FACULTY OF CIVIL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING

COURSE NAME GEOTECNICS I

COURSE CODE BFC 21702

STUDY TITLE CONSTRUCTION OF ROAD ON SOFT SOIL

SECTION 9

GROUP MEMBERS 1. AFIF AIMAN BIN AZHAR (DF 170188)

2. AIN NADRAH BINTI ABDUL AZIZ (DF 170174)

3. LEE HWEE YEE (DF 170158)

4. LAW JOE WIN (DF170169)

LECTURER NAME ENCIK MOHD FAIRUS BIN YUSOF

SUBMISSION DATE 30 MAY 2018

 CONTENT

NO. TITLE PAGE

1. INTRODUCTION
3
1.1 What is Cohesive Soil
1.2 What is Road
1.3 What is Road Constructions

2. CASE STUDY
4-7
2.1 Case Study 1
2.2 Case Study 2

3. APPLICATIONS
8-17
3.1 Failure in Road Construction on Soft Soil
3.2 Excavation Works
3.3 Construction of Subgrade on Soft Soils

4. CONCLUSION 18

5. REFERENCES 19

6. ATTACHMENT 20-26

6.1 Minutes of Meeting

6.2 FILA Table

2
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 What is Cohesive Soil?

Cohesive soil means clay (fine grained soil), or soil with a high clay content, which has cohesive strength. Cohesive
soil does not crumble, can be excavated with vertical side slopes, and is plastic when moist. Cohesive soil is hard to
break up when dry and exhibits significant cohesion when submerged. Cohesive soils include clayey silt, sandy clay,
silty clay, clay and organic clay.

Example of cohesive soil.

1.2 What is road?

A road is a thoroughfare, route, or way on land between two places that has been paved or otherwise improved to
allow travel by foot or some form of conveyance, including a motor vehicle, cart, bicycle, or horse. Roads consist of
one or two roadways (British English: carriageways), each with one or more lanes and any associated sidewalks
(British English: pavement) and road verges. There is often a bike path. Other names for roads include parkways,
avenues, freeways, interstates, highways, or primary, secondary, and tertiary local roads.

1.3 What is road construction?

Road construction requires the creation of an engineered continuous right-of-way or roadbed, overcoming geographic
obstacles and having grades low enough to permit vehicle or foot travel,and may be required to meet standards set by
law or official guidelines. The process is often begun with the removal of earth and rock by digging or
blasting, construction of embankments, bridges and tunnels, and removal of vegetation (this may
involve deforestation) and followed by the laying of pavement material. A variety of road building equipmentis
employed in road building

3
4
2.0 CASE STUDY

In previous year, data were collected about the factors causing the failure in structures in soft soil. In the result stated, the amount
of each factors have increased drastically and will continue to rocket if no proper action are taken. Therefore, it is clearly shown
that the issue of ground settlement is the main engineering problem encountered in construction over soft ground area. A common
settlement problem occurred in most of the project is excessive settlement such as elastic or immediate settlement, primary
consolidation settlement and differential settlement when where sudden change in the thickness of fill occurs. Soft soil have very
low bearing capacity thus it is essential to stabilize the existing soft soils before commencing any construction activities in order to
prevent differential settlements.

Ground settlement shows the highest number of causes for constructruction failure. Soft soil are low in shear strength andbearing
capacity, and suffer large settlements when subjected to loading (Mamat, 2013).

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 Case Study 1: Hospital Tengku Ampuan Rahimah Integration Quarters in Klang, Selangor

Figure 1 shows the layout of affected pile after the first piling

This project consists of the construction of three blocks of 13 and 14 storey building within the existing hospital compound. The
site is underlain by quaternary alluvial deposit which consists of very soft to soft silty clay with the thickness ranges from 15 to
20m. This layer is followed by a layer of medium stiff to stiff silty clay/ sandy clay, whereas hard stratum is subsequently found at
the depth of 18 to 28m. Based on the site investigation report, 500mm diameter concrete spun pile with design capacity of 850kN
has been proposed as foundation system for the buildings. However, jacked – in method was adopted for the installation of the piles
in order to minimize the noise and vibration which could affect the existing nearby structures. Adding that, there was no ground
treatment work proposed by the design consultant to improve the engineering behaviour of soft soil at the site.

The most crucial problem faced were most of the installed piles were found to be deviated from original position and
damaged at the location of the proposed lift pit after some times upon completion of piling work. Based on the investigation carried
out PWD, there are many possible causes contributed to the deviation of piles. The main cause was due to the displacement of soft
ground as results of the moving jacked-in machine and excavation work for lift pits. In order to comply with standard requirement
of PWD for pile installation using Jacked – in method, the total weight of the machine used must be approximately three times of
the pile design capacity which is equivalent to about 260 metric ton. Such a heavy load that imposed on the surface of the ground
had triggered vertical and horizontal displacement of the soil. Due to the existence of thick soft compressible layer at the site, the
installed piles were expected to be pushed away by the displaced soil as it was lowly restrained in the horizontal direction.

The construction of lift pit involved an excavation work with approximate depth of 2.5m below ground level. For the
purpose of excavation, a 6.0m sheet pile wall had been proposed as a temporary protection. During excavation work, the installed
temporary sheet pile wall was found to be tilted. An investigation carried out after the incidents revealed that the failure of temporary
protection works was attributed to the shortfall in the design and improper construction practice adopted by the contractor in this
particular project. Detailed analysis indicated that at least 9.0m depth of sheet pile wall is required to retain the 2.5m deep of
excavation work, instead of 6.0m that was originally proposed.

6
 Due to the cost and time constraints, temporary sheet pile wall was installed at only one side of the excavation area. The
excavated earth which was supposed to be transported out of the site was also temporary placed on the crest of the pit. This improper
construction practices adopted by the contractor had contributed to the failure of sheet pile wall as the placement of that unsuitable
material had induced surcharge load to the ground that caused lateral movement of the unsupported side of the excavated pit. The
problem of pile deviation was also expected to be caused by negligent in carry out the setting out survey for the pile position.
Movement of the ground as a result of the moving jacked – in machine may shift the pre – pegged pile position. Therefore, without
confirmatory check on the pile position prior to installation had caused the piles to be installed at deviated position. Subsequently,
these problems had caused a great delay in completion of the project. It is also incurred huge amount of additional cost to the project
because a lot of replacement piles were needed for the tilted or deviated piles.

Case Study 2: Core Facilities Building of Polytechnic Kota Kinabalu (PKK), Sabah

The construction of this project was commenced in 1999 and finally completed in 2003. Topographically, the project site is located
on the low-lying area which required extensive earthwork in order to achieve the proposed platform. However, the main building
in the campus detected structural cracks after sometime. At the point of investigation, the drainage system such as perimeter drains
had also experienced serious settlement.

In November 2004, Kumpulan IKRAM (Sabah) Sdn. Bhd. was appointed to conduct a structural assessment and
geotechnical audit on the problematic building. The purpose and scope of work includes physical investigation works include visits,
visual inspection and necessary material and structural testing. This is to ensure any defects can be detected visually and further
monitor works including defect and crack mapping, monitoring of settlement and movement of the Teaching Restaurant. Other
investigation such as proof checking of the structure of the building and carrying out soil investigation works was also done.
Geotechnical analysis and ascertained the integrity of the pile foundation was done so that recommendation of remedial works can
be made.

From the boreholes result indicated the presence of fill material at the site with a thickness of about 7.2m. This layer is
underlain by 10.6m of very soft to firm clayey sandy silt with some organic matters. A hard weathered siltstone and very poor weak
sandstone was encountered at the depth of about 18.0m to 20.0m onward measured from the ground level (Figure 2).

7
 Figure 2 Cross- section of boreholes profile

The investigation team carried out back analysis in order to predict the magnitude and rate of consolidation process at the
site. The ground settlement monitoring records carried out from September – December 2005 shows a total ground settlement of
about 130mm has been recorded, which equivalent to be about 103mm/year. A separate settlement monitoring on columns also
recorded a maximum reading of about 52mm settlement within a period of 15 months. The result of column settlement monitoring
records had indicated that columns of Core Facilities Building had settled at different rates. Therefore, the major cause of the cracks
is expected to be trigger by differential settlement that occurred on the foundation of the building and settlement within the building
compound is still active at time of investigation.

Further inspection on the piling records also been conducted by the investigation team in order to ascertain the actual cause
of failure. Reinforced concrete of size 250mm x250mm square piles have used as a foundation for the building while average pile
penetration depth for Block A and B of the Core Facilities Building is approximately 27.0m and 24.0m, respectively. Installation
of the piles was carried out using hydraulic hammer with final set criteria was based on the blow count for the last 300mm of
penetration. It was recorded that the installation of piles were terminated with blow count for the last 300mm is in the range of 57
- 84 to more than 100 blows. A simple calculation by dividing penetration of 300mm with the recorded total last blow counts
indicated that piles may not properly set during installation. Evidently, some piles were proven to be settled through settlement
monitoring on column even though the pile driving records revealed that the piles had achieved set of 12mm/ 10 blows.

The proposed working load for 250mm x 250mm reinforced concrete pile used in this project is 600kN/ pile. A static load
test was conducted on the longest pile with penetration depth of about 27.0m in order to verify the design. However, no load test
has been conducted on the shorter piles found at Block B of that particular building. Even though the geotechnical capacity for the
proposed pile is found to be much lesser compared to the original design are assumed due to negative skin friction but findings
oppose it. Theoretically, the effect of negative skin friction will induced an additional force on the piles thus reducing its effective
capacity. Therefore, the main cause of the problems possibility due to the overloaded piles when subjected to the negative skin
friction develops over time as a result of settling ground. This phenomenon has led the occurrence of differential settlement of the
pile foundations that causing cracks to the building.

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 3.0 APPLICATIONS

In Malaysia, road construction on soft soil is one of a challenge in construction industry. The characteristic
of soft clay are high compressibility, low shear strength and low permeability. For example, organic clays, sands,
clayey, silty and peat soils are type of soft soil. Problems that mostly faced during construction on soft soil are due to
insufficient bearing capacity, excessive post construction settlement and instability on excavation and embankment
forming. Because of the properties of soft soil, a huge amount of cost is needed for excavation and piling works.
Moreover, excessive differential settlement, negative skin friction and bearing capacity failure are the common
problems that found in road construction of soft soil. Due to increase development of residential and commercial in
Malaysia, soft soil is selected although it is more complicated in geotechnical works and also construction works. The
construction of soft soil is increasing due to lack of suitable land for infrastructures and other developments. Imported
soils from cutting of hills and highlands are used for various construction purposes. For example, there consists of
peat soils or soft soils in Johor area especially in Batu Pahat area. Clay is a soil with large fractions of fine particles
such as silty and clayey soils, which have high moisture content, peat foundations and loose sand deposits, located
near or under the water table (Kamon.M And Bergoda.D.T, 1991) Depending on the geographic origin and training
of the engineer or geoscientist involved, a soft soil may be defined as soil with an organic content greater than
anywhere from 20% to 70% of the total weight.

Figure 3: Soft Soil Profile

3.1 FAILURES IN ROAD CONSTRUCTION ON SOFT SOIL

There have many types of failure in road construction on soft soil such as cracks, large surface deformation
and structural deformation of pavements layers and subgrade layer. Generally, mechanical compaction is the most
commonly used technique to stabilize soil subgrades. When conducting first compacted, clayey soils usually have
sizeable bearing strengths. California Bearing Ratio (CBR) strengths of soil subgrades immediately after compaction,

9
typically, range from 10 to 40. However, shortly after the pavement is placed and the clayey subgrade is exposed to
moisture, CBR strengths decrease to a range of about 1 to 5. (Tommy C.Hopkins, Tony L.Beckham, Liecheng Sun,
2006) The loss of bearing strength of the soil subgrade affects pavement performance obviously. It is a major problem
that affects pavement performance. It causes a decrease in bearing of the top portion of clayey subgrades. Although
aggregate bases can drain water from the pavement during wet seasons, water flowing outward also drains downward
into the top of the subgrade. During those periods, the tops of clayey subgrades absorb water, swell, decrease in dry
density, increase in moisture content and loss strength. With a loss of strength the pavement structure is weakened.

A soft layer of soil frequently develops at the top of untreated, highway soil subgrades. This situation
develops because compacted clayey soils absorb moisture. As swelling occurs, the unit weight of the compacted clayey
soil decreases and bearing, or shear strength, decreases. The loss of strength is irreversible. On the basis of percentile
test value, moisture contents measured at points at the very untreated subgrades were some 3-4 percent larger than
moisture contents measured at points below the tops of the subgrades. (Caquot,A. and Kerisel,J., 1953) There was
direct correlation between in situ CBR and the moisture content of the soil subgrade. As the moisture content of the
soil subgrade increases, the value of the in situ CBR decreases. This loss of strength during or after paving, directly
affects pavements stability.

Mechanical compaction generally creates, initially, large value of preconsolidation pressure of clayey soils.
However, exposure to saturation significantly reduces the preconsolidation pressure of a compacted soil. This process
is not reversal. With a decrease in preconsolidation pressure due to the absorption of water and swelling, a compacted
soil subgrade is more prone to differential deflection or compression under wheel loadings. Consequently, pavements
resting on soften subgrades are subject to larger deflections and potential cracking than subgrade soils that retain their
original pre-consolidation pressures. Based on past studies, the minimum value if CBR requires constructing a flexible
pavement should generally equal to about 6. (Hopkins.T.C, Beckham.T.L., 2000) Construction of a flexible pavement
becomes difficult when the in-situ value of CBR decreases below 6.

Figure 4: Rutting

10
 Figure 5: Map Cracking

Figure 6: Longitudinal Cracks Figure 7: Transverse Cracks

3.2 EXCAVATION WORKS

In order to improve the highway performance, a few methods of excavation works have been applied such
as excavation of unsuitable material, sand replacement and filling, pile supported embankment method and surface
soil reinforcement method. (Terazaghi, K. and Peck, R.B, 1990) Surface soil reinforcement method involves laying
some reinforcement materials (geotextiles and geogrids) at the surfaces of the soft soil deposit before filling. The
materials are useful to ensure site traffic ability, to control loss of fill materials and to reduce differential settlement

11
of the embankment. They also provide horizontal restraint at the bottom of the embankment so as to reduce the risk
of rotational or transactional failures of the embankment. However, this method cannot reduce the final total
embankment settlement which is related to the compressibility and thickness of the supporting soft soils deposits, and
the amount of fill placed on top of the soft soils. In some instances, the settlement can be speeded up by surcharging,
thereby reducing the amount of post-construction settlements. Generally, the method is effective for low height
embankment and for cases where regular maintenance can be implemented. (Rohayu Che Omar, Rashid Jaafar and
Hamdan Hassan, 1998)

Figure 8: Surface Soil Reinforcement Method

Replacement method or filling involves removal of all or part of soft soil and replacing it with suitable
materials. The removal can be executed using excavation machinery. The excavation and backfill are carried out with
or without dewatering. This is done immediately or to sand filling in order to keep the material free from laminants.
The first stage of sand filling shall be approximately 1 meter, which at the same time serves as platform for haulage
carrying sand to the excavated area. On reaching adequate stretch of approximately 50m, the sand layer of sandal shall
proceed and the subsequent layer after the first 1 meter shall be compacted satisfactorily by means of vibratory roller.
After that testing should be carried out immediately after the action or else the ingress of underground water is rapid
and causes the existing water table to raise up and the fill will be soaked up with water and remains fully saturated.

Figure 9: Replacement Method

For pile supported embankment method, loads are supported on piles. Piles are installed and the pile tops are
capped with a continuous reinforced concrete slab or pile caps with strong geotextile spanning between the caps. Thus,

12
the fill loads are transferred through the piles to a lower, more competent supporting stratum. This results in increasing
bearing capacity and a drastic reduction of embankment settlement to an acceptable level, usually within 25mm.

Figure 10: Pile Supported Embankment Method

3.3 CONSTRUCTION OF SUBGRADE IN SOFT SOIL

Roads are built up in several layers, consisting of sub-grade, sub-base, base and surface layer. Subgrade is
the uppermost part of the soil, consists of natural or imported soil to supporting the load transmitted from the overlying
layers. (Robani,R and Chan,C-M, 2009) Therefore, sub-base course serves as an aid to disperse the load from the base
course before transmitting it to the subgrade. The base course which is overlying the sub-base course plays a prominent
role in the support and dispersion of the traffic loads. Surface course consists of binder course and wearing course.
Binder course layer works as a supporting, dispersing traffic load and resists shear, while the topmost layer (wearing
course) resists abrasion and prevent skidding.

A soft subgrade in construction of roadways is one of the most frequent problems for highway construction
in many parts of the world. These problematic soils do not possess enough strength to support the wheel loads upon
them either in construction or during the service life of the pavement. The usual approach to soft subgrades
stabilization is removes the soft soil, and replaces it with stronger materials likes crushed rock. The high cost of
replacement causes highway contractors to explore alternative methods of highway construction on soft sub grades
(Ahmad Hakimi Mat Nor, Mohd Idrus Hj Mohd Masirin, Mohd Erwan Sanik, 2014). This soil must therefore, be
treated to provide a stable subgrade or working platform for the construction of the pavement. One of the strategies to
achieve this is soil stabilization. The soil stabilization includes both physical stabilization (such as dynamic
compaction) and chemical stabilization (such as mixing with cement, fly ash, and lime). One of the most important
layers of the road is the subgrade. Where the subgrade is founded in an inherently weak soil, this material is typically
removed and replaced with a stronger granular material.

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3.3.1 Nano-clay

Nano-clay raw material is montmorillonite, a two to one layered smectite clay material with a platy structure.
The thickness of each layer is about 1mm, diameter from 10mm to several microns, and the interplayed space around
1mm depending on the modification methods. Due to its high aspect of ratio and good physical and thermal properties,
Nano-clay has the potential for exceptional improvements in barrier, flammability resistance, thermal and mechanical
properties. Nano-clay is the suitable additives for strengthening of soil and can be used to improve quality of weak
road subgrade.

There are few laboratories testing conducted to determine the suitability of Nano-clay to improve the quality
of weak road subgrade. Atterberg limit is a laboratory test that is performed to determine the plastic limit and liquid
limit of soil. The plastic and liquid limit is determined by using cone penetrometer test. By obtaining the value of
plastic and liquid limit, the plasticity index can obtain. Permeability test is a laboratory test that is performed to
determine the coefficient of permeability or the rate of water flow through the soil sample. The type of permeability
test used is falling head test as it is suitable for fine-grained soil. The test results provide the rate of water seepage
through the soil. California Bearing Ratio is a penetration test for evaluation of the mechanical strength of road
subgrades and base courses. The test is performed by measuring the pressure required to penetrate soil sample with a
plunger of standard area with equipment. The CBR rating was developed for measuring the load-bearing capacity of
soils used for buildings roads. The harder the surface, the higher the CBR rating.

Based on the laboratories testing, the increasing of Nano-clay decreases the void in soil sample. When the
void I soil sample decreases, the rate of water flowing through the soil also decreases thus improving the soil is suitable
for road subgrade. Moreover, the CBR value for soil sample increases when the percentage of Nano-clay increases
thus increasing the strength of soil sample. High value of CBR shows that the strength of the soil sample is good
instead of using soft clay soil. (M.M.Mohd Idrus,J.S.M.Singh,A.L.A.Musbah,D.C.Wijeyesekera, 2015)

Figure 11: Nano-clay

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3.3.2 Stabilization with a Cementitious or Asphaltic Binder

The addition of an appropriate binder such as lime, Portland cement and emulsified asphalt can increase
subgrade stiffness and reduce swelling tendencies. Table 1 shows the Colorado Asphalt Pavement Association
recommendations.

Table 1: Stabilization Recommendations (CAPA, 2000)

Stabilization Material Conditions Under which it is Recommend

Lime Subgrades where expansion potential combined
with a lack of stability is a problem
Portland Cement Subgrades which exhibit a plasticity index of 10 or
less
Asphalt Emulsion Subgrades are sandy and do not have an excessive
amount of material finer than the 0.075mm (No. 200
sieve)

The application of lime is commonly used method for soil modification and soil stabilization for subgrade
beneath roadways, airfield and parking lots. Lime can substantially increase subgrade stability, load bearing capacity
and long term durability. When lime is added pozzolanic reaction is occurs. This reaction produces stable calcium
silicate hydrates and calcium aluminate hydrates as the calcium from the lime reacts with the aluminates and silicates
solubilized from the soft soil. The full term pollozanic reaction can continue for a very long period of time even a
decade as long as enough lime is present and pH remains high with the reading above 10. Neoloy Geocell Solution is
one of application of lime in soil modification. The total pavement structure was 1m deep which comprised of:

1. Subgrade – The top 40cm layer of black cotton subgrade was stabilized with lime and compacted.
2. Sub-base – An additional 40cm of locally available granular sub-base material was added.
3. Base – Neoloy was deployed in the base layer and filled with the same granular infill.
4. Surface Cover – Comprised of 7.5cm of high quality ‘moorum’ infill.

Figure 12: Application of lime in soil stabilization

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3.3.3 Bamboo Geotextile Buoyant System
The deployment of ‘geobamtile’ used to stabilize soft soil adjacent to the river for the construction of
perimeter road of around the Wholesale Market in Batu Pahat, Johor. ‘Geobamtile’ system is essentially a superbedly
large ‘raft foundation’ formed inexpensively by tying together rounded matured bamboo culms each of 5m length
approximately by galvanized iron wires in a criss-cross manner to form into gird network. The bamboo grid can either
be fabricated in-situ at its designated location in the project or alternatively be prefabricated next to or in the close
vicinity of the site where they are eventually to be laid. Before the entire setup being overlaid by a layer of geotextile
which acts as a separator to prevent undesirable mixing of soft soils below it and the good borrowed backfill materials
brought in and compact to build the necessary embankment or platform for subsequent infrastructure or for building
constructions. (Low Kaw Sai and Tioh Ngee Heng, 2016)

Figure 13: Bamboo Grid Frames being fabricated in-situ

Figure 14: Geobamtile System at Cyberjaya

16
 There are some advantages of ‘geobamtile’ System in soft soil. The adoption of ‘geobamtile’ system for
construction over soft ground has proven always resulted in much shorter project gestation period and usually ahead
of schedule when compared with other commonly used methods like piled-embankment, surcharge with vertical drains
method and lightweight polystyrene blocks which are not only costly for their constructions but also involve long
construction period that extension of time is common. Furthermore, this method of construction involving mainly
natural material like bamboo and thus it is indisputably a near 100% green and sustainable method of construction
greatly sought after today. Unlike implementation of many other major projects in this country or elsewhere where
rural and indigenous folks are merely on-lookers but the need of large quantity of bamboo for the ‘geobamtile’ method
of construction means it creates a rewarding job for them as, say, bamboo resource harvesters. Thus, will in due course
impart positive social impact to these communities in the country should this method of construction has become
popular.

3.3.4 Industrial Solid Waste in Soil Stabilization

In past studies, the effects of addition of sand, fly ash and tile waste in the improvement of locally available
clay soil as a subgrade material is explored. The effect of the addition of waste materials was studied by determining
the CBR test for the various blends. 70:30 was found to be the optimal blend for soil with sand due to the maximum
dry density achieved for that combination. The addition of fly ash to the mix resulted in decrease in dry density and
increase in the optimum moisture content of the blend. Addition of tile waste resulted in an increase in the dry density
initially followed by a decrease on further increase in the tile waste content in the blend. Both the soaked and the
unsoaked CBR increased with the addition of sand, fly ash and tile waste in the optimal proportions based on the
compaction characteristics.

Figure 15: Compaction of Fly Ash Stabilized Soil

Moreover, the use of cement kiln dust in stabilization of clayey soils is studied. Cement kiln dust was added
up to 20% in various dosages in the soil to study its influence on the various properties. A number of tests including
index properties, compaction characteristics, strength, bearing and durability tests were done in order to evaluate the
performance of cement kiln dust in stabilizing clayey soils. The study concluded that cement kiln dust stabilized clay
enhanced all the properties studied and also was durable. The addition of cement kiln dust to soil resulted in very high

17
CBR values which led the authors to conclude that cement kiln dust can be used to manufacture soil blocks for low
cost housing and subgrade stabilization for local population.

Figure 16: Cement Soil Modification

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4.0 CONCLUSIONS

To sums up, we can see that road contruction on soft soil can be done because it has high
compressibility, low shear strength and low permeability. But, in the mean time it also have
insufficient in bearing capacity, excessive post construction settlement and instability on
excavation and embankment forming which are the problematic factors that overwhelm in
construction.
Excessive differential settlement, negative skin friction and bearing capacity failure are the
common problems that found in road construction of soft soil. The construction of soft soil is
increasing due to lack of suitable land for infrastructures and other developments. Imported soils
from cutting of hills and highlands are used for various construction purposes and some other
methods are be use as been listed in the applications above.
From the project we can also say that, eventhough the construction of road can be done
but it also may high possibilities of failure due to the characteristics of the soft soil itself.

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5.0 REFERENCES

1. Ahmad Hakimi Mat Nor, Mohd Idrus Hj Mohd Masirin, Mohd Erwan Sanik. (2014). Site Investigation Of Road Drains
For Rural Road On Batu Pahat Soft Clay (BPSC). Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering, International
Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR).

2. CAPA. (2000). Guideline for the Design and Use of Asphalt Pavements for Colorado Roadways. Englewood: Colorado
Asphalt Pavement Association.

3. Caquot,A. and Kerisel,J. (1953). Ultimate Bearing Capacity of a Foundation on the surface of a Cohesionless Soil.
Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Soils Mechanics and Foundation Engineering . Switzerland.

4. Hopkins.T.C, Beckham.T.L. (2000). Influence of Clay Fraction on the Behaviour of Soil Subgrades. Fifth International
Symposium on Unbound Aggregates in Roads. Nottingham.

5. Kamon.M And Bergoda.D.T. (1991). Ground Improvement Techniques. Proc. 91h Asian Regional Conf.Soil
Mech.Found.Eng'g, 2, pp. 526-546. Bangkok,Thailand.

6. Low Kaw Sai and Tioh Ngee Heng. (2016, Sept). Bamboo-Geotextile Buoyant System for Hefty Construction Over Deep
Soft Subgrade. Journal of Built Environment, Technology and Engineering, 1, 262-265.

7. M.M.Mohd Idrus,J.S.M.Singh,A.L.A.Musbah,D.C.Wijeyesekera. (2015). Investigation of Stabilised Batu Pahat Soft Soil

Pertaining on its CBR and Permeability Properties for Road Construction. Soft Soil Engineering International Conference
2015 (SEIC2015) (pp. 1-3). Batu Pahat: IOP .

8. Robani,R and Chan,C-M. (2009). Reusing soft soils with cement-palm oil clinker (POC) stabilisation. Proceedings of
the International Conference on Civil Engineering and Education in the 21st. Century (ICEF2009) (pp. 23-25). Sarawak:
Institution of Engineers, Malaysia.

9. Rohayu Che Omar, Rashid Jaafar and Hamdan Hassan. (1998). Engineering geology and earthwork problem associated
with highway construction in soft soil at Sg. Rasau, Dengkil, Selangor . Ninth Regional Congress on Geology, Mineral
and Energy Resources of Southeast Asia - GEOSEA '98 , 43, p. 185. Kuala Lumpur.

10. Terazaghi, K. and Peck, R.B. (1990). Soils Mechanics In Engineering Practice. New York: John Wiley & Sons.

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6.0 ATTACHMENTS

6.1 MINUTES OF MEETING

UNIVERSITI TUN HUSSEIN ONN MALAYSIA

GEOTECHNICS I

BFC21702

MINUTES OF MEETING 1

LECTURER’S NAME : ENCIK MOHD FAIRUS BIN YUSOF

DATE : 25 APRIL 2018

TIME : 10.30 PM

PLACE : TDI

ATTENDANCE
: ALL GROUP MEMBERS

1. AFIF AIMAN BIN AZHAR (DF170188)

2. AIN NADRAH BINTI ABDUL AZIZ (DF170174)

3. LEE HWEE YEE ( DF10158)

4. LAW JOE WIN (DF170169)

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NO AGENDA ACTION NEEDED
1.
ORGANISATION COMMITTEE MEMBERS AFIF AIMAN BIN AZHAR

1.1. All the members agree with the decision made

1.2.Leader gives some speech and introduces himself.

DIVIDING A TASK
2.1. Leader divides a task to all members.
2. 2.1.1.in charge of minutes of meeting
2.1.2.in charge of content in the report
2.1.3.in charge of printing and binding

2.2. All the members are also required to find some

references regarding to the question given. AIN NADRAH BINTI
ABDUL AZIZ

LEE HWEE YEE

DISCUSSING FOR THE NEXT MEETING
LAW JOE WIN
3.1. All the members agree to have the next meeting
3. in the evening at UTHM library on 25th April 2018.

CLOSING

4.1. The meeting ends at 11.30 PM.

22
 UNIVERSITI TUN HUSSEIN ONN MALAYSIA

GEOTECHNICS I

BFC21702

MINUTES OF MEETING 2

LECTURER’S NAME : ENCIK MOHD FAIRUS BIN YUSOF

DATE : 30 APRIL 2018

TIME : 10.30 PM

PLACE : TDI

ATTENDANCE
ALL GROUP MEMBERS:
1. AFIF AIMAN BIN AZHAR
2. AIN NADRAH BINTI ABDUL AZIZ
3. LEE HWEE YEE
4. LAW JOE WIN

23
NO AGENDA ACTION NEEDED

SEARCHING FOR REFERENCE

1.1. All members are involved in the searching.

1.2. Some reference books that relate to the topic given
are selected.
COMPLETING THE CONTNENT

2.1. Identify each member ideas to manage the

problem.

2.2. Identify the learning issues that relate to the

question given.

BORROWING BOOK

3.1. Look thoroughly all the information in the books

that have been selected.

3.2. Borrow some books from the library.

SEARCH THE INTERNET

ALL MEMBERS
4.1. We search the web that connected to the topic.

4.2. Compile the data in a file before looking through

the data.

CLOSING

5.1. The meeting ends at 11.30 pm.

24
 UNIVERSITI TUN HUSSEIN ONN MALAYSIA

GEOTECHNICS I

BFC21702

MINUTES OF MEETING 3

LECTURER’S NAME : ENCIK MOHD FAIRUS BIN YUSOF

DATE : 30 APRIL 2018

TIME : 10.30 PM

PLACE : TDI

ATTENDANCE
ALL GROUP MEMBERS:

1. AFIF AIMAN BIN AZHAR

2. AIN NADRAH BINTI ABDUL AZIZ

3. LEE HWEE YEE

4. LAWJOE WIN

25
NO AGENDA ACTION NEEDED

1.
MAKING SOLUTION

1.1. Finish all the tasks.

2.
PRINTING AND BINDING

2.1. The minutes of meeting are all printed out.

2.2. The assessment is compiled into a report.

2.3. The report is checked through carefully before

binding it.
ALL MEMBERS

3.
CLOSING

3.1. The meeting ends at 9.30 pm.

26
6.2 FILA TABLE

FACTS IDEAS LEARNING ISSUES RESOURCES NEEDED

1- Construction 1- Case Studies on 1- What are the 1- Studying case studies
of Road on Soft the Road application needed to be that related to the road
Soil Construction Issue carry out? construction on soft soils.
2- Introduction of 2- Determining the 2-Finding information
Road Construction problems and ideas through books, journals,
3- Causes of road 3- How types of articles and website.
Construction Construction Failure 3- Information of
Failure affecting the Road and alternative subgrade by
4- Types of Soft soil library and senior’s PSM.
Construction 4- How types of 4- Gather informations
Failure Subgrade influence the regarding Road
5- Materials use to construction of road on Construction and
undergo Road soft soil characteristics of soft
Construction 5- What are the soil.
6- Construction advantages of using other
Subgrade that will types of subgrade
be used
7- Types of works
needed to be done

27
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