Right now she is “on the
road”. For the past several months, she has been traveling around the world
in search of new ideas for her body-care products.
Roddick is more than a businesswoman. She has received several awards,
including the United Nations Global 500 environmental award.
She is also concerned with human rights, and she has started a London
newspaper that is sold by homeless people.
 Roddick has written an autobiography, called Body and Soul: Profits with
Principles. Published in 1991, the book shows how Roddick has successfully
combined business with social responsibility.

2. Present perfect or present perfect progressive

Complete this conversation between two friends. Use the present perfect or
present perfect progressive form of the verbs in parentheses ( ).

A: Hi. I haven´t seen you around lately. How have you been?

B: OK, thanks. What about you?

A: Not bad. What have you been doing?

B: Nothing special. What about you?

A: I´ve been reading a book for this business course I´m taking. It´s called
Body and Soul. It´s pretty interesting. I can lend it to you when I´m done, if
you´d like.

B: Who´s it by?

A: Anita Roddick have you ever read anything about her?

B: Yes. I´ve seen a few articles about her in the paper.

A: Have you ever bought any of her products?

B: As a matter of fact, I´ve been using her products for years.

A: Oh. Where do you buy them?

B: A new shop has just opened on Broadway.

A: Wow, they´ve been opening everywhere, haven´t they? I wonder where

the next one is going to be.

3. Questions: Present perfect or Present Perfect Progressive

Use the cues to write questions about Anita Roddick.
1. She / sell / cosmetics for a long time?
 Has she been selling cosmetics for a long time?
2. How much money / her business / make this year?
How much money has her business made this year?
3. How long / she / travel / around the world?
How long has she been traveling around the world?
4. How many countries /she / visit?
How many countries has she visited?
5. How many copies of her book / she / sell?
How many copies of her book has she sold?
6. She / write /any books since Body and Soul?
Has she written any books since Body and Soul?
7. She / ever appear on TV?
Has she ever appeared on TV?
8. How long / she and her husband / live in England?
How long have she and her husband lived in England?

UNIT 17
1. SPELLING
ADJETIVES ADVERBS
1. quick quickly
2. nice nicely
3.fast fast
4.good well
5. dangerous dangerously
6.beautiful beautifully
7.hard hard
8.safe safely
9.occasional occasionally
10.happy happily
11.sudden suddenly
12.careful carefully
13.angry angrily
14. Unfortunate unfortunately

2. Word Order
A: congratulations! (heart about / I / apartment / new / your).
1. I heard about your new apartment.
B: thank you! ( news / good / fast / travels)!
2.Good news travels fast!
A: What’s it like?
B: ( five/ rooms/ has / it/ large),
3.It has five large rooms.
And (building / it’s / large/ a / very / in).
4. It’s in a very large building.
A: how’s the rent?
B: ( too/ it’s / bad/ not)
5. It’s not too bad.
A: And what about the neighborhood?
B: (seems/ quiet / it / pretty).
6. It seems pretty quiet.
But (landlord / the / very / speaks / loudly).
7. The landlord speaks very loudly.
A: how come?
B: (well/doesn’t/he /hear)
8. He doesn’t hear well.
A: Well, that doesn’t really matter. (it/decision/was/hard/a)?
9. Was it a hard decision?
B: Not really. We liked the apartment, and besides (quickly/had to / we/ decide).
10. We had to decide quickly.
There were a lot of other people interested in it.
A: Oh, no! Look at the time! ( I / leave / now/ have to ).
11. I have to leave now.
( luck /with /good /apartment /new /your )!
12. Good luck with your new apartment.
B: Thanks. So long.

3. ADJECTIVE OR ADVERB:
Dear Matilda,
I’m totally exhausted! Dan and I finished moving into our new apartment today.
It was a lot of hard work, but everything worked out well.
The apartment looks nice. It’s extremely comfortable. The only problems is with
the heat. I always feel cold. We’ll have to speak to the landlord about it. He seems
pretty friendly.
People tell me that the neighborhood is very safe. That’s really important
because I get home late from work. I hate it when the streets are completely empty as
they were in our old neighborhood. Shopping is good, too. We can get to all the stores
very easily. The bus stop is near the apartment, and the buses run frequently.
Why don’t you come for a visit? It would be wonderful to see you. I haven’t seen
you since our wedding. Please write.
Love,

Betty.

4. –ED or –ING Adjectives

Betty and Dan are going to rent a video. Circle the correct adjective form to complete
these brief movie reviews from a video guide.
BILLY BUDD Based on Hernan Melville’s powerful and (1. fascinated / fascinating)
novel, this well-acted, well-produced film will leave you (2. disturbed / disturbing).
THE BURNING There’s nothing (3. entertained / entertaining) about this 1981 horror
film that takes place in a summer camp. you‘ll be (4. disgusted / disgusting) by all the
blood in this story of revenge.
CHARIOTS OF FIRE Made in England, this is an (5. inspired / inspiring) war
veteran in this (7. moved / moving) drama about the effects of war. Powerful.
THE COMPETITION Well-acted love story about two pianists who fall in love while
competing for the top prize in a concert you’ll be (8. moved / moving). Beautiful music.
FOLLOW ME QUIETLY A (9. frightened / frightening) thriller about a mentally
(10. disturbed / disturbing) man who kills people when it rains. Not for the weak-
hearted.
THE GREEN WALL Mario Robles Godoy’s photography is (11. astonished /
astonishing) in this story of a Young Peruvian family. In Spanish with English
subtitles.
INVASION OF THE BODY SNATCHERS One of the most (12. frightened /
frightening) science fiction movies ever made. You won’t be (13. bored / boring) .
WEST SIDE ATORY No matter how many times you see this classic musical, you’ll
never be (14. disappointed / disappointing). The story based on Shakespeare’s Romeo
and Juliet, is (15. touched / touching), and the music by Leonard Bernstein is delightful
and (16. excited / exciting).
WILBUR AND ORVILLE: THE FIRST TO FLY This is an (17. entertained /
entertaining) biography of the two famous Wright brothers. Good for kids too. They’ll
learn a lot without ever being (18. bored / boring)

UNIT 18
1. Spelling: Regular And Irregular Comparatives.

Complete the chart.

ADJECTIVE COMPARATIVE
1. slow Slower
2. espensive More expansive
3. hot Hotter
4. big Bigger
5. good Better
6. difficult More difficult
7. pretty Prettier
8. beautiful More beautiful
9. bad Worse
10. long Longer
11. far Farther
12. careful More careful
13. dangerous More dangerous
14. early Earlier

2. The comparative from

Betty: Mia!

Mia: Betty! Whatt are you doing here?

Betty: I’m trying to buy a microwave oven. Do you know if the small ones are
really any worse than the larger ones?

Mia: I’m not sure. but I think they’re slower .Are you getting things for your
new apartment?

Betty: Yes. Dan and I moved in last Friday.

Mia: How do you like it?

Betty: It’s great. It’s bigger than our old one. It has an extra bedroom. And it
feces the back ,so it’s more quiet .You can’t hear the traffic at all.

Mia: How’s the rent?

Betty: That’s the only problem. It’s a Little more expensive

.
Mia: But it’s cheaper than a house.

Betty: that’s true. The location is better for us too. Everything is more
convenient shopping, schools.
Mia: Isn’t it farther from your office, though?

Betty: Yes. But I lake the express bus and get there even faster before Besides,
Ican relax on the bus, so it’s really more comfortable.

3. The Comparative From.

Look at thus chart comparing two microwave ovens. Complete the sentences,
using the words in parentheses ( ). Also, fill in the blanks with the Brand-X or Y.
 1. Brand X is more expensive than Brand
2. Brand Y is cheaper than Brand
3. Brand is larger than Brand
4. Brand is heavier than Brand
5. for defrosting Food, Brand is more efficient than Brand
6. For heating Food, Brand is more effective than Brand
Brand is faster tan Brand

UNIT 19ADJETIVES: SUPERLATIVES

1. Spelling: Regular and Irregular superlatives

Complete the chart
Adjectives Superlative
1. Nice the nicest
2. Funny the funniest
3. Big the biggest
4. Wonderful the most important
5. Good the best
6. Bad the worst
7. Happy the happiest
8. Important the most important
9. Warm the warmest
10. Interesting the most interesting
11. Far the farthest
12. Intelligent the most intelligent
13. Slow the slowest
14. Expensive the most expensive

2. The Superlative
Look at the newspaper ads for three cameras and complete the conversation between
a customer and salesclerk. Use the superlative form (the ….- est,or the most/ the least )
 of the adjectives in parentheses ( ). Also, write the name of the camera they are talking
about.
Clerk: Can I help you?
Customer: Yes. I´m looking for a camera for my daughter. I want to spend between $
50.00 and $ 100.00. What´s the best camera you have in that prince range?
Clerk: Well, there are three cameras. I can show you the least expensive is the funji. It
sells for only $39.98
Customer: And how much is the most expensive?
Clerk: That´s the minon . It´s on sale for $ 99.98, and I can guarantee that that´s the
lowest prince in town. It usually sells for $130.00
Customer: How are the three cameras different?
Clerk: Well, the minon is the smallest. It can fit right inside your pocket
Customer: That sounds good. I guess it’s the light est, too
Clerk: No, not really. It´s the only one of the three with a zoom lens. That makes it the
most powerful because it brings the picture closer to you. But it also makes the
camera . the heaviest it weighs 14 ounces. The other two weigh only 10 ounces.
Customer: I see. What about flashes?
Clerk: All three come with a built-in flash. But the minon turns on automatically when
there isn´t enough light. That makes it the most convenient .Oh, you should also
know about a special feature of the rikon . It has what’s called “red-eye reduction”.
That means that when you take a picture of a person and use the flash, the person´s
eyes won´t look red. That´s often a problem when you use a flash
Customer: Oh that´s probably the least important feature in my daughter´s case. She
only takes pictures of flowers and tress!

3. The superlative
Complete these world facts. Use the superlative form of the correct adjectives from the
box.
Busy far large popular small
expensive fast long slow tall
1. Russia is 6,592,800 square miles. It´s the largest country in the world.
2. The Republic of Maldives is only 114 square miles. It´s the smallest country in the
world.
3. The Sears Tower in Chicago has 110 floors. It´s the tallest building in the world.
4. The Seikan Tunnel in Japan stretches for 33.1 miles. It´s the longest tunnel in the
world.
5. The planet Pluto is 3,666 million miles from the Sun. It´s the farthest planet form
the Sun.
6. In one year, O´ Hare airport in Chicago serves almost 60,000,000 passengers. It´s
the busiest airport in the world.
7. More Americans visit Mexico than any other country. It´s the most popular
vacation destination for people form the United States.
8. The cheetah (an animal in the cat family) runs 70 mph. It´s the fastest animal in
the world.
9. The garden snail moves at a speed of only 0.03 mph. It´s the slowest animal in the
world.
10. It costs more than $16,000 a year to go to Bennington College in Vermont. It´s the
most expensive college in the United States.

UNIT 20: ADVERBS: EQUATIVES, COMPARATIVES, And

SUPERLATIVES

1. Spelling: Regular and Irregular comparative and superlative forms of

adverbs
Complete the chart
Abverb Comparative Superlative
1. Quickly more quickly the most quickly
2. Fast faster the fastest
3. Beautifully more beautifully the most beautifully
4. Soon sooner the soonest
5. Dangerously more dangerously the most dangerously
6. Well better the best
7. Early earlier the earliest
8. Carefully more carefully the most carefully
9. Badly worse the worst
10. Far farther the farthest
2. The Comparative Form Of Adverbs
Here is what basketball players from two teams said about the game they played. Complete
their comment. Use the correct form of the words in parentheses ( ). Use than when necessary.

George: the other team played well, but we played much better. That´s why we got the results
we did.
Bob: We played harder than our opponents. We deserved to win, and we did.
Alex: It wasn´t a great game for me. I moved more slowly usual because of my bad ankle. In a
few weeks I should be able to run faster. I hope that´ll help the team.

Rick: Our shooting was off today. We missed too many baskets. We need to shoot more
accurately if we want to win.

Larry: I was surprised by how well they played. They played more aggressively than they’ve
played in a long time. We couldn´t beat them.

Elvin: I’m disappointed. We’ve been playing a lot worse than our opponents this season. We
really have to concentrate better in order to break this losing streak.

Randy: Team spirit was very strong. We played a lot more successfully together, and it paid
off.

Dennis: Of course, I’m happy with the results. But if we want to keep it up, we have to practice
more seriously and more regularly, we have been. I think we got lucky today.

Now write the names of the players under the correct team.

WINNING TEAM LOSING TEAM

George Alex

Bob Rick

Randy Larry

Dennis Elvin

3. Comparison Of Adverbs With As…As

EVENT 100 METER RUN HIGH JUMP DISCUS THROW

 Athlete A 9 min. 36 sec. 7 ft. 9-3/4 in. 217 ft. 2 in.
Athlete B 10 min. 02 sec. 6 ft. 8-1/4 in. 233 ft.
Athlete C 9 min. 59 sec. 7ft. 10 in. 220 ft. 6 in.
Athlete D 10 min. 02 sec. 7 ft. 10in. 233 ft.
Athlete E 10 min. 18 sec. 7 ft. 11 in. 233 ft. 1 in.

1. Athlete B didn´t run as fast as Athlete A.

2. Athlete B ran as fast as Athlete D.
3. Athlete C jumps as nigh as Athlete D.
4. Athlete A didn’t jump as high as Athlete E.
5. Athlete C didn’t throw the discus as for as Athlete E.
6. Athlete D threw the discus as for as Athlete B.
7. All in all, Athlete B didn’t do as well as Athlete D.
8. All in all, Athlete A didn’t compete as successfully as Athlete C.

4. The Comparative And The Superlative Of Adverbs

1. Athlete B ran faster than Athlete E, but Athlete A ran the fastest of all.
2. Athlete E ran the slowest. He ran slower than all the other players.
3. Athlete A jumped higher than Athlete B.
4. Athlete E jumped the highest of all five athletes.
5. Athlete B and D didn’t throw the discus farther than Athlete E.
6. Athlete E threw the discus the farthest.
7. Athlete E won in two categories. He performed the best.

5. The Comparative Of Adverbs To Express Change.

Accurate Fast Graceful High
far frequent Hard Slow

1. Last month Molly ran a mile in twelve minutes. This month she’s running a mile eight
minutes.
She’s running faster and faster.
2. Last month she ran three times a week. This month she’s running every day.
She’s running more and more frequently
3. Last month Billy only threw the ball ten yards. This month He’s throwing it thirteen yards.
He’s throwing the ball farther and farther.
4. Last month when Jennifer shot baskets, she got only five balls in. Now when she shoots
baskets, she gets at least eight balls in.
She’s shooting more and more accurately.
5. Six month ago Hank jumped only four and a half feet. Now he’s jumping almost six feet.
 He’s jumping higher and higher.
6. Tim used to run an eight-minute mile. These days he can only run a ten-minute mile.
He’s running slower and slower.
7. They ice skating team of Sonia and Boris used to get four points for artistic impression.
These days they are scoring more than five points.
They’re skating more and more gracefully.
8. The members of the basketball team used to practice two hours a day. Now they’re
practicing three hours a day.
They’re practicing harder and harder.

6. CORRECT THE MISTAKES:

4/14/94

I just completed my run. I’m running much longer than before. Today I ran for thirty minutes
without getting out of breath. I’m glad I decided to run slower. The more slowly I run, the
farther I can go. I’m really seeing progress. Because I’m enjoying it, I run more and more
frequently. And the more often I do it, the longer and farther I can go. I really believe that
running lets me feel better more quickly than other forms of exercise. I’m even sleeping better
than before!

I’m thinking about running in the next marathon.

I may not run as fast as younger runners, but I think. I can run longer and farther. We’ll see!

UNIT 21: GERUNDS: SUBJECTS AND OBJECTS

1) GERUND AS SUBJECT AND AS OBJECT

KICK UP YOUR HEELS!

In recent years dancing has become a very popular way to stay in shape. In addition to
its health benefits, it also has social advantages. “I enjoy going out and meeting new
people,” says Diana Romero, a 28-years-old Word processor. “Sitting ail day at a
computer isn’t healthy. After work I need to move.” And Diana isn’t alone on the dance
floor. Many people who dislike running
Lifting weights, or doing sit-ups are swaying to the beat of the swing, salsa, and rumba.
So, if you are looking for an enjoyable way to build muscles and friendships, consider
taking a spin on one of the many studio dance floors that are opening up in cities across
the country. “Excessing can be fun,” says Sandra Carron, owner of Studio Two-Step.
So, quit wasting time, grab a partner, and kick up your heels!
2) Gerund As Subject And As Object
Look at the results of this questionnaire on four people”s likes and dislikes.
Then complete the sentences below with appropriate gerunds.
Key: + = enjoy
 = don”t mind

̶ = dislike
DIANA HECTOR MINH
AMY
1. dance + ̶ + ̶
2. walk + + + +
3. do situps ̶ + ̶ ̶
4. play tennis ̶ • + ̶
5. jog ̶ + • ̶
6. lift weights • • ̶ +

1. Hector is the only one who enjoys doing situps

2. Minh doesn”t like hifting weigthts but Diana doesn”t mind it.
3. Diana enjoys dancing , but Amy really dislikes it.
4. Doing situps is the activity that people most disliked.
5. Half of the people don”t mind lifting weights.
6 Dancing is an activity that half of the people enjoy.
7. Walking Is the only activity that all four enjoy.
8. Diana and Minh are going to go dancing together at the two-Step Studio they both
enjoy it.
9. Amy and Diana dislike doing playing tennis
10. They also dislike doing playing tennis

3) Gerund After Certain Verbs

Sandra carrone is having a dance party at her studio. Complete the conversation.
Complete the summary sentences with the appropriate verbs from the box and use the,
gerund form of the verbs in parentheses (…).
Admit deny enjoy mind
regret
Consider dislike keep quit
suggest
1. Minh: Would you like a cup coffee?
Diana: No, thanks. I haven’t had coffee in five years.
Diana quit drinking coffee five years ago.
2. Oscar: oh, they’re playing a tango. Wolds you like to dance?
Rika: No, thanks. It’s not my favorite dance.
Rika dislikes doing the tango.
3. Amy: Do you often come to these dance parties?
Barbara: yes. It” a good opportunity to dance with a lot of different partners.
Barbara enjoys dancing with different partners.
4. Laura: I don”t know how do the cha-cha. Could you show me?
Bill: OK. Just follow me.
Bill doesn’t mind teaching Laura the cha-cha.
5. Diana: This is a difficult dance. How did you learn it?
Minh: I practiced it again and again.
Min kept practicing the dance.
6. Vera: Ow. You stepped on my toe!
Luis: No, I didn’t!
Luis denied stepping on Vera”S toe.
7. Bill: Are you going to take any more classes?
Laura: I”m not sure. I haven”t decided yet. Maybe.
Laura is considering taking more dance classes.

8. Diana: I really love dancing.

Minh: Me too. I’m sorry I didn’t start years ago. It’s a lot of fun.
Minh –regrets not beginning dance lessons sooner.
9. Bill: why don’t we go out for coffee after class next week?
Laura: OK. I”d like that.
Bill suggests going out after class.
10. Minh: You look tired.
 Laura: I am tired. I think this will be the last dance for me.
Laura admits feeling tired.

UNIT 22: GERUNDS AFTER PREPOSITIONS

1.- Prepositions After Certain Verbs And Adjectives
1. Look forward to
2. Be tired of
3. Be used to
4. Insist on
5. Believe in
6. Apologize for/to
7. Approve of
8. Succeed in
9. Be worried about
10. Be opposed to

2.- Gerunds After Prepositions

1. Allen: ¿Where were you? It´s 7:30. Our meeting started at 7:00.
Bob: I know. I´m sorry.
Bob apologized for coming late.
2. Mark: I have some good news to report. We´ve reached our goal. Since our last
meeting, we´ve collected more than 100 student signatures in favor of going on strike.
The students succeeded in collecting more than 100 asignatures.
3. Amy: I´m not so sure it´s a good idea to strike.
Bob: Final exams are in a few weeks. It´ll be a problema if we miss classes.
Bob is worried about missing classes.
4. Amy: I don´t know. We´ve always solved our problems with the administration before.
Bob: That´s true. In the past they´ve always listened to us.
These students are used to working with the administration to solve their problems.
5. Amy: I don´t think we should go on strike. I think we should talk to the administration
again.
Bob: I agree. That´s the best way to solve this problema.
Amy and Bob believe in talking to the administration again.
6. Mark: We´ve been asking the administration for a response for weeks. They´ve said
nothing.
Eva: That´s right. We´ve had enough. We don´t want to wait any more.
These students are tired of waiting for an answer.
7. Bob: Can we give this decisión a little more time?
Mark: No, I´m sorry. We really have to reach a decision today.
Mark insists on reaching a decision immediately.
8. Mark: Let´s take a vote. All those in favor of going on strike raise your hand….OK.
that´s 10 for and 2 against. That means we recommend a strike to the student body.
The student council approves of having a strike.
9. Mark: Well, that´s settled.
Eva: Only two people voted no.
Only two council members are opposed to going on strike.
10. Amy: I don´t know about you, but I´ll be glad when all this is over.
Bob: I know what you mean. I´ll be happy when things return to normal.
Amy and Bob are looking forwardto returning to their normal activities.

3.- Gerunds After Prepositions

Yesterday the student council voted 10 to 2 in favor of going on strike. By striking they hope to
reserve the administration´s decision to fire two popular teachers. The students are against
firing teachers because of their political views. They believe in permitting the free expresión of
all opinions. They feel that teachers, as well as students, should be able tos ay what they want
without being afraid of the administration´s reaction. If the student council succeeds in getting
student support, the strike Will begin on Tuesday. Not all students, however, support the idea of
a strike. Many are afraid of missing classes just a few weeks before exam time. They haven´t
given up trying to solve the problem a with the administration. Other student’s haven´t made up
their minds yet. Which side are you on? Before making a final decision, we suggest that you
attend the students´ meeting on Monday at 4:00. After hearing both sides, it may be easier to
make a decision.
 UNIT 23: INFINITIVES AFTER CERTAIN VERBS

1. Read This Exchange Of Letters In An Advice Column. Use The Cues To Complete
The Letters.
Choose the correct tense of the first verb and use the infinitive form of the second verb.

Dear Gabby,

I´ve known John for two years. Last month

we decided to get married. Since then our
relationship has been a nightmare. John
dsgsggdf
criticizes me for every little thing, and we
are constantly fighting. I want to see a
marriage counselor, but John refuses to go
with me. Last night he even threatened to
end the relationship if I mention the idea of
counseling again.

I don´t understand what´s going on. We

used to get along great. I still love John, but I
hesitate to take the next step. What should
I do?

One Step Out the Door

Dear One Step Out the Door,

I´ve heard your story many time before.

John seems to be afraid of getting
married. As soon as you got engaged, he
attempted to create distance by fighting
with you. I agree that counseling is a good
idea if you intend to stay together. Maybe
each of you needs to speak to a counselor
separately before going to one together. It´s
possible that John will agree to go alone to
discuss some of his fears.

Gabby
2. Verb + Infinitive Or Verb + Object + Infinitive
Read some typical conversations that take place between men and women in relationships.
Complete the summary statements.

1. She: I really think you should see a therapist.

He: I´m not going to
She urged him to see a therapist
He refused to see a therapist
2. He: You do the dishes.
She: No, you do the dishes.
He didn´t want to do the dishes
She wanted him to do the dishes
3. He : Don´t forget to buy some milk
She: OK. I´ll get some on the way home.
He reminded her to buy some milk
She agreed to buy some milk
4. She: will you do me a favor? Could you drive me to my aunt´s?
He: OK
She asked him to drive her to her aunt´s
He agreed to drive her to her aunt´s
5. She: Would you like to have dinner at my place Friday night?
He: Uhm. I´m not sure. Uhm I guess so.
She invited him to have dinner at her place
He hesitated to have dinner at her place
6. She: Will you give me your answer tomorrow?
He: Yes, I will. That´s a promise.
She wants him to give her his answer
He promised to give her his answer.

7. She: would you like me to cut your hair? It’s really long.

He: oh, ok.

She offered to cut his hair.

He is going to allow her to cut his hair.

8. She: it’s 8:00. I thought you said you’d be home at 7:00.

He: No. I always get home at 8:00.

She expected him to be home at 7:00.

He expected to be home at 8:00.

 UNIT 24: INFINITIVE OF PURPOSE
1. Affirmative And Negative Statements
Read the pairs of sentences. Combine them, using the infinitive of purpose.

1. I went to Lacy’s department store. I wanted to buy some clothes.

I went to Lacy’s department store to buy some clothes.
2. He bought an alarm clock. He didn’t want to over sleep
He bought an alarm clock in order not to oversleep
3. She used her credit card. She didn’t want top lay right away
She used her credit card in order not top ay right away.
4. I asked for the dressing room. I wanted to try on a dress.
I asked for the dressing room in order to try on a dress.
5. They went to the snack bar. They wanted to get a drink.
They went to the snack bar in order to get a drink.
6. I’m going to wait for a sale. I want to save some money.
I’m going to wait for a sale in order to save some money.
7. She tried don the blouse. She wanted to be sure of the size.
She tried on the blouse in order to be sure of the size.
8. He only took fifty dollars with him. He didn’t want to spend more.
He only took fifty dollars with him in order not to spend more.
9. They went to Lacy’s on Monday. They didn’t want to miss the sale.
they went to Lacy’s on Monday in order not to miss the sale.
10. She asked the salesclerk to show her the scarf. She wanted to feel the material.
She asked the salesclerk to show her the scarf in order to feel the material.

2. Affirmative And Negative Statements

These conversations take place in a department store. Complete them use the verbs in the box and
the infinitive pof purpose.

Ask cut have pay sign

Carry find out miss return waste

A. Before we start looking around, I want to go to the information desk

B. Oh, Why do you need to do there?

A. To ask where the petites department is. I can never find it. They keep changing its
location.

A. I’d like to return this

B. Do you have the receipt?
A. No, I don’t. I got it as gift, and I really can’t use it.
B. Hmm. I see there’s no Price tag on it. I’m sorry, but you need the receipt or the price4 tag
to return it.
 A. Do you always pay by credit card?
B. Most of the time. What about you?
A. No. I don’t like to pay finance charges. It ends up being more expensive that way.
B. I know what you mean. I always try to pay the bill immediately in order not to pay a
finance charge.

A. Can I please have a shopping bag?

B. Sure.
A. Thanks. I need one to carry all this stuff.

A. Do you have a pen?

B. Here you are
A. Thanks. I need one to sign my name.

A: I’m hungry.

B: me too. Let’s go to the food court to have a snack.

A: good idea. I always get hungry when I go shopping.

A: Excuse me. Do you have a sharper knife? I need one to cut this steak. It’s a little tough.

B: I’m sorry. I’ll bring you one right away.

A: how do those shoes fit?

B: I’m not sure. They may be a little tight.

A: walk around a little to find out if they’re the right size.

A: We should leave now.

B: why? It’s only 5:00.

A: I know. But we have to leave now in order not to miss the express bus.

A: Here’s the up escalator, but where’s the escalator going down?

B: Oh, let’s just take the elevator in order not to waste time.

UNIT 25 INFINITIVES MITH TOO AND ENOUGH

1. Word Order:
A: Tell me about you next job.

B: Well, like most jobs it has its positive and negative points.
 1. Near / for me /it’s /to walk to work/ enough

It’s near enough for me to walk to work.

2. - too/its/noisy /for me /to concentrate

It’s too noisy for me to concentrate. (-)

3. - varied/to be interesting/the work/ enough/is

The work is varied enough to be interesting. (+)

4. - for me /the salary/ enough/ to support my family /is/high

The salary is high enough for me to support my family. (+)

5. - to hold/ my desk/ small/ is /too/ all my things.

My desk is too small to hold all my things. (-)

6. - late/ I / sleep/ enough /can/ to feel awake in the morning

I can sleep late enough to feel awake in the morning, (+)

7. - for me / my boss/quickly/ to understand him/ speaks/ too

My boss speaks too quickly for me to understand him. (-)

8. Aren’t /low/the bookshelves/ to reach/ for me/ enough

The bookshelves aren’t low enough for me to reach. (- )

2.- Infinitives With Too And Enough

1. A: ¿Can you read the boss´s handwriting?
B: No. It´s too messy for me to read.

2. A: ¿It´s 11:00 a.m. Do you think we can call Mr. Lin in San Francisco?
B: Sure. It´s 8:00 a.m. there. That´s late enough to call.

3. A: ¿Could you help me with those boxes?

B: Sorry. They´re too heavy for me to carry. I have a bad back.

4. A: This coffe is terrible.

B: ¿What´s the matter with it?
A: It´s too sweet to drink. It tastes like someone put about four tablespoons of
sugar in it.

5. A: ¿Do you think we can put the fax machine on that shelf?
B: Sure. It´s small enough to fit.
 6. A: Hey, guys. ¿Can you keep the noise down, please? It´s too noisy for me to
think.
B: Sorry. We´ll try to be quieter.

7. A: ¿Did you hear that Alex is retiring?

B: You´re kidding! He´s not even fifty. He´s not old enough to retire.

8. A: ¿Can you turn on the air conditioner, please?

B: ¡The air conditioner! It´s not hot enough to need the air conditioner.
What are you going to do in August when it really gets hot?

9. A: I don´t feel well. I think I´m going to go home early.

B: Maybe you should call the doctor.
A: Oh. I´m not sick enough to call the doctor. I just need to get some rest.

10. A: ¿Can you help me get that box?

B: Sure.
A: Thanks. It´s too high for me to reach.
3.- Correct The Mistakes
Dear Mom and Dad,

I´m almost too tired to write. I can’t believe how hard Boy Scout camp is. Today we went

out on a two-hour hike. It was over 90° in the shade! It was too hot to think. We had to

take a lot of stuff with us, too. My backpack was too heavy for me to lift. I don´t think I´m

strong enough to complete the program. How did I get into this mess? Is it too late to get

out? Please write.

Love,

Tommy

P.S. The food is terrible. It´s not good enough to eat. ¿Can you send some Candy bars?
UNIT 26
CONTRAST: GERUNDS AND INFINITIVES
1. Gerund or Infinitive

Complete this notice about neighborhood crime prevention. Use the correct form of the verbs in
parentheses ( ).

Join Your Neighborhood Watch

Making our neighborhood safe is sour main concern. Here are
some safety tips:
 Remember to lock your doors and Windows when you go out.
 Don´t forget to leave some lights on when you´re not at home.
 Avoid walking alone on dark, desert streets.
 Learn to be aware of your surroundings.
 Don´t stop to look for your house keys.
Have them in your hand before you get to the door.
 Consider taking a class in self-defense.
The adult Center offers free classes.
 Don´t hesitate to ask a police officer for help
It´s better to be safe than sorry.
Stop living in fear. Join your Neighborhood Watch.

The next meeting i son Tuesday, March 3, at the Community

Center, 7:00 pm.

Please attend! We look forward to seeing you there.

2. Gerund or Infinitive

These conversations took place at a community center. Complete the summary statements about
them. Choose the right verbs or expressions from the box and use the gerund or infinitive form of
the verbs in parentheses.

Afford be tired of enjoy intend quit remember

Agree believe in forget offer refuse stop

1. Joe: Have you ever been to one of these meetings before?

 Nancy: Yes. You get a lot of useful tips. Besides, I like to meet my neighbors.
Nancy enjoys meeting her neighbors.

2. Andrea: Why did you start coming to these meetings?

Frank: My apartment was broken into twice. I´ve had enough. I want to do something
about it.
Frank is tired of being a crime victim.

3. Craig: Would you like a cup of coffee?

Sylvie: Oh, no thanks.
Craig: Don´t you drink a coffee?
Sylvie: I used to, but I gave it up a year ago.
Sylvie quit drinking coffee.

4. Caryn: I think these meetings are really important. You can get a lot accomplished when
you work with other people.
Fernando: I know what you mean.
Caryn believes in working with other people.

5. Jane: Did you bring Gerry´s book?

Sara: Oh, no. I left it at work.
Jane forgot to bring Gerry´s book.

6. Sharon: Did you lock the Windows before we left the house?
Jim: No, you locked the Windows. I saw you do it.
Sharon: That´s strange. I don´t remember locking them!

7. Tom: You’re late. I was getting worried.

Betsy: I’m sorry. On the way over here. I noticed that I was almost out of gas. So I went to
till up the tank.
Betsy stopped to get gas.

8. Cathy: I really don’t like the neighborhood anymore.

Mike: So why don’t you move?
Cathy: The rents are too high everywhere else.
Cathy can’t afford to move.

9. Camille: I was afraid to come to the meeting tonight.

Vilma: Well. I just won’t live in fear.
Vilma refuses to live in fear.

10. Sara: Do you have a burglar alarm?

Dave: No. But I’m definitely going to get one.
Dave intends to get a burglar alarm.
 11. Rachel: Do you think you could help us organize the next meeting?
Walter: OK.
Walter agreed to help with the next meeting.

12. Axel: Would you like a ride home?

Joanna: Thanks. That would be great.
Axel offered to drive Joanna home.

3. Gerund or Infinitive

Rewrite these sentences. Use the gerund or infinitive.

1. It’s important to know your neighbors.
Knowing your neighbors is important.

2. Going to the community center is fun.

It’s fun to go to the community center.

3. It’s wise to be cautious.

Being cautious is wise.

4. Walking on ice s dangerous.

It’s dangerous to walk on ice.

5. Installing a burglar alarm is a good idea.

It’s a good idea to install a burglar alarm.

6. It’s not good to be afraid all the time.

Being afraid all the time is not good.

7. Walking alone on a dark, deserted street is risky.

It’s risky to walk alone on a dark, deserted street.

8. Working together is helpful.

It’s helpful to work together.
UNIT 27
ABILITY: CAN, COULD, BE ABLE TO
1. Affirmative and Negative Statements with Can and Could

Read about this student’s ability in English. Make statements.

1. Before this course, he couldn’t understand conversational English.

Now he can understand conversational English.

2. He couldn’t understand recorded announcements before the course, and he still can’t
understand them.

3. He can read an English newspaper now, and he could read one before, too.

4. He couldn’t read an English novel before the course, and he still can’t read one.

5. Now he can speak on the phone, but before the course he couldn’t speak on the phone.
6. Before the course, he couldn’t speak with a group of people, but now he can speak with
a group of people.

7. Before the course, he couldn’t write a social letter.

Now he can write one.
 8. Before the course, he couldn’t write a business letter, and he still can’t write one.

9. He couldn’t order a meal in English before the course, but now he can order a meal in
English.

10. He can go shopping now, and he could go shopping before, too

2. Questions and Answer with Can and Could

Complete this interview with another student.

1. A: (speak / any other languages?)
Can you speak any other languages?

B: Ye. I can. I speak two other languages.

2. A: (What / languages / speak?)

What languages can you speak?

B: Spanish and French.

3. A: (speak Spanish / when you were a child?)

Could you speak Spanish when you were a child?

B: No, I couldn’t. I learned it as an adult.

4. A: (speak French?)
Could you speak French?

B: Yes, I could. We spoke French some of the time at home.

5. A: (Before you came here/ understand spoken English?)

Before you came here, Could you understand spoken English?

B: No, I couldn’t. I didn’t understand anything!

6. A: What about now? (Understand on lyrics?)

Can you understand son lyrics?

B: Yes, I can. Especially if I listen to them more than once.

7. A: (Before this course / write a business letter in English?)

Before this course, could you write a business letter in English?

B: No, I couldn’t. But I used to write in English to my friends.

8. A: Enough about languages. Tell me some more about yourself. For example. (drive a car
before you came here?)
Could you drive a car before you came here?
 B: No, I couldn’t. I was too young.

9. A: (drive a car now?)

Can you drive a car now?

B: No, I can’t. I still haven’t learned.

10. A: (What / do now / that / not do before?)

What can you do now that you couldn’t do before?

B: Oh! I can do a lot of things now that I couldn’t do before.

3. Affirmative and Negative Statements with Be able to

Complete this article about loss. Use the correct form of be able to and the verbs in
parentheses ( ).
There are more than 26 million people in the United States who have some degree of hearing loss.
There are two major types of hearing loss.

1. Sound Sensitivity loss. People with this kind of loss are not able to hear soft sounds—a
whisper or a bird singing, for example. However, when sounds are loud enough, they are
able to interpret them correctly.

2. Sound Discrimination Loss. People with this kind of hearing loss are not able to
distinguish one sound from another. As a result of this, they are not able to understand
speech—even when it is loud enough for them to hear.

How do people with hearing disabilities cope in a hearing world? Most people with hearing
impairments are able to hear some sounds. Since the widespread availability of the hearing
aid, many people have been able to regain some of their ability to hear. Some people with
hearing disabilities are able to read lips. But, at best, lip Reading is only 30 to 50 percent
effective. Even a good lip-reader is not able to recognize all the sounds. Just ask someone to
silently mouth the words pat, bat, and mat. They sound different, but they all look the same.
Besides, the human eye is not able to work fast enough to process speech by vision alone. By
far, the most successful form of communication is signing—the use of sign language. People
with hearing impairments are able to communicate successfully with others who know this
language.

4. Questions and short Answer with Be Able to

Sensitivity to sound is measured in decibels. Look at this chart. It shows the decibel
measurements of some common sounds.

0 decibels softest sound a typical car can hear

20 decibels a whisper
45 decibels soft conversational speech
55 decibels loud conversational speech
65 decibels loud music from the radio
75 decibels city traffic
100 decibels loud Factory noise
110 decibels loud amplified rock band
120 decibels loud power tool
140 decibels jet engine at takeoff

Source: Rezen and Hausman, coping with hearing loss: A Guide for adults and their Families, New
York: Dembner Books, 1985.

Mary has a hearing loss of 50 decibels. This means she will not be able to hear sounds that have a
loudness of 50 decibels or less. Ask and answer these questions about what will be able to hear at
the party she is going to.

1. A: Will she be able to hear a whisper?

B: No, she won`t
2. A: will she be able to hear loud music?
B: Yes, she will.
3. A: Will she be able to hear a soft conversation?
B: No, she won`t
4. A: Will she be able to hear loud traffic?
B: Yes, she will
5. A: Will she be able to hear loud conversation?
B: Yes, she will.

5. Contrast: Can and Be Able to

Read this information about a well- known actress who is deaf. Complete it with the
correct form of can or be able to and the verbs in parentheses ( ).
Actress Marleen Matlin could hear at birth but lost her hearing at the age of 18 months as a result
of a childhood illness. By the age of five, she could read lips. Shortly after that, she mastered sign
language. At first, Matlin felt angry and frightened by her hearing impairment. ¨I wanted to be
perfect, and I could not accept my deafness¨, she said during an interview. With time, however,
she was able to learn to accept it.

Matlin began her acting career at the age of eight, when she performed in theater for the deaf. In
1986, she received an Oscar nomination for best actress in the Hollywood film, Children of a Lesser
God. In the movie, she played the role of an angry woman who was deaf and did not want to
speak. For Matlin, however, speaking is very important. At the Oscar ceremonies, she was able to
accept her award verbally. It was the first time the public heard her speak. “It’s what I wanted to
do, because a lot of people all over the world could see me for who I am”, she said. Matlin was
worried, however. “What other roles will I be able to do in the future?” She asked.

Since her Oscar award, Matlin has appeared in another Hollywood movie, a television movie, and
has co-starred in her own TV SERIES. Reasonable Doubts. One reviewer said about Matlin, “She
can do more saying nothing than most people can do talking”.

Matlin doesn`t think of herself as a “deaf actress”. She is an “actress who happens to be deaf”. She
has been able to master both the deaf and hearing worlds. Since recent intensive speech training,
she has been able to speak very clearly, and in the future, she hopes she will be able to get roles
that are not specifically written for people with hearing impairments.

6. Find the mistakes

Read this student`s composition there are seven mistakes in the use of can and be able to.
Find correct them.

Before I came to this country, I couldn’t do many things in English.

For example, I couldn’t follow a conversation if many people were talking at the same
time. I remember one occasion at a party. I wasn’t able to understand a Word! I felt so
uncomfortable. Finally, my aunt came to pick me up, and I was able to leave the party.

Today I can understand much better. Since last month, I’ve been able to practice a lot.
I am taking classes at the adult center. My teacher is very good. She can explain things
well, and she always gives us the chance to talk a lot in class. I can do a lot now, and I
think in a few more months I will be able to do even more.

7. Personalization
Look at the English Languages Ability Questionnaire in Exercise 1. Write sentences about
your English ability now and before this course.

1. Before the course I couldn’t read an English newspaper, now I can read one.
2. I can speak an English frequently, but before this course, I couldn’t speak an English.
3. Now I can answer my entire English exam, before this course I couldn’t answer anything.
4. Now I can participate in the English class, but before this course, I couldn’t participate.