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Power Quality Improvement using Hybrid Filters

Experiment Findings · November 2016

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 International Journal for Research in Electronics & Communication Engineering

Power Quality Improvement using Hybrid Filters

1Shitsukane Aggrey Shisiali ,2Mathews Ondiek Amuti.
1
Senior technologist, Department of electrcal and electronic ,Technical University of Mombasa
2
Senior projects engineer,electrical, Kenya Ports Authority.

Email: [email protected] [email protected]

ABSTRACT

This paper presents mitigation of power quality problems introduced by nonlinear loads. Through the expansion of modern

industrial technology enormous number of non-linear loads are used in power system, which causes harmonic distortion. At

the same time the power quality and safe operation becomes substandard. Therefore alleviation of harmonics is very essential

under this situation. A Hybrid power filter constituting a series active filter and a passive filter coupled in parallel with the load

is proposed to improve the power quality. To validate the developed theoretical analysis, the control strategy is verified by

means of an experimental prototype using Multisim software. Shunt, hybrid and series active power filters are described

showing their compensation characteristics and principles of operation. The results to verify the effectiveness of the proposed

control algorithm is presented.

Key Words: Passive Filters, Active Filters, Hybrid Filters, Power quality, nonlinear loads.

I. INTRODUCTION

The existence of harmonics in the power electrical systems is the key source of the electrical wave pollution that course so

many problems. The indiscriminate escalation of non-linear loads has given rise to research into new compensation equipment

centered on power electronics. The core design target for this system is the eradication of the harmonic present in the system

and lessening of reactive power. Depending on the application type, series or parallel configurations or combinations of active

and passive filters [1, 2].

Most of the power electronic equipment are used in industrial and domestic purposes, the equipment (ac drives, electronic

ballast) have significant impact on the quality of supplied voltage and have increased the harmonic current pollution of the

distribution systems. They have many negative effects on the power system equipment’s and customers, such as additional

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losses in overhead and underground cables, transformers and rotating machines, problems in the operation of the protection

systems, over voltages ,error of measuring instruments. This has necessitated improvement on the compensation characteristics

required satisfying more stringent harmonic standards.

Passive filters have been used traditionally for mitigating distortion due to harmonic current in industrial power systems, but

they have many drawbacks such as resonance problems dependency of their performance on the system impedance, absorption

of harmonic current in nonlinear loads, which could lead to further harmonic propagation through the power system [3].To

overcome such problems active power filters are introduced, they have no such drawbacks like passive filters, they inject

harmonic voltage or current with appropriate magnitudes and phase angle into the system and cancel harmonics of nonlinear

loads. It however have such drawback like high initial cost and high power losses due to which it limits its applications

especially with high power ratings [4]. To minimize these limitations, we propose a hybrid power filters which is cost effective

harmonic compensation particularly in high power nonlinear loads and finally a result for dynamic compensation, obtained

from the simulated setup will be presented. Passive power filters, Shunt active power filters, Series active power filters and

Hybrid power filters topologies and schemes will be presented and analyzed. The control scheme characteristics for both

schemes will be discussed. Finally steady state and transient results for dynamic compensation obtained from simulated under

Multisim environment are presented.

LITERATURE REVIEW

POWER QUALITIES IN POWER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS

International standards define power quality as the physical characteristics of the electrical supply provided under normal

operating conditions that do not disrupt or disturb the customer’s processes. Therefore, a power quality problem exists if any

voltage, current or frequency deviation results in a failure or in a bad operation of customer’s equipment [5]. However, it is

important to notice that the quality of power supply implies basically voltage quality and supply reliability. A voltage quality

problem relates to any failure of equipment due to deviations of the line voltage from its nominal characteristics, and the

supply reliability is characterized by its adequacy (ability to supply the load), security (ability to withstand sudden disturbances

such as system faults) and availability (focusing especially on long interruptions)of the more important international standards

define power quality as the physical characteristics of the electrical supply provided under normal operating conditions that do

not disrupt or disturb the customer’s processes. Therefore, a power quality problem exists if any voltage, current or frequency

deviation results in a failure or in a bad operation of customer’s equipment. However, it is important to notice that the quality

of power supply implies basically voltage quality and supply reliability. A voltage quality problem relates to any failure of

equipment due to deviations of the line voltage from its nominal characteristics, and the supply reliability is characterized by

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its adequacy (ability to supply the load), security (ability to withstand sudden disturbances such as system faults) and

availability (focusing especially on long interruptions) [6].

Importance of power quality

Power quality is defined by the parameters that express reactive power, harmonic pollution and load unbalance. The best ideal

electrical supply would be a sinusoidal voltage waveform which consist of magnitude and frequency, but in reality due to non-

zero impedance of the supply systems the large variety of loads may be encountered and of other phenomena such transients

and outages, the reality is often different. If the power quality of the network is good, then any load connected to it will run

satisfactorily and efficiently. Installation during cost will be minimal. If the power quality of the network is bad, then loads

connected to it will fail or will have a reduced lifetime, and the efficiency of the electrical installation will be reduced. The cost

of installation and running will be high and operation may not be possible at all [7].

Cost of poor power quality

Poor Power Quality can be described as any event related to the electrical network that ultimately results in financial loss. A

possible consequence of poor power quality includes the followings: Unexpected power supply failures (breakers tripping),

Equipment failure or malfunctioning, Damage to sensitive equipment (PCs, production line control systems), Electronic

communication interferences, Increase of system losses and Penalties imposed by utilities because of site pollutes the supply

network [8][9]

HARMONIC DISTORTION

The harmonic pollution is generally characterized by the total Harmonic Distortion or THD which is by definition equal to the

ratio of the RMS harmonic content to the fundamental. Harmonic is a signal or wave whose frequency is an integral (whole-

number) multiple of the frequency of some reference signal or wave. The term can also refer to the ratio of the frequency of

such a signal or wave to the frequency of the reference signal or wave.[10]

Effects of harmonics

The main effects of voltage and current harmonics within the power system are[11]: Amplification of harmonic levels resulting

from series and parallel resonance; Reduction of efficiency of power generation, transmission, and utilization; Aging of the

installation of electrical plant components and has a consequence the shortening of their useful life; Plant mal-operation;

Malfunctioning and failure of electronic equipment; Overheating and failure of electric motors; Overloading, overheating and

failure of power factor correction capacitors. Resonance due to interaction of capacitors with harmonics; Overloading and

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overheating of distribution transformers and neutral conductors; Excessive measurement errors in metering equipment;

Spurious operation of fuses, circuit-breakers and other protective equipment; Voltage glitches in computers systems resulting

in lost data. Excessive flicker on VDU’s; Electromagnetic interference with TV, radio, communication & telephone systems; a

Damage and disruption to standby generators and associated AVR control equipment; Interference with ripple control system

[12]

Harmonic sources

The main sources of voltage and current harmonics within the power system are the nonlinear loads [13] listed below among

others:-Computers, fax machines, photocopiers, TV’s, VCR’s, etc. Lighting dimmers & electronic ballasts for high efficiency

lighting. Single-phase AC & DC drives. Ultra-violet disinfection systems. UPS systems. Arc furnaces & SCR temperature

controllers. Battery chargers. Variable speed AC & DC drives;

SOLUTIONS TO POWER QUALITY PROBLEM

In this project, we concentrate on harmonics as one of the major contributors of poor Electrical power quality and thus

concentrate more on methods of harmonic mitigation, there are two approaches to the harmonic mitigation.

The first approach is called load conditioning, which ensures that the equipment is less sensitive to power disturbances,

allowing the operation even under significant voltage distortion.

The other solution is to install line conditioning systems that suppress or counteracts the power system disturbances [14].

These include:

 Passive power Filters

 Active power Filters

 Hybrid Power Filter

SHUNT ACTIVE POWER FILTERS

Among active filter topologies, shunt active power filter (SAPF) with its naive implementation is paid more attentions in both

time and frequency domains to facilitate the compensation of harmonic currents and reactive power of non-linear loads

[15].Shunt active power filter compensate current harmonics by injecting equal-but-opposite harmonic compensating current.

In this case the shunt active power filter operates as a current source injecting the harmonic components generated by the load

but phase shifted by 180 degrees. This principle is applicable to any type of load considered as harmonic source. Moreover,

with an appropriate control scheme, the active power filter can also compensate the load power factor [16]. In this way, the

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power distribution system sees the non-linear load and the active power filter as an ideal resistor. The current compensation

characteristic of the shunt active power filter is shown in Fig 1

Fig 1. Compensation characteristics of a shunt active power filter.

The current reference circuit generates the reference currents required to compensate the load current harmonics and reactive

power, and also try to maintain constant the dc voltage across the two electrolytic capacitors. There are many possibilities to

develop this type of control.

Power Circuit Topology of Shunt Active Power Filters

Shunt active power filters are normally implemented with pulse-width modulated voltage source inverters. In this type of

applications, the PWM-VSI operates as a current controlled voltage source. Traditionally, 2 levels PWM-VSI have been used

to implement such system [19]. However, in the past years multilevel PWM voltage source inverters have been proposed to

develop active power filters for medium voltage applications.

The use of VSI connected in cascade is an interesting alternative to compensate high power non-linear load. The use of two

PWM-VSI of different rated power allows the use of different switching frequencies, reducing switching stresses and

commutation losses in the overall compensation system

Fig. 2- Shunt active power filter topologies implemented with PWM voltage-source inverters

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Fig 3.The three-phase series active power filter.

HYBRID ACTIVE POWER FILTER.

Passive filters with low impedances at the dominant harmonic frequencies were used to reduce the harmonics for the

consideration of hardware cost. However, these circuit configurations have several drawbacks. The passive filters with fixed

compensation characteristics are ineffective to filter the current harmonics. The series or parallel resonance does happen

between the system impedance and passive filters [17].

The developments and applications of active filters have been researched because of the increasing concern of the power

quality at the consumer or distribution side. Active filters overcome the drawbacks of passive filters by using the switching

mode power converter to perform the harmonic current elimination. Shunt active filters are developed to suppress the harmonic

currents and compensate reactive power simultaneously. The shunt active filters are operated as a current source parallel with

the nonlinear load. [20] The power converter of active filter is controlled to generate a compensation current which is equal-

but-opposite the harmonic and reactive currents generated from the nonlinear load. In this situation, the mains current is

sinusoidal and in phase with mains voltage.

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Fig. 4 configuration of the proposed hybrid filter.

EXPERIMENTAL SETUP

A single-phase VSI is employed in the hybrid active filter to perform harmonic suppression and dc voltage regulation. For

harmonic suppression, the power converter of active filter is represented as a harmonic resistor to reduce the mains harmonic

current.

Where:

is the harmonic component of mains current,

is the equivalent harmonic resistor at the harmonic frequency.

The active converter is operated as a harmonic resistor at the harmonic frequency, the equivalent mains impedance at the

harmonic frequency is increased such that the harmonic current flowing into the mains is decreased because the VSI is

operated as a harmonic resistor.Harmonic real power will be consumed in the VSI and the dc-bus voltage of active filter will

be fluctuated by this real power and in order to achieve a constant dc-link voltage of VSI, this energy must be sent to the mains

by the inverter. At this condition, the dc capacitor of VSI is operated as a buffer to transfer the absorbed harmonic real po wer

into the fundamental real power to the mains. A fundamental voltage component of VSI must be generated and in phase with

the fundamental current of hybrid active filter in order to send a real power to the mains.

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However, the mains harmonic current is not zero due to the finite harmonic resistor. The mains harmonic current and filter

harmonic current are expressed as

If the supply voltage is a pure sine wave, then equals zero.

For the harmonic components, the impedance , is controlled such that

The mains harmonic current is approximately equal to zero and filter harmonic current is equal-but-opposite the harmonic

current of nonlinear load. This means that the most of harmonic currents generated from the nonlinear load are blocked by the

equivalent harmonic resistor and flowed into the passive filter. Only a small part of nonlinear harmonic current flows into

the ac source.

The total harmonic distortion (THD) of mains current is reduced. The nonlinear load current suppression can be performed by

controlling the equivalent harmonic resistor .

THE LOW PASS FILTER

LC series-type low pass filter is used while a capacitor has been used with an active power filter in order to reduce the rating

of the active filter. However, the capacitor has a fixed amplitude-frequency characteristic when the value is fixed. Normally,

the impedance of a capacitor is neither high enough at the mains frequency or low enough at harmonic frequencies. That is, the

capacitor cannot prevent the fundamental current and may block some main harmonics like 3rd, 5th and 7th that are produced

by the active filter effectively.

In order to simplify the calculation of the L and C values, two parameters, Q and must be specified in advance, where Q is

a quality factor and is the cut-off frequency.

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M=

Where M is in the range of 0.5 to 2.

Let be the cut-off frequency and be the fundamental frequency.

Thus and which is the third harmonic (we consider 3rd harmonic because it’s the most

destructive harmonic. Other harmonics can also be considered).

CONTROL SECTION REQUIREMENTS.

At this point we need to the harmonic of interest (3rd harmonic) from the source current and use it to produce the equivalent

output voltage that is used to drive the pulse width modulator (PWM) to produce signals which goes to the switches

of the active filter. Since capacitive reactance decreases with frequency, the RC circuit shown discriminates against high

frequencies. The circuit is an AC voltage divider with an output which falls off at high frequencies at the rate of 6 dB per

octave.

The value of the transfer function at different frequencies is given by

= = for = at the cutoff frequency, where in this case it the fundamental

frequency of 50Hz

Therefore ;

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If we take R= 1, then C=

We the scale the parameters so that:

and C =3µF

RESULTS.

Simulation with Passive Filter Only.

The passive filter is operated and the harmonics are therefore the third harmonic current is eliminated basically the passive

filter. The mains current contains some high frequency harmonic currents.

R1 L2

2Ω 0.03mH

C1
7.5µF
D1 D4
1N4148 1N4148

C2 R2
V1 115µF 37Ω
L1
150mH
120 Vrms
60 Hz
0° D2 D3
1N4148 1N4148

Fig 5: Filter with only Passive operation

Fig 6. The load current (il) with passive filter only.

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2.0A

1.0A

0A

-1.0A

-2.0A
0s 10ms 20ms 30ms 40ms 50ms 60ms
-I(C1)
Time

Fig 7. The harmonic (ih) current with only passive filter operational.

Fig 8. The Frequency spectrum in the source current with passive filters only

5.2: Simulation with only active power filters.

R1 L1
V1 D7 D9
10kΩ 150µH 1N5820 1N5820
120 Vrms
60 Hz C5
I1 10nF R5
0°
1mA D8 D10
60 Hz 1N5820 1N5820 10kΩ
R2 0°
10kΩ
R3
V2
C1 50kΩ 12 V
150µF 70%
Key=A

U3 U2 D5
1N5820 D4 1N5820
100kΩ 1N5820
Key=AD1
IRFZ46N IRFZ46N
R6 C4
D2 50% 0.1µF C6
1N5820 10nF

VCC
U4 U5
D3 D6
RST OUT 1N5820 1N5820
DIS
IRFZ46N
THR IRFZ46N
TRI
CON

555_VIRTUAL GND
28.86kΩ
10nF Timer R1 U1
C

IRFZ46N

Fig 9. Adopted active power filter in operation.

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Fig 10: Filters with active filter operation only

400V

200V

0V

-200V

-400V
0s 10ms 20ms 30ms 40ms 50ms 60ms
V(L1:1)
Time

Fig 11. Source current (is) with only active power filter operational.

Simulation the hybrid active filter operation.

In this case both the active power filter and passive power filter are integrated together as shown below

R1 L1
V1 D7 D9
10kΩ 150µH 1N5820 1N5820
120 Vrms
60 Hz C5
I1 10nF R5
0° C3
150µF
1mA D8 D10
60 Hz 1N5820 1N5820 10kΩ
R2 0°
10kΩ
R3 R7
V2 10kΩ
C1 50kΩ 12 V
150µF 70%
Key=A

U3 U2 D5
1N5820 D4 1N5820
100kΩ 1N5820
Key=AD1
IRFZ46N IRFZ46N
R6 C4
D2 50% 0.1µF C6
1N5820 10nF

VCC
U4 U5
D3 D6
RST OUT 1N5820 1N5820
DIS
IRFZ46N
THR IRFZ46N
TRI
CON

555_VIRTUAL GND
28.86kΩ
10nF Timer R1 U1
C

IRFZ46N

Fig 12. Adopted hybrid active power filter in operation.

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80mA

40mA

0A

-40mA

-80mA
0s 10ms 20ms 30ms 40ms 50ms 60ms
I(V11)
Time

Fig 13 Adopted hybrid active power filter in operation

Fig 14. Source current (is) with adopted hybrid active power filter operational.

COMPARISION OF WAVEFORMS RESULTS.

Analysis of results shows the current waveforms that are far from the sinusoidal waveform, this is due to harmonic currents

introduced to the power supply system by the nonlinear load i.e. Rectifier. If the load was linear such as a resistive load, the

source current, (Is) waveform would be sinusoidal and corrupted as in this case. Fig 8 is the frequency spectrum in the source

current (Is) with only passive filter operational. Its analysis show that there is a substantial amount of harmonic currents,

especially the third harmonic, that gets to the mains supply even when the LC-passive filter is used in attempt to eliminate the

harmonics. These results shows beyond all doubts that its factual that nonlinear loads have a very high potential to introduce

harmonic currents to the mains and use of passive filters alone is not sufficient to protect this danger. The results obtained

above are those of simulation when only an active filter is employed. The source current in this case is sinusoidal wave and its

frequency spectrum analysis shows minimal amounts of harmonic components. This shows that active power filters are good

in eliminating harmonics originating from nonlinear load. But the bone of contention is the power ratings of the mosfets that

have to be employed in the active power filter! It has to be very high and this pushes us to the establishment of the hybrid

active power filter. The results obtained when the hybrid active power filter is employed are also shown. It is again clear that

the amount of harmonic current in this case is almost negligible. It is clear, from the results, that the harmonic currents

generated by the nonlinear load are blocked by the equivalent resistor of the active filter and flowed into the passive filter.

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From the simulation results shown, the mains current contains only a small compared with that of the when only the LC-

passive filter is in operation. When only a passive filter is in operation, it is tuned at the dominant frequency (150Hz) and thus

used to filter the lower order third harmonic. The current distortion is thus observed in the mains current.

The Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) of the line current can be approximated as below

100% =7.698%

Where; THD is the measure of closeness in the shape between a waveform and its fundamental component.

From the simulation where the hybrid active filter is operational, the nonlinear current harmonics are almost suppressed by the

active filter as shown. The mains current is a sinusoidal wave. The value of THD of the mains current if calculated would be

far much lower compared to the one calculated above. (Approximately 2%).

The power factor of the system is also improved to a range above 0.95.

The efficiency of the adopted hybrid filter is over 80%

CONCLUSION.

In this paper the hybrid active power filter has been presented. The configuration uses an LC-type passive filter and an active

filter. Its control strategy to suppress the harmonic current from the mains and to regulate the dc-link voltage of the power

converter has successfully been presented. To suppress the harmonic component of nonlinear load the impedance variation

method is used to generate the equivalent output voltage of the active filter. A dc-link voltage controller is employed to

compensate the converter losses and to supply the necessary fundamental real power to the mains due to the absorbed

harmonic real power. It has been confirmed by analysis and simulation together with analysis of results obtained that the

harmonic compensation performance is reasonable, and the required rating of the active filter can be reduced maximally.

Comparison between this configuration and the existing ones indicates with clarity that this configuration is superior compared

to the existing ones on the compensation performance and ratings reduction. The simulation shows that it’s effective in

eliminating the harmonics. The proposed control scheme can be also applied to the three-phase system with the synchronous

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reference system to draw the balanced three-phase line current. The computer simulations and the experimental results can be

implemented to verify the effectiveness of the proposed control algorithm.

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