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Lect 1 Limit State Design

This document discusses limit state design and the key concepts involved. It defines a limit state as a condition where a structure becomes unfit for use. There are two main types of limit states: ultimate and serviceability. Limit state design involves identifying all potential failure modes, determining acceptable safety levels, and designing for the applicable limit states. It is more probabilistic than working stress design by considering variations in loads and strengths.

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Waleed Yahia
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139 views31 pages

Lect 1 Limit State Design

This document discusses limit state design and the key concepts involved. It defines a limit state as a condition where a structure becomes unfit for use. There are two main types of limit states: ultimate and serviceability. Limit state design involves identifying all potential failure modes, determining acceptable safety levels, and designing for the applicable limit states. It is more probabilistic than working stress design by considering variations in loads and strengths.

Uploaded by

Waleed Yahia
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CE 574: Inelastic Theory of Structural Design

Lecture 1:
Limit State Design

1
Limit State Design

Limit State Definition:


When a structure or structural element becomes
unfit for its intended use, it is said to have
reached a limit state.

2
Limit State Design
Limit States

Ultimate Serviceability

a) Loss of equilibrium a) Excessive deflection


b) Rupture / strength b) Excessive crack width
c) Progressive collapse c) Undesirable vibrations
d) Plastic mechanism
e) Instability
f) Fatigue

It is required to identify ALL applicable limit states for the


particular design and make sure that no limit state is exceeded.3
Limit State Design

Limit state design process


 Members are designed for the ultimate limit states
a) Identify ALL potential modes of failure (i.e. limit
states)
b) Determine acceptable level of safety
c) Design for the applicable limit states
 Serviceability is checked.
 Exceptions may include
o water tanks (crack width)
o monorails (deflection)

4
Working stress vs. Limit state design
Working stress design Limit state design
 Structural safety is ensured  Structural safety is ensured
through Safety Factors that are through load factors (γ) and
based on past experience. strength reduction factors (φ).
 Allowable stress is a  Safety factor is based on the
percentage (usually near 50%) probability of failure.
of the elastic strength.  Variations in occurrence of
 Variations of loads and loads and strength is
strength is not explicitly probabilistically considered.
considered. These are lumped  Performance need to be
in the safety factor. checked at the serviceability
 Performance is better for level.
serviceability as level of stress  Economical design with a
is kept well below the elastic better understanding of
limit. chances of failure.
Structural Safety

Reasons for better understanding of safety factors

1. Variability in strength

2. Variability in loads

3. Consequences of failure
Structural Safety

1. Variability in strength

a) Variability of strength of concrete and


reinforcement
b) Differences between the as-built
dimensions and those found in structural
drawings.
c) Effects of simplification made in the
derivation of the members resistance.
Structural Safety
1. Variability in strength

Even though the mean


strength is 1.05 times the
nominal strength, there are
more than 25 samples for
which the tested strength is
LESS than the nominal.

Nominal vs. tested moment capacity of a beam


Structural Safety
2. Variability in loads

Frequency distribution of Live load in office buildings

The mean live load intensity of 13 psf is the same for both
tributary areas. However, the design live load of 40 psf is exceeded
for a small percentage of load cases for the smaller tributary area.
Structural Safety
3. Consequence of failure

A number of subjective factors need to be considered in defining


acceptable level of safety for a particular class of structure.
1) Potential loss of life
2) Potential direct and indirect economical loss
3) Nature of failure (ductile or brittle)
4) Location of the component (beam, column or slab etc.)

Performance based design: The next generation of design codes


Probabilistic calculation of safety factors

Safe and unsafe combinations of loads and resistance


Probabilistic calculation of safety factors

Representation of design principle for variable load effect and resistance


Probabilistic calculation of safety factors

Safety margin, probability of failure and safety index, β


Probabilistic calculation of safety factors

 Strengths and loads vary independently.

 Therefore, it is desirable to have two factor, or a series of


factors, to account for:
(1) the variability in resistances, called strength-reduction
factors (φ)
(2) the variability in load effects, termed as the load
factors (γ).

 The resulting design equations take the form:

φRn ≥ γ1S1 + γ2S2 + …..


Probabilistic calculation of safety factors
in ACI Code
 φ and γ are based on a statistical model with the following
assumption:
1) ‘overload’ = 1/1000
2) ‘understrength =1/100
 Chance that an “overload” and an “understrength” would
occur simultaneously is = 1/1000 x 1/100 = 1 x 10-5
 Therefore, the φ factors for ductile beams will have a strength,
φRn , that would exceed the load effects 99 out of 100 times.
 The factors for columns were then divided by 1.1, because the
failure of a column has more serious consequences.
 The factors for tied columns that fail in a brittle manner were
divided by 1.1 a second time to reflect the consequences of
the mode of failure.
Design procedures specified in ACI Code

1- Strength design

2- Working-stress design

3- Plastic design
Design procedures specified in ACI Code
1- Strength design
ACI 318 -11
Design procedures specified in ACI Code
1- Strength design
ACI 318 -14
Design procedures specified in ACI Code
1- Strength design ACI 318 -14
Design procedures specified in ACI Code
2- Working stress design ACI 318 -11

Alternate Design Method


Design procedures specified in ACI Code
2- Working stress design ACI 318 -14

Not mentioned in the Code.


Design procedures specified in ACI Code
3- Plastic Design
 Plastic design, also referred to as limit design (not to be
confused with limit-states design) or capacity design, is a
design process that considers the redistribution of moments
as successive cross sections yield, thereby forming plastic
hinges that lead to a plastic mechanism.

 Important in seismic design, where the amount of ductility


expected from a specific structural system leads to a
decrease in the forces that must be resisted by the
structure.

 Other application is for cases when plane strain assumption


is not valid. Sturt and Tie model is one such method.
Design procedures specified in ACI Code
3- Plastic Design
Three Theorems of Plasticity

1- Lower-bound theorem

2- Upper-bound theorem

3- Uniqueness theorem
Design procedures specified in ACI Code
3- Plastic Design
i- Lower-bound theorem
 If a structure is subjected to a statically admissible
distribution of internal forces and if the member cross
sections are chosen to provide a safe distribution of
strength for the given structure and loading, the
structure either will not collapse or will be just at the
point of collapsing.
 The resulting distribution of internal forces and
moments corresponds to a failure load that is a lower
bound to the load at failure. This is called a lower
bound because the computed failure load is less than
or equal to the actual collapse load.
Design procedures specified in ACI Code
3- Plastic Design
ii- Upper-bound theorem
 A structure will collapse if there is a kinematically
admissible set of plastic hinges that results in a plastic
collapse mechanism.
 For any kinematically admissible plastic collapse
mechanism, a collapse load can be calculated by equating
external and internal work.
 The load calculated by this method will be greater than or
equal to the actual collapse load. Thus, the calculated load
is an upper bound to the failure load.
Design procedures specified in ACI Code
3- Plastic Design
iii- Uniqueness theorem

 If the lower-bound theorem involves the same forces,


hinges, and displacements as the upper-bound solution, the
resulting failure load is the true or unique collapse load.

 For the upper- and lower-bound solutions to occur, the


structure must have enough ductility to allow the moments
and other internal forces from the original loads to
redistribute to those corresponding to the bounds of
plasticity solutions.
Design procedures specified in ACI Code
Lower-bound design – Elastic Analysis and
design case

 Reinforced concrete design is usually based on elastic


analyses. Cross sections are proportioned to have factored
nominal strengths φRn greater than or equal to the
factored loads (γS) found from an elastic analysis.

 Because the factored elastic moments and forces are a


statically admissible distribution of forces, and the
resisting-moment diagram is chosen by the designer to be a
safe distribution, the strength of the resulting structure is a
lower bound.
Design procedures specified in ACI Code
Lower-bound design – Plastic Analysis and
design case
 Strut-and-tie models give lower-bound estimates of the capacity
of concrete structures if:
(a) the strut-and-tie model of the structure represents a statically
admissible distribution of forces,
(b) the strengths of the struts, ties, and nodal zones are chosen to
be safe, relative to the computed forces in the strut-and-tie
model, and
(c) the members and joint regions have enough ductility to allow
the internal forces, moments, and stresses to make the
transition from the strut-and-tie forces and moments to the
final force and moment distribution.
 If adequate ductility is provided the strut-and-tie model will give
a so-called safe estimate, which is a lower-bound estimate of the
strength of the strut-and-tie model.
Design procedures specified in ACI Code
Upper-bound design – Plastic Analysis and
design case

 Yield line analysis and design of slabs

 Plastic collapse mechanisms of beams and frames


Reading Assignment # 2

Sections 2.3 to 2.6

+ Quiz!!!!!!

30
QUESTIONS / COMMENTS???

31

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