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Review of Energy Aware Routing Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks

Article · August 2017

DOI: 10.9790/9622-0708033438

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Namit Gupta.et.al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Application www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 7, Issue 8, ( Part -3) August 2017, pp.34-38

RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS

Review of Energy Aware Routing Protocols for Wireless Sensor

Networks
1
Namit Gupta, 2 Dr. Kunwar Singh Vaisla, 3 Dr. Rajeev Kumar,
4
Dr. M. M. S. Rauthan,
1
Research Scholar, Department of Computer Science, Uttrakhand Technical University, Dehradun,
Uttarakhand, India
2
Associate Professor, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, BTKIT, Dwarhat, Uttarakhand, India
3
Assistant Professor, Department of Computer Science, Teerthanker Mahaveer University, Moradabad, Uttar
Pradesh, India
4
Department of Computer Science, HNB Garhwal University, Srinagar, Uttarakhand, India

ABSTRACT
A wireless sensor network is a self organizing, infrastructure less, bidirectional communication network of
resources limited sensors which not simply sense the environment but collaboratively attain information
gathering and distribution tasks. The necessitate to preserve energy to enlarge the network’s lifetime is the most
vital issue in the design of routing protocols for wireless sensor networks. In this paper, we present brief
description and evaluation of different energy aware routing protocols for wireless sensor networks. This can be
accomplished by using a range of methods like apply residual energy, placing inactive node in to the sleeping
mode, adaptive energy or transmission range which not alone improves the network survivability but also
improves wireless sensor network performance.
Keywords: Energy Aware Routing, Network Lifetime, power consumption.

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Date of Submission: 04-08-2017 Date of acceptance: 14-08-2017
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I. INTRODUCTION
Energy efficiency is one of the significant
factors for wireless sensor networks. Although
energy harvesting from environment is also
potential in some applications. But the focus is on
sensor nodes with non rechargeable batteries. Due
to restricted energy resources and constraint of long
operation time, modern communication techniques
need to be developed that consider to reduce energy
inefficiencies in all networking layers. In wireless Fig 1: WSN Node Clustering
communication, communication needs
supplementary power than data processing. The first category aggregates the data
additional the nodes transmitting more will be gathered from different sources and then sends the
battery consumption. So to lessen data redundancy final data. The second category merges the data
data aggregation techniques are used. There are two from different sources beneath single header and
categories of data aggregation techniques [21]. sends it to the sink node. This header packet
consolidates and passes it to the base station devoid
of any variation to the original data from the
sensors. Therefore accuracy is improved [21].

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 Review of Energy Aware Routing Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks

a naming system that is (i) expressive, to describe

and make requests based on specific properties of
services, (ii) responsive, to track changes due to
mobility and performance, (iii) robust, to handle
failures, and (iv) easily configurable. INS uses a
simple language based on attributes and values for
its names. Applications use the language to
describe what they are looking for (i.e., their
intent), not where to find things (i.e., not
hostnames).
INS equipment a late binding mechanism
that integrates name resolution and message
Fig 2: Power Efficient Gathering in Sensor routing, enabling clients to prolong communicating
Information Systems with end-nodes even if the name-to-address
mappings adjust while a session is in progress. INS
Clustering techniques are needed to resolvers self-configure to form an application-
improve the scalability of the network. Apart from level overlay network, which they use to discover
achieving scalability of the network it has further novel services, perform late binding, and maintain
advantages like conserving communication authorak consistency of names using soft-state
bandwidth inside the clusters, localizing energy name exchanges and updates. author investigate the
efficient route setup inside the clusters etc. Routing performance of the INS algorithms and protocols,
protocols based on this approach are LEACH, present measurements of a Java-based
HEED and DECA etc. LEACH (Low Energy implementation, and describe three applications
Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy) is a cluster based author have implemented that demonstrate the
protocol which randomly selects a few nodes as feasibility and utility of INS.
cluster heads. These cluster heads eliminate data In this paper [19], author appear at
redundancy and send the aggregated packet to base communication protocols, which can have
station in order to reduce the information that must significant impact on the overall energy dissipation
be transmitted to BS. In HEED (Hybrid Energy of these networks. Based on our findings that the
Efficient Distributed Clustering Approach, cluster conventional protocols of direct transmission,
head is selected on the basis of residual energy of minimum-transmission-energy, multi-hop routing,
the node. This method ensures that every node also and static clustering may not be most advantageous
will get a chance to become a cluster head or will for sensor networks, author proposed LEACH
connect one of the neighboring clusters. It not (Low-Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy), a
merely extend networks’ lifetime except also bear clustering-based protocol that utilizes randomized
scalable data aggregation. rotation of local cluster base stations (cluster-
Tree based approach, tree resembling heads) to evenly distribute the energy load amongst
structure is used to cumulative the data in the sensors in the network. LEACH uses localized
hierarchical manner where leaves are the sensor coordination to enable scalability and robustness
nodes and the root is the sink node. As data for dynamic networks, and incorporates data fusion
activities through intermediate nodes, it gets into the routing protocol to reduce the amount of
aggregated itself. several protocols based on this information that must be transmitted to the base
approach are PEGASIS, PEDAP etc. PEGASIS station. Simulations show that LEACH can achieve
(Power Efficient Gathering in Sensor Information as much as a factor of 8 reduction in energy
Systems) is a tree based protocol in which sensor dissipation compared with conventional routing
nodes communicate only with their neighbors to protocols. In addition, LEACH is able to distribute
decrease the power consumption. Since there are no energy dissipation evenly throughout the sensors,
cluster heads, it minimizes the overhead doubling the constructive system lifetime for the
effectively. In this technique, the data aggregated networks author simulated.
by the sensor nodes will be sent to the sink node by In this paper [18], Author proposed an
one of the node in the sequence. Hence each node adaptive rate control mechanism aiming to support
will get a possibility to transmit the gathered data. these two goals and find that such a scheme is most
effective in achieving our fairness goal while being
II. REVIEW OF LITERATURE energy efficient for both low and high duty cycle of
This paper proposed [20] the design and network traffic.
implementation of the Intentional Naming System During this paper [17], author outline
(INS), a resource discovery and service location network period of time because the time spanning
system for dynamic and mobile networks of from the moment once the network starts
devices and computers. Such environments require functioning properly, till a similar level of coverage

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 Review of Energy Aware Routing Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks

can\'t be secured to any extent further attributable author concludes that this algorithm uses less
to lack of energy in sensors. To maximize system energy than traditional algorithms. However,
period of time, author proposed to use sensing further proposals are needed to confirm the
element abstraction redundancy by process subsets delivery of packets under non-uniform transmission
of sensors active in several time periods, to permit range. Also protocol must be improved to decrease
sensors to save lots of energy once inactive. During the delay.
this paper, author consider regarding video police During this paper [13], author proposed a
investigation and aforementioned about the way to unique mathematical model for shrewd the higher
save the ability of a sensing element by golf shot bounds on the period of time of a sensing element
them in sleep mode after they area unit inactive so network. Sensors area unit organized into clusters
author are able to improve the period of time of the and a applied math model is introduced for shrewd
network however it absolutely was unacceptable in a cluster head rotation schedule. In contrast to most
continuous transmission of the information. alternative cluster algorithms, this rule maximizes
During this paper [16], author conferred the network period of time instead of minimizing
AN energy-efficient distributed cluster approach the energy dissipation of sensors, during this paper,
for ad-hoc sensing element networks. The approach author proposed a unique mathematical model for
is hybrid: cluster heads area unit at random elite shrewd the higher bounds on the period of time of a
supported their residual energy, and nodes are part sensing element network so it maximizes the
of clusters specified communication significance is network period of time instead of minimizing the
decreased. During this paper, author proposed a energy dissipation of sensors however it doesn't
replacement energy economical approach for work once the network is incredibly massive.
cluster nodes in unintentional sensing element During this paper [12], author gift a period
networks. Author anticipated a protocol, HEED of time communication protocol for sensing
(Hybrid Energy-Efficient Distributed clustering), element networks, known as SPEED. The protocol
that sporadically selects cluster heads per a hybrid provides 3 varieties of period of time
of their residual energy and a minor parameter, like communication services, namely, period of time
node proximity to its neighbors or node degree to unicast, period of time area-multicast and period of
enhance network period of time however during time area-any cast. SPEED is specifically tailored
this approach it doesn't take into account any to be a unsettled, localized rule with borderline
assumptions about the distribution or density of management overhead. In this paper, author
nodes, or regarding node capabilities. proposed a period of time communication protocol
Backhyun Kim et. Al [15], In this paper, for sensing element networks, known as SPEED
authors proposed an energy-aware routing protocol that provides period of time communication
to reduce the energy consumption of wireless services and it maintains a desired delivery speed
sensor networks. This was accomplished by the across the network through a unique combination
combination of tree-based minimum transmission of feedback management and non-deterministic
energy routing and cluster-based hierarchical qos-aware geographic forwarding however it
routing. In this technique, a cluster-head is chosen considers solely regarding the info delivery of the
with highest energy node such that the size of every network.
cluster is less than and/or equal to hops. Every During this paper [11], Author developed
node can have different energy level which theme by coming up with the network with
transmits its data to its cluster-head with short multiple-sized fastened grids whereas taking under
distance tree algorithm. Cluster head sends data to consideration the arbitrary-shaped space perceived
the other cluster-head or the sink with tree based by the sensing element nodes. In this paper, author
minimum transmission energy algorithm due to the considers the various initial energy states of
limit of nodes’ transmission range. Since the node sensors, and placed that sensing element per that
address represents its energy level, it is easy to energy state. Therefore energy loss was avoided.
reconstruct routing tree when wireless nodes or However shrewd completely different initial energy
cluster-heads die. This technique is helpful to state and inserting the node per that energy state is
create a new route specially when a node, about to tough in real time.
die, falling in the path of sink node. Hanh-Phuc Le et. Al [10], Considers one
R. Vidhyapriya et. Al [14], In this paper a of the energy constraints i.e. Network survivability
reactive routing protocol called energy aware and tradeoffs which affects energy-aware routing
routing is introduced that is intended to provide a strategies. The proposed adaptive energy-slope
reliable transmission with low energy consumption. control (AESC) method try to keep each and every
This protocol uses two metrics link quality and the node alive for a certain required maintenance
available energy to identify an energy efficient period. This method suppresses a mote from being
routing path, which in turn minimizes packet a favorite intermediary node with high traffic for
collisions and increases the network lifetime. The long period of time. In the proposed strategy, the

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 Review of Energy Aware Routing Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks

network is expected to cope with worst cases of In this paper [4], proposed an on-demand
environment-dependent connectivity while still routing protocol based on adaptive threshold
sustain energy-efficient connections in normal transmission range and adaptive threshold energy
situations. The author concludes that the proposed which considerably enlarge network lifetime by
strategy optimizes the use of various energy improving energy utilization in routing. In this
sources like scavengers for each sub network so as paper, the transmission power of node is varied
to extend the network survivability. according to the minimum amount of neighboring
Zhi Chen et. Al [9], proposed a new nodes connected in the network.
algorithm Adaptive Energy-Aware routing Protocol In this investigation [3], author develop a
(AEAP), which is based on Link Estimation and cluster routing algorithm over large-scale networks
Parent Selection (LEPS) protocol. This algorithm and anticipated a low-duty-cycle medium access
uses a broadcast delay method to suppress frequent control algorithm to reduce collision, idle-listening,
updates to mitigate unnecessary rebroadcasts. It is a and overhearing. In addition, this work focuses on
load balancing strategy which consider both energy the combined optimization of routing and a
state and link quality to choose next hop among medium access control policy for achieving a
neighboring nodes and cope with changes in superior trade-off among low delay, energy
topology with an adaptive node self-organization efficiency, and tracking accuracy. To organized this
mechanism. protocol in a real tracking application, author also
During this paper [8], author proposed the proposed a clustering synchronization procedure
way to place sensors by use of a borderline variety that does not necessitate distributing the global
to maximize the coverage space once the timing information over the absolute network to
communication radius of the metal is not but the achieve network-wide time synchronization.
sensing radius, which ends within the application Target tracking applications in wireless
of standard topology to wireless sensor networks sensor networks need to attain energy efficiency,
preparation. This paper author mentioned the small tracking accuracy, and certain real-time constraints
print of sensing element preparation. Attributable in response to the fast-moving targets. From a layer
to best coverage sensing element preparation, it view, an energy-efficient cross-layer
reduces the number of sensors usage and conjointly communication protocol that consists of a medium
will increase the period of time of sensors. access control layer and network routing layer is
George-Emil Vieriu et. Al [7], proposed a necessary for dual optimization. Due to the
power aware adaptive routing protocol and interference and contention above the wireless
topology control at network layer which is based medium, the limited resources of battery-operated
on the residual operating time of sensor nodes. The sensor devices and the active topology of large-
proposed protocol can adapt to the changes of the scale networks, this cross-layer design becomes a
energy reserves of the network. In addition to challenging assignment.
power monitoring power down management and This paper [2], proposed a Trust and
sleep management is also implemented locally for Energy aware Secure Routing Protocol (TESRP)
each node. for wireless sensor network that developed a
Akoijam Premita et. Al [6], proposed a distributed trust model for discover along with
power efficient routing protocol which saves the separation of mischievous nodes. Trust and Energy
energy by selecting the energy efficient path in the aware Secure Routing Protocol employs a multi-
routing method. To increase the energy efficiency facet routing strategy that takes into consideration
additional transmission power of the nodes is also the trust level, residual energy, and hop-counts of
adjusted based on the location of their neighbors. wireless sensor neighboring nodes while making
The proposed protocol extend the life time of the routing decisions. This strategy not simply ensures
overall sensor network by avoiding the unbalanced data dissemination using trusted nodes but also
exhaustion of node battery powers as traffic balances out energy consumption amongst trusted
congestion occurs on specific nodes participating in nodes while traversing through shorter paths.
data transfer. However, there is need to handle In this paper [1], author proposed a Trust
overhead of mobility and topology changes in such and Energy aware Routing Protocol (TERP) that
energy restricted environment. makes use of a distributed trust model for the
Savita Lonare et. Al [5], provided survey discover along with separation of mischievous
of routing protocols for wireless sensor network nodes. TERP incorporates a composite routing
which give enhanced performance with limited function that residual-energy, encompasses trust,
resources. This paper concludes that energy factor and hop count of neighbor sensor nodes in making
is one of the most vital factors to be considered the routing decisions. This multi-facet routing
while designing routing protocols. This paper approach helps to stabilize out energy consumption
summaries energy efficient routing protocols for among trusted nodes even as routing the data using
wireless sensor network. shorter paths.

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 Review of Energy Aware Routing Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks

III. CONCLUSION [11]. Zijian Wang, Eyuphan Bulut, and Boleslaw K.

This paper concludes that energy Szymanski, ―Energy Efficient Collision
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proposed techniques were based on adaptive Jiannong Cao 2, Guihai Chen 3 and Xiaomin
Wang Sensors 2009.
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[13]. Lu Su, Changlei Liu, Hui Songand Guohong
authors suggested clustering and tree based
Cao ―Routing in Intermittently Connected
approach.
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[14]. R. Vidhyapriya, P.T. Vanathi, “Energy Aware
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Namit Gupta. “Review of Energy Aware Routing Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks.”
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA), vol. 7, no. 8, 2017,
pp. 34–38.

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