National Institute of Business Management

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Assignments and Case Study Project of One Year MBA Program

Semester - II

Assignments Total Marks :100

Submitted By,
Sunil S. Yadav

1. International Law
What are your perceptions on the Universal Declaration of Human Rights? Would
you like to amend any of the articles or add a new article to the declaration?

Answer:-
OBJECTIVE:
Human rights are international norms that help to protect all people every where from
severe political, legal and social abuse. Example of human rights are the right to
reedom of religion, the right to a fair trail when charged with a crime, the right not to
ne tortured, and the right to engage in political activity. These rights exist in morality
and in law at the national and international levels. They are addressed primarily to
overnments, requiring compliance and enforcement. The main sources of the
contemporary conception of human rights are the Universal Declaration of Human
Rights (United Nations, 1948b) and the many human rights documents and treaties
that followed in international organizations such as the United Nation, the Council of
Europe, the Organization of America States, and the African Union.
1. The General Idea of Human Rights:
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) sets out a list of over two dozen
specific human rights that countries should respect and protect. These specific rights
can be divided into six or more families: security rights that protect people against
crimes such as murder, massacre, torture, and rape; due process rights that protect
against abuses of the legal system such as imprisonment without trial, secret trial, and
excessive punishment; liberty that protect freedoms in area such as belief, expression,
association, assembly, and movement; political rights that protect the liberty to
participate in politics through action such as communicating, assembling, protesting,
voting, and serving in public office; equality rights that guarantee equal citizenship,
equality before the law, and nondiscrimination; and social rights that require provision
of education to all children and protections against severe poverty and starvation.

a) Human Rights are political norms dealing mainly with how people should be
treated by their government and institutions.
b) Human rights exist as moral and /or legal rights
c) Human rights are numerous (several dozen) rather then few. They presuppose
criminal trials, governments funded by income taxes, and formal systems of education
d) Human rights are minimal standard. They are concern with avoiding the terrible
rather than with achieving the best
e) Human rights are international norms covering all countries and all people living
today
f) Human rights are high-priority norms
g) Human rights require robust justification that apply everywhere and support their
high priority
h) Human rights are rights, but not necessarily in strict sense. As rights they have
several features. One is that they have right holders and another feature of rights is
that they focus on a freedom, protection, status, or benefit for the right holders
(Brandt 1983, 44).
2. The Existence of Human Rights:
The most obvious way in which human right exist is the as norms of national and
international law created by enactment and judicial decision. At the international
level, human rights norms exist because of treaties that have turned them into
international law. At the national level, human rights norms exist because they have
through legislative enactment, judicial decision, or custom become part of a country’s
law. When rights are embedded in international law we speak of them as human
rights; but when they are enacted in national law we more frequently describe them as
civil or constitutional rights. As this illustrates, it is possible for a right to exist within
more than one normative system at the same time.
Enactment in national and international law is one of the ways in which human rights
exist. But many have suggested that this is not the only way. If human rights exist
only because of enactment, their availability is contingent on domestic and
international political development. Many people have sought to find a way to support
the idea that human rights have roots that are deeper and less subject to human
decision than legal enactment.
3. WHICH RIGHTS ARE HUMAN RIGHTS:
Not every question of social justice or wise governance is a human rights issue. For
example, a country could have too much income inequality, inadequate provision for
higher education, or no national parks without violating any human rights. Deciding
which norms should be counted as human rights is a matter of some difficulty. And
there is continuing pressure to example lists of human rights to include new areas.
Many political movements would like to see their main concerns categorized as
matters of human rights, since this would publicize, promote, and legitimate their
concerns at the international level. A possible result of this is “Human rights
inflation” the devaluation of human rights caused by producing too much bad human
rights currency (Cranston 1973, Orend 2002, Wellman 1999, Griffin 2001b).
3.1. Civil Politics Rights:
These rights are familiar from historic bills of rights such as the French
Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen (1789) and the U.S. Bill of Rights
(1791, with subsequent amendments)

3.2.SocialRights:
Beside the civil and political rights discussed, the Universal Declaration includes
social (or welfare) rights. These include equality and nondiscrimination for women
and minorities, access to employment opportunities, fair pay, safe and healthy
working condition, the right to form trade unions and bargain collectively, social
security, an adequate standard of living (covering adequate food, clothing, and
housing),healthcareandeducation.

3.3Minority and Group Rights:

Concern for the equal rights of woman and minorities is a longstanding concern of the
human rights movement. Human rights documents emphasize that all people,
including women and members of minority ethnic and religious group, have the same
basic rights and should be able to enjoy them without discrimination. The right to
freedom from discrimination figures prominently in the Universal Declaration and
subsequenttreaties.
3.4.EnvironmentRights:
Considering Environmental Rights which are often defined as rights of animals or of
itself. Conceived in this way they do not fit our general idea of human rights because
the right holders are not human groups. But more modest formulations are possible;
environment rights can be understood as rights to an environment that is healthy and
safe. Such a right is human-oriented: it does not cover directly issues such as the
claims of animals, biodiversity, or sustainable development.

4. ARE SOCIAL RIGHTS GENUINE HUMAN RIGHTS?

The Universal Declaration included social (or “welfare”) rights) that addressed
matters such as education, food, and employment. Their inclusion has been the source
of much controversy (Beetham 1995). Social rights are often alleged to be statements
of desirable goals but not really rights. The European Convention did not including
them (although it was later amended to include the rights to education). Instead they
were put a separate treaty, the European Social Charter. When the United Nations
began the process of putting the rights of the Universal Declaration into international
law, it followed the model of the European system by treating economic and social
standards in a treaty separation from the one dealing with civil and political rights.
This treaty, the International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights (the
“Social Covenant” 1966), treated these standard as rights albeit rights to be
progressively realized.
2. Strategic Management
Select an appropriate generic strategy to position your printing business unit in its
competitive environment (map the environment primarily as a pattern of
competitive pressures from rivals, suppliers, buyers, entrants and substitutes).

Answer:-
Planning for a brighter future starts with analyzing inner strengths,
weaknesses, opportunities and threats. Internal evaluation coupled with an
environmental scan of the competitive landscape.

Differentiate your firm - It’s all about creating a unique value proposition. Start
with your SWOT analysis. Everything is fair game (e.g. technology, experience,
certifications, commendations, price, value, etc.).

Invest in technology - Examples would include Web software that would allow
customers to place and track orders, ERP suites, HR software applications, and other
industry-specific technology.

Identify new markets - Typically the more avenues of distribution you have, the
better off you are. If, for example, you cater to the commercial market, consider the
government space or even the aerospace and the aircraft sectors.

Enhance your Website - Your Website should be optimized so that it becomes a

powerful Internet marketing platform for generating sales leads contributing to both
short and long-term growth of sales.

Invest in Training - Great companies realize the value of their employees and staff
development. Don’t wait for the upturn to focus on training. Trained employees are
more confident, productive and resilient.

Forge strategic alliances - Understand your core competencies, know what

customers are looking for, and forge strategic partnerships to shore up your product
and service portfolios.

Trim costs surgically - Across the board cost cutting is risky at best. Analyze
expenses with your key staff, one line item at a time. This way you can make strategic
cuts, one cut at a time. And most importantly should be the last resort.

Optimize your advertising effort - Go beyond traditional print advertising in trade

journals and other publications. Be creative and don’t discount using Web-based
technology (e.g. pay-per-click advertising). And be sure to track the ROI for each
activity to make your money count!

Build a strong sales force - Develop a unified sales team focused on customer needs
and expectations. Indeed, your sales representatives should become business partners
to your customers.

Following are main items of printing business:-

Banners
Booklets
Bookmark
Brochures
Brochures and catalogues
Business Cards
Calendars
Carbonless Forms
Catalogs
o CD & DVD covers
CD Inlays
Color Copies
Custom Logo Design
Envelopes
Fliers & Trifolds
Invitation and greeting cards
Letterhead and envelops
Magnets
NCR Forms
Notepads
Post cards
Posters
Presentation Folders
Product Labels
Promotional products
Rack Cards
Rip Cards
Rolodex Cards
Sell Sheets
o Stationery
Stickers
Thesis Printing
Trading Cards
Few examples of Top Commercial Printing Industry Competitors to strengthen
printing business in competitive market are:-

Printers Accutech infosystems Pvt. Ltd.

Dalven Digital Services Pvt. Ltd.
Graphic International
Hcl Infinet Ltd.
Jay Digital Graphics
K.G.N. Xerox
Karshak Art Printers
Kimm's Digital
Mr. Ads Designers & Printers
Om Sai Rubber Stamp Maker & Plastic Works
R.K. Graphics
SV Digital Imaging Pvt.Ltd.
Sai Sandeep Enterprises
Singhania Offset Printers Pvt.Ltd
Sandhya Printing Works
Shri Gunti Offset Printers
Sree Designs Advertising Services
Sri Satyanarayana Agencies.
Suhas Print Media
For positioning of printing business, we should go by the trends of market which are
mentioned below:-
Transition to Digital Technology
 Digital presses have become the norm in commercial printing; industry
growth is coming almost entirely from digital printing. The commercial printing
industry is shifting to faster production of smaller order quantities with more color,
the major benefit of digital printing over offset and other printing methods. While
digital inkjet printers began at the small end of printers, technology is increasingly
able to make digital printers with greater capacity.
Operations & Technology
A typical commercial printer has different presses and binding equipment
available to work on various types of jobs. The main printing process used is offset
lithography, using either individual sheets (sheet fed presses) or continuous rolls of
paper (web presses). Sheet fed presses print up to 16 pages of letter-sized product (a
16 page "signature") at a time, at speeds up to 15,000 impressions per hour. Web
presses print 32 pages at a time at speeds over 40,000 impressions per hour, and are
usually used for production runs of more than 50,000 copies. Presses usually print in
one, two, four, or six colors; some presses can print eight.
Digital presses are still used primarily in specialty applications. Paper is the
biggest individual manufacturing cost, often amounting to 25 percent of revenues.
Printing papers are often coated, and are bought in sheets or rolls from distributors.
Some customers provide their own paper, but most is bought for customers, with a
modest price markup. Paper prices can vary significantly from year to year.
Digital technology is changing the competitive landscape of the commercial
printing market. Prices for digital color pages are falling below offset printing prices
and companies who fall behind in the shift to digital printing are at risk.
Sales & Marketing
The largest single market for printing services is advertising, for newspaper
inserts, magazines, and direct mail materials. Although some work may be done
regularly for large customers under long-term contracts (magazines, product catalogs,
and phone books), most is on a project basis, often after a bidding process. Work may
be episodic and many printers keep extra presses to meet anticipated peak demands.
Marketing is usually done by a traditional sales force calling on potential customers.

Commercial printing is a local business. Small printers can compete

effectively with large ones because the small size and high variability of most printing
jobs means that few economies are achieved by having larger presses. The high
degree of personal attention that most print jobs require, such as client approvals of
proofs and "press checks" during actual printing, means that customers prefer to use a
local printer. Price is often a secondary consideration to quality and timeliness. Some
types of printing, such as magazines and catalogs with large print runs, are more
effectively handled by large printers.
Innovation
Coming up with innovative marketing strategies to market your business, does not have to
be difficult. There are a number of paths that one can follow, which can be highly
successful, to help you create marketing approach that fits one’s needs and budget.
Rather than slide into the busy fourth quarter with the same old marketing bag of
tricks, you can get a jump on your competitors by embracing new tactics for
increasing leads and sales.
Always be alert to new opportunities, ideas, to market your business. An
example is you can give direct access to your regular customers through internet by
remote printing software giving them a unique id account so that they can directly
send the files to the work station.
Finance
Commercial printers generally keep low material inventories and don't require
inventory financing. Receivables are generally collected within 60 days, and are
sometimes financed. Equipment is often financed, or is leased. Presses have
become more expensive, though more versatile, because of computerised controls and
enhancements.
Some printers have difficulty maintaining adequate workplace air quality
standards, and emit pollutants into the air, mainly because of solvents in ink and the
solvents used to clean ink from printing plates. Some printers also generate toxic
wastes because of inks and solvents. Workplace safety may also be a problem,
although the illness and injury rate has decreased rapidly in the past decade.
Human Resources
Production personnel in commercial printing plants include employees with
special skills in operating complicated machines, Computer operators, Graphic
Designers, Creative Designers, and lower-paid, relatively unskilled workers. The
number of people employed in commercial printing has been declining in the last five
years, as more of the work has become automated. The industry’s annual injury rate is
comparable to the national average for all industries.

Above mentioned things will definitely help to position/strengthen printing business

unit.
3. Business English
Write a letter to the Chief Election Commissioner, expressing your views on the
disqualification of party candidates exempted from fighting elections. Express
your views on the moral code of the candidates. How criminals or other offenders
can be kept out of the pulling fray. What should be done to amend the laws on this
by the parliament? (Your letter will belong to which category of communication)

Answer:-
Date:01.11.2017

To,
The Chief Election Commissioner,
Mumbai

Sub: Disqualification of a Party Candidate’s

A Member makes an oath/affirmation at the time of entering the House: "I will
faithfully discharge the duty cast upon which I am about to enter."
The Asian Human Rights Commission (AHRC) Report
The Election Commission’s views have been forcefully reiterated by the Asian
Human Rights Commission. In its report published in April 2007, the AHRC noted
that “Criminalization of politics in India is a growing problem, despite legal attempts
to address it…
Components of criminalization Muscle power
The influence of muscle power in Indian politics was being decried even in the
first general election of 1952. Allegations relating to the role played by outlaws in
furthering the electoral prospects of certain candidates were heard even then; only the
intensity and the frequency of such allegations have registered a quantum jump in
recent times. In fact, we have today reached a stage where criminalization of politics
is widely accepted as inevitable. Persons known to have a criminal past are not only
getting party tickets, but on account of their clout, are also being appointed as
ministers at the Union and State levels. Leaders of political parties stoutly defend any
criticism of such choices.
To add insult to injury, in the event of conviction and resulting disqualification, with
the blessings of their party establishments, such elements are encouraged to pass on
their mantle to their wives and progeny. It is a happy augury that many such proxy
candidates were defeated in the recent Lok Sabha polls. But the fact remains that
despite the best efforts of the Election Commission; the use of muscle power is a
harsh reality and significantly influences the voting behaviour and the electoral
outcome in many constituencies.
Resignation an
Escape Route
?
One thing lost sight of in the whole melodrama is the rationale and purpose of
resignation. Is it an escape route to avoid disqualification and its consequences? Does
resignation of the membership of the House and of the office stated to be one of profit
absolve a member of the offence of acceptance and holding of an office of profit
against the specific constitutional directive?
More than anything else, just to avoid the consequences of disqualification; does not
the MP concerned, when he resigns, act against the mandate given and betray the
confidence reposed by the electorate as he deserts his assignment without serving the
full term for which he was elected? A Member makes an oath/affirmation at the time
of entering the House: "I will faithfully discharge the duty cast upon which I am about
to enter." Does not the Member fail in his basic duty to the electorate if he resigns his
post without any concern about the sovereign electors?
Practice in the U.K.
The constitutional structure of India is based largely on the Westminster model of
parliamentary system. While India has adopted most of the privileges, immunities,
rules, regulations and conventions of the United Kingdom Parliament, it has failed to
follow the spirit and the basic tenets of constitutional morality and propriety of an
elected member resigning his post in the middle of his term.
First of all, it is a well-established practice in the English Parliament that a member
once elected cannot resign.
Keeping criminal and other offenders out of polling fray
An elected candidate shall be never allowed to resign.
A disqualified candidate shall never be allowed to contest an election.
A disqualified candidate’s near family members or relatives shall not be allowed to
contest elections.
An elected member from a particular party expresses to change a party then he/she
shall do so only after a gap of 5 years (nearest election) and remove special
opportunities like by-elections. In such cases where the seat vacated shall be given to
the second place contestant member
Build Consensus
The stress should be on dissuading the political parties from giving tickets to
candidates who are criminals and are involved in other offences, even if they are
expected to win. Sustained campaigns of awareness building among voters and
against crime in politics along with concerted efforts on the legislative front will be
required to undo the damage done to the country’s electoral system by politics of
expediency and pursuit of power at any cost.
This effort must create a strong opinion and to get good people elected so that the
laws can be amended or new ones signed-in. As criminals and other offenders are
present in all parties, commonsense shall prevail…
In order to make further advancements on the above mentioned trends, and as
proactive action in this direction, the like minded civil society organizations need to
come together with a concrete and result oriented action plan.
Thanking you

Yours truly,
Sunil S. Yadav
4. Management Information System
How will you plan a Management Information System in marketing information
system taking into account the actions of antecedents or consequences of
consumers, competitors, employers, institutions, suppliers, wholesalers, retailers,
govt. bodies and NGO’s(Note you must also take into account the physical,
technological, economic factors, beside legal and social taboos) (Take an example
of your choice).

Answer:-
Market information system may be defined as factual knowledge about the action,
antecedents or consequences of social actors outside or inside the firm and the
environment in which they operate. Social actors are as consumers, completions,
employee, institutions, suppliers, wholesalers, retailers, govt. bodies and NGO’s. The
environment actors are physical, technological, economic, legal and social taboos.
Marketing decision support system (MKDSS) is an information system that
helps with decision making in the formation of a marketing plan. The reason for using
a MKDSS is because it helps to support the software vendors’ planning strategy for
marketing products; it can help to identify advantageous level of pricing, advertising
spending, and advertising copy for the firm’s products. This helps determines the firm
marketing mix for product software.
Various Constitute Are:
Consumer behaviour, Aggregate demand, the competition, Political/ Legal/
Social environment, Product consideration, Distribution questions, Pricing
consideration, Communication issues and Organizational behaviour.
Marketing Information System
Marketing Information System can be defined as equipment, people and
programs in the organization whose functions are to monitor, gather, analyze,
evaluate, store and to disseminate the knowledge. The company market linkage is
shown below.
( Company) ( Market)
Input Though put Output
^___________________^__________________^
Feed Back

Further details are provided below:

Input :- Internal environment.
Top management.
Formal department.
Production
Accounting
Finance
Public relation
Placement
Marketing sub-groups
Staff/ line group
Groups
External Environment :-
Consumers
Suppliers
Intermediaries
Competitors
Government
Special interest group
General Public
Throughput :- MIS (Marketing Information System)
Communication System
Exchanging Function
Data gathering
Information storage
Knowledge dissemination
Proactive Functions
Selling
Service
Negotiation
Lobbying

Marketing Science System:

this includes statistical models and analysis, data base, quantitative, analysis,
mathematical models and analysis, and product analysis. All these lead to
interpretation of analysis and findings to arrive at conclusion and recommendation.
Normative System: this system narrates shapes of judgment of an organization
what is good or bad, important or unimportant, what action should be or should not be
taken in. It is connected to communication system and marketing science system. The
normative system translated organizational goals into sub-goals, policies and
standards.
Output :-
The overall output of MIS in the management decision system arrives at
policies, rules, procedures and directives with regards to organizing, planning,
staffing, executing and controlling.
Feed Back :-
Feed back on an environment and organization is through the output of
marketing information system.
However, one cannot specify what information is needed for decision making
until an explanatory model of the decision process and the system involved in it are
constructed and tested. The marketing information system enables in assessing the
managerial information and their feed back effects on environment and organization.
This is a continuous process to locate the very open system of marketing in terms of
responses to the internal and external pressures.
Computer, electronics, communication and audio video technologies have converged
closely to produce a new style of operating business. The tools, the technologies and
the well designed solutions and system are available to support all needs of the
business. What is needed is an integrated solution out of these technologies and the
system offering an enterprise wide management support. Such an integrated solution
is called as the Enterprise Management System (EMS), which when implemented in
an integrated manner for co-ordinated and co-operative function of the business give
rise to the Enterprise Management System.
Technology Evaluation Factors
Client server architecture and its implementation- two tier or three tier.
Object orientation in development and methodology.
Handling of server and client based data and application logic.
Application and use of standards in all the phases of development and in the product.
Front end tools and backend data based management system tools or the data, process
presentation management.
Interface mechanisms: Data transfer, real time access, OLE/ODBC compliance.
Use of case tool, screen generators, report writers, screen painter and batch processor.
Support system technology like bar coding, EDI, imaging, communication, network.
Down loading to PC based packages, MS-Office, Lotus note etc.
Operation system and its level of usage in the system.
Hardware- software configuration management.
Marketing Information System is Information System used in Marketing and
management that automate some sales and sales force management functions. They
are frequently combined with a marketing information system, in which case they are
often called customer relationship management system.
Sales force management system are information system used in marketing and
management that automate some sales and sales force management functions. They
are frequently combined with a marketing information system, in which case they are
often called customer relationship management.
Enterprise Management System (EMS) is any of the strategies and technologies
employed in the information technology industry for management the capture, strong,
security, revision control, retrieval, distribution, preservation and destruction of
documents and content. EMS especially concerns content imported into or generated
from within an organization in the course in the course of its operation, and includes
the control of access to this content from outside of the organization’s processes.