2.

Sources of water
supply – I: surface
water
Sudha Goel, Ph.D.
EEM, Civil Eng., IITKgp
Kharagpur 721 302
Sources of water

Surface waters (SW)
 Rivers
 Lakes,ponds
 Impounding reservoirs

Ground waters (GW)

SW or GW or both
 Infiltration galleries or wells
2
 Infiltration gallery or horizontal wells
 Infiltration galleries are
horizontal wells constructed at
shallow depths (6 to 9 m) along
river banks (>15 m away) to
collect GW from the water
bearing strata in this area
 Wells are constructed in open
cut
 masonry walls with roof
slabs and porous lateral
drain pipes
 width about 1 m, depth
about 2 m, and length from
10 to 100 m
 Method of obtaining naturally
filtered water

3
SKG
USAID (?) Designing intakes for rivers
and streams, Water for the World,
Technical note, RWS 1.D.3

4
 Infiltration gallery

KND 5
KND 6
 Radial collector wells or ranney
wells

SKG 7
 8
SKG
 Infiltration wells
 Shallow wells constructed in
series along river banks to
collect river water seeping up
through the bank soil.
 Objective: filtration of
river water
 Brick masonry with open
joints
 generally, covered at the top
and open at the bottom
 with porous plug at
bottom (see next fig.)
 Radial pipes with strainers are
placed horizontally from
interior of a large jack well (3 –
6 m) – next fig.

SKG 9
 Infiltration wells

KND 10
Intakes

Main components
 Conduit with protective works
 Screens at the open end
 Gates and valves to regulate flow

Design considerations
 Reliability
 Qualityof water
 Structural strength
 Economy of construction

Types of intakes
 Reservoir intakes
 River intakes
 Canal intakes 11
 Reservoir intake
 Intake towers: no
water inside chamber,
only water pipes
 Open for inspection
and operation
 Constructed at the
upstream toe of earthen
dams or inside masonry
Water flow dams
 Multiple inlet pipes at
different levels are
fitted with screens

12
KND
 River intakes
 Cross weir intake
 Built across river (seems analogous to a barrage)
 Best when there is no water fluctuation and river is not too wide
 Side weir intake
 Chamber in river with bar screen to prevent entry of floating
debris
 cheap and easy to construct
 banks should be steep and stable
 intake siting should ensure that even low flows can be collected

13
KND
 Cross weir on a river without intake or damming of
water

14
http://www.aboutcivil.org/lateral-intake-weirs-advantages-disadvantages.html
 Cross weir on a river with
intake (canal diversion) and
fixed water level behind weir,
i.e., some damming of water

https://energypedia.info/wiki/Micro_Hydro_Power
_(MHP)_-_Ethiopia,_Ererte

https://energypedia.info/wiki/Micro_Hydro_Power_(MHP)_
-_Ethiopia,_Gobecho_I

15
 River intakes
 Floating pontoon intake
Pumps  best for rivers with very
high fluctuations in water
levels
 a buoyancy tank (pontoon)
to keep the intake afloat
would be an advtg for
variable water levels; pump is
Pontoons mounted in picture in the
http://www.deleonirrigation.com/id17.htm
middle of 4 floating pontoons
tethered together
 anchoring is a must
 Piled Crib Intake
 for static water levels
 inlet pipe has wire mesh
grating

16
KND
 "Walking on Cleveland water crib that pumps millions
of gallons to city and suburbs". 10News. 2012-10-02.
Retrieved 2016-06-12.

Water supply to the city of Cleveland,

Water supply to the city of Buffalo: Water

18
KND
Types of conduits

Choice of conduits
 Topography, soil type, volume of water to
be conveyed

Gravity conduits
 Canals, tunnels, flumes and aqueducts

Pressure conduits
 Pipes
of iron, steel, wood, plastic (PVC,
HDPE) and RCC

19
 Mathur Aqueduct, Tamil Nadu
20
KND Wikipedia, 2011
Pipe materials

Factors affecting choice
 Strength, corrosivity, capacity, maintenance,
economy, availability, portability, assembly

Types of materials
 Cast iron pipes
 Wrought iron and steel
 Concrete and RCC
 Hume steel
 Asbestos cement
 Wood
 Lead
 Plastic
21
 Lake intake: submerged crib intake

Canal intake
22
http://theconstructor.org/water-resources/intake-structures-types-of-intakes/11233/
END

23