Frames and Machines

Trusses
1). Consists of pins
2). Straight 2-force members
3). Forces directed along the member
Frames
- Structures that have at least one multi-force member
• 3 or more forces
- Forces usually will not be directed along the member
• Thus, should be represented by 2 unknown components (for 2-D).
Frames
1). Support loads
2). Usually stationary
3). Fully constrained
Machines
1). Transmit and modify forces
2). May or may not be stationary
3). Always contain moving parts

Analysis of a frame (rigid)

Let's take a look at the crane

C E F

B W

G A

FBD
D

C E F M A  0  T
T
Fx  0  Ax
B W
Fy  0  Ay
A x
A

A y
Internal Forces

Cy
-F BE C x

Cx F
T C BE
W
FBE y

B F BE
M C  0  FBE
Ax A
M E  0  C y
Fx  0  C x
Ay

Analysis of a frame (non-rigid)

The crane we looked at could keep its shape without the help of its supports A, and G.
P C Q

A B

Many frames will collapse if detached from their supports, for example:

Should be considered as 2 rigid bodies

A x B x

A y B y
C y
Q
P C -C x
x

-C y

A B x
x

A B y
4 unknowns y 2 unknowns
3 equations 3 equations
6 unknowns
6 equations
Analysis of a machine

Let's look at a pair of cutting pliers

P -Q

-P Q
This forms a nonrigid structure, thus we must use one of the component parts to determine the
unknown forces.
P
Ay

A x

a b
Q

  M A  0 F y  0
Fx  0
Pa  Qb  0 Ay  P  Q  0
Ax  0
Pa  Qb Ay  P  Q
Examples

1). Given: The following frame

800 mm
D
200 Nm
800 mm
C
1600 mm 800 mm
A B

800 mm

Find: Forces at B and C

200 Nm
C

o
FAC 45

Bx

By

  M B  0
200  FAC cos 45(0.8)  0
FAC  354 N

Fx  0 F y  0
 B x  FAC sin 45  0 FAC cos 45  B y  0
B x  250 N B y  144.3 N
2). Given: The following frame

310 N A

30 o B
r = 1.4m

1.92 m
C

0.56 m
Find: Force in BD and reaction at C

Note: BD is a 2 force member, thus the force it exerts on ABC is directed along BD.

310 N A
0.7 m
B

1.4 m F BD
1.92 m
C x

C y

1.4 m 0.56 m

Fx  0 F y  0
C x  310  0.56
2 (375)  0 C y  1.292 ( 375)  0
C x  205 N C y  360 N
C x  205 N  C y  360 N 

 M C  0
310( 2.1)  0.56
2 FBD (1.4)  1.292 FBD (1.4)  0
FBD  375 N
FBD  375 N C
3). Given: A force P of magnitude 2.4 kN applied to the piston of the engine system shown.
P

250 mm
B M 100 mm
A
75 mm
Find: Determine the moment M required to hold the system in equilibrium

FBD Piston
P
BC  75 2  250 2  261
Fy  0
 250   261 
C N FBCy  P  0 FBCy  FBC    FBC  FBCy  
 261   250 
FBCy  P  75   261  75   75 
F BCy F FBCx  FBC    FBCy     P   0. 3 P
BC 261 250 261
      250 
B F BCx

FBD is a 2 force member

F.B.D. Crank AB
F BCx M
A x
F BCy

A y

  M A  0
FBCx (0.1)  FBCy (0.075)  M  0
M  0.3P (0.1)  P (0.075)
M  0.105 P

For P = 2.4 kN
M  0.105( 2.4)
M  252 Nm cw