Home Networking In Linux

Home Networking In Linux

Iptables Firewall, Routing, Wireless, and More

Scott Paul Robertson

http://spr.mahonri5.net
[email protected]

December 10, 2006

Home Networking In Linux
Introduction

Why Build My Own Router?

◮ With most ISPs, you only get a single uplink jack, but you
probably have more than just the one computer. Most people
solve this by purchasing a all-in-one router from one of the
major companies: Linksys, Belkin, Netgear, DLink, etc.
Usually you configure them through some annoying web-based
utility.
◮ In my experience with these, you either get lucky and
everything always works, or you’re hitting the reset button
about everyday to reboot the thing so everyone can get on the
wireless network. We won’t even begin to get into the evil
that is the configuration utility.
◮ For all these reasons, we want a better, more flexible, more
configurable solution.
Home Networking In Linux
Introduction

What Do I Need?

◮ You will need a machine that runs Linux. For very simple
setups a Pentium 1 should work, but the more you want to do
(security for wireless, web filtering, complex firewall rules) the
faster your processor should be. 400 MHz is sufficient for the
more complex setups.
◮ You will need to be comfortable running a system without X,
familiar with kernel settings, and some familiarity with a
scripting language.
◮ You will need to pick a distro that can handle running on a
slower machine. SuSE, Fedora, Gentoo, and Unbuntu are
probably bad choices. I recommend Debian.
◮ You’ll probably want to do a minimum install.
Home Networking In Linux
Introduction
Preparing the Machine

Kernel Configuration

◮ After installing Linux onto the box, you’ll want to be sure that
your kernel has a few standard options set.
◮ Under Networking--->Networking options you’ll want to enable:
◮ IP: TCP syncookie support
◮ Network Packet filtering
◮ Under Network Packet filtering--->Core Netfilter Configuration
◮ Netfilter Xtables support
◮ MARK, CLASSIFY, NFQUEUE, comment, conntrack, limit,
max, state
◮ Under IP: Netfilter Configuration
◮ Connection tracking: FTP, IRC
◮ IP tables support: range, multiple port, TOS, recent, packet
filtering, LOG, NAT (MASQUERADE, REDIRECT), mangling
Home Networking In Linux
Basic Networking

Basic Networking
◮ Usually, an ISP will provide us with a single address to use when connecting to
their network. To have multiple computers go through the one address we need
to NAT (Network Address Translation).
◮ Usually, you assign machines on your LAN a private IP address, the avalible
subnets are:
Subnet IP Range Addresses
10.0.0.0/8 10.0.0.0 – 10.255.255.255 1677216
172.16.0.0/12 172.16.0.0 – 172.31.255.255 1048576
192.168.0.0/16 192.168.0.0 – 192.168.255.255 65536
Most consumer routers use a 24-bit subnet in the 192.168.0.0/16 block, so it is
usually safe to use one within your ISP’s network. It is not unusual that an ISP
will use a subnet in 10.0.0.0/8. The 172.16.0.0/12 range is fairly rare to come
by, so a subnet in there should be safe as well. There are no rules governing the
use of private subnets, so your ISP might use subnets from all of them. You
might have to experiment to find an unused subnet.
◮ If you have to pick a private subnet, I would recommend one of the early 24-bit
subnets in 192.168.0.0/16, like 192.168.1.0/24 or 192.168.2.0/24.
Home Networking In Linux
Basic Networking

Subnet Usage

◮ If you plan to have both a wireless and a wired network, you

can have one 24-bit subnet for each, or you can divide up a
24-bit subnet into two 25-bit subnets. (There are more
options, but these are the most straight forward)
◮ The two 25-bit subnets from 192.168.1.0/24 would be as
follows:
Usable IP’s Broadcast Address Netmask
192.168.1.1 – 192.168.1.126 192.168.1.127 255.255.255.128
192.168.1.129 – 192.168.1.254 192.168.1.255 255.255.255.128
◮ This allows us to use fewer addresses (reducing possibilities of
collisions with our ISP), but still have the technical
advantages of having two subnets.
Home Networking In Linux
Basic Networking

Kernel Routing Options

◮ The kernel has a large array of built-in options that affect a

router, from blocking some forms of attacks to simply
allowing us to act as a router.
◮ Unfortunately there are far more options than time, so I will
simply mention one.
◮ /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward
◮ By echoing ‘1’ into this file we enable forwarding, echoing ‘0’
will disable forwarding.
◮ To act as a router, forwarding must be enabled.
Home Networking In Linux
Basic Networking

Configuring Your Network Devices

◮ Now, lets suppose we have a public, static address, provided
by dhcp, of 42.42.42.42, and we’ve divided into 2 25-bit
subnets as described above. We have eth0 as the external
NIC, eth1 as the internal wired, and eth2 as the wireless.
◮ Configure each as follows:
# ifup eth0
# ifconfig eth1 192.168.1.1 netmask 255.255.255.128 broadcast 192.168.1.127 up
# ifconfig eth2 192.168.1.129 netmask 255.255.255.128 broadcast 192.168.1.255 up
# iwconfig eth2 mode master essid mynetwork

◮ Now the command route -n should only have one gateway,

which is provided by your ISP.
◮ If your distro doesn’t have ifup, use the equivalent for eth0,
just be sure to be getting you’re address from dhcp.
Home Networking In Linux
Basic Iptables

Iptables: Introduction
◮ Iptables is the current method of implementing a Linux
firewall. It succeeds ipchains, and is avalible in the 2.4 and
default in the 2.6 kernel series.
◮ Firewall rules are inserted into the kernel in various tables,
setup as chains of rules.
◮ With iptables you specify the table you are adding the rule to,
and the chain you wish to put the rule in. There are a number
of default tables, but we will only worry about two of them:
◮ filter – The default table, containing the chains INPUT,
OUTPUT, and FORWARD.
◮ nat – Used to alter packets before or after the filter table,
contains the chains PREROUTING, OUTPUT, and
POSTROUTING.
Home Networking In Linux
Basic Iptables

Iptables: Introduction
◮ In each table there are chains of rules. These chains execute
rules in order.
◮ Each chain has a default policy for determining what to do
with a packet it encounters. The policy can be any of the
possible TARGETs. Some useful ones are:
◮ ACCEPT – Let the packet through.
◮ DROP – Drop the packet, no notification, just toss it aside.
◮ REJECT – Reject the packet, with an error message.
◮ REDIRECT – Send the packet else where.
◮ Each rule has a number of parameters it tries to match. If the
packet is a match the rule applies to that packet.
◮ To allow all SSH traffic in to the firewall machine you would:
# iptables -A INPUT -p tcp --dport 22 -j ACCEPT
Home Networking In Linux
Basic Iptables

Understanding Iptables Commands

◮ The following rule will be explained:

# iptables -A INPUT -p tcp --dport 22 -j ACCEPT

◮ -A INPUT – This says to append this rule to the chain INPUT

in the default table.
◮ -p tcp – Specifies the protocol to be tcp. udp packets will be
ignored by this rule.
◮ --dport 22 – If we’ve picked a protocol, we can specify a
destination port, or a source port with --sport. So in this
case, if the packet is a tcp packet going to port 22 it is a
match.
◮ -j ACCEPT – Jump to the target ACCEPT if we match.
Home Networking In Linux
Basic Iptables

Using the Right Chain

◮ Often the difficulty with iptables is knowing when to use which

chain when filtering. Here’s some simple rules of thumb.
1. If the packet is coming directly to the machine running the
firewall, INPUT.
2. If the packet is being generated by the machine running the
firewall, OUTPUT.
3. If the packet is simply passing through from one machine onto
another , FORWARD.
4. If the packet needs to been seen as a coming from a different
IP address, use the nat table with POSTROUTING.
5. If the packet needs to go to a different address, use the nat
table with PREROUTING.
Home Networking In Linux
Basic Iptables

Using the Right Chain, cont.

◮ Examples of each:
1. Stop http access to the firewall:
# iptables -A INPUT -p tcp --dport 80 -j DROP

2. Don’t let telnet out of the firewall:

# iptables -A OUTPUT -p tcp --dport 23 -j DROP

3. Allow ssh to the internal LAN:

# iptables -A FORWARD -p tcp --dport 22 -j ACCEPT

4. All internal machines are private, NAT to firewall’s public:

# iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -i eth1 -j SNAT \
--to-source 42.42.42.42

5. HTTP needs to forward on to a NAT’ed box:

# iptables -t nat -A PREROUTING -i eth0 -p tcp --dport 80 \
-j DNAT --to-destination 192.168.1.15
Home Networking In Linux
Basic Iptables

Basic Routing Commands

◮ If we are forwarding packets from other machines on to the
internet, we need to know a few basic commands for iptables.
We will assume that you have private addresses on your LAN,
and only one public address that your firewall has.
◮ eth0 is the external network device, eth1 is the internal device
◮ Our public address is 42.42.42.42
◮ Our box is at 192.168.1.15
◮ We want the world to know where our LAN’s packets are
coming from, so we will add and entry to the nat table:
# iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -o eth0 -j SNAT --to-source 42.42.42.42

◮ We want to forward SSH packets to our box:

# iptables -t nat -A PREROUTING -i eth0 -d 42.42.42.42 -p tcp --dport 22 \
-j DNAT --to-destination 192.168.1.15
Home Networking In Linux
Basic Iptables

Basic Firewall Rules

◮ A firewall can run in two basic modes, accept or drop.
◮ In accept, we set the INPUT, FORWARD, and OUTPUT
chains with a default policy of ACCEPT.
◮ In drop, we set the INPUT, FORWARD, and OUTPUT chains
with a default policy of DROP. Be sure to only set the policy
after the rules are in place.
◮ If we set the policy to drop, we must explicitly allow what
traffic we want. This is the most secure option, but takes
more work. The following rules need to exist in a drop policy
environment:
# iptables -A INPUT -i lo -j ACCEPT
# iptables -A OUTPUT -o lo -j ACCEPT
# iptables -A FORWARD -m state --state ESTABLISHED,RELATED -j ACCEPT
# iptables -A INPUT -m state --state ESTABLISHED,RELATED -j ACCEPT
# iptables -A OUTPUT -m state --state ESTABLISHED,RELATED -j ACCEPT
Home Networking In Linux
Basic Iptables

Basic Firewall Rules Cont.

◮ If we are forwarding SSH to our box, we need to allow SSH to

be forwarded:
# iptables -A FORWARD -i eth0 -p tcp --dport 22 -j ACCEPT

◮ And finally we need to add a rule to allow outbound traffic:

# iptables -A FORWARD -o eth0 -j ACCEPT

◮ In an accept policy environment, we only need to include

explicit drop commands and DNAT/SNAT rules.
Home Networking In Linux
Basic Iptables

Some Tips for Using Iptables

◮ Iptables isn’t always the easiest thing to use, and you probably
want to have things start automatically. So there are
somethings you should do:
1. Make an init script for starting, stopping, and restarting the
firewall at boot, and whenever else.
2. Put your rules into a script to save them. It could be in the
init script itself, a sourced shell script, or you could execute
another script in your favorite scripting language.
3. Remeber to reduce typing by making functions of common
commands, put executables and other things as variables,
include error checking, and make nice status output.
4. In your init script you should set your various /proc settings
and load the iptables modules you will need.
5. Always flush out your tables and set the default policy
correctly when starting/stopping.
Home Networking In Linux
Basic Iptables

The Most Helpful Iptables Commands

◮ This is a great boon to firewall creators:

# iptables <some settings until you’re not sure what you can do> -h

◮ For example:
# iptables -p tcp -h
# iptables -m state -h
# iptables -j REJECT -h
# iptables -m recent -h

◮ Be sure to read the man page, and look at the example scripts
that should be included with this presentation.
◮ Also you can use iptables -L to view the rules in the tables.
(iptables -t nat -L)
Home Networking In Linux
Basic Iptables

An Example Script
echo 0 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward
iptables --flush
iptables -t nat --flush
iptables --delete-chain
iptables -t nat --delete-chain

iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -o eth0 -j SNAT --to-source 42.42.42.42

iptables -t nat -A PREROUTING -i eth0 -d 42.42.42.42 -p tcp --dport 22 \
-j DNAT --to-destination 192.168.1.15

iptables -A INPUT -i lo -j ACCEPT

iptables -A OUTPUT -o lo -j ACCEPT
iptables -A FORWARD -m state --state ESTABLISHED,RELATED -j ACCEPT
iptables -A INPUT -m state --state ESTABLISHED,RELATED -j ACCEPT
iptables -A OUTPUT -m state --state ESTABLISHED,RELATED -j ACCEPT

iptables -A OUTPUT -j ACCEPT

iptables -A INPUT -i eth1 -j ACCEPT

iptables -A FORWARD -o eth0 -j ACCEPT

iptables -A FORWARD -d 192.168.1.15 -p tcp --dport 22 -j ACCEPT

iptables -P INPUT DROP; iptables -P FORWARD DROP; iptables -P OUTPUT DROP;

echo 1 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward

Home Networking In Linux
Basic Iptables

An Example Script Explained

◮ This script will:

1. SNAT all internal machines to our public address.
2. DNAT and forward SSH to our box.
3. Allow the firewall to send out packets.
4. Allow the firewall to receive new connections on its internal interface.
5. Allow outbound traffic from within the LAN
6. Allow established traffic to continue.
Home Networking In Linux
Basic Iptables

A Comment on NATing

◮ If you NAT your machines, the SNAT target works great if you
have a static IP. Most broadband ISPs offer static IPs. Even
when they won’t offer one, you usually will have a relatively
static IP. Comcast has been a change about every 2 months.
◮ To help keep your IP the same, be sure you DHCP client stays
running so you keep requesting the same address.
◮ But if your IP changes, you have to change your SNAT
statement in your scripts.
◮ iptables provides the MASQUERADE target for dynamic IPs,
simply replace your SNAT line with:
iptables -t nat -A POSTROTING -o eth0 -j MASQUERADE
Home Networking In Linux
Wireless Access Point

Wireless: Getting A Card

◮ To act as your own access point, you need a network card that can be
switched into master mode under Linux.
◮ The following cards are currently (December 10, 2006) supported:

1. Prism 2/2.5/3 with the HostAP driver.

2. Prism54 based cards
3. Atheros cards using the madwifi driver
◮ I recommend the ALLNET ALL0271 802.11g PCI Card, available at
http://www.allnet-usa.com/html/shop.php?kat=WiFi+54Mbit. It uses
the prism54 driver.
◮ Please note that many cards that use the prism54 chipset are the
“softmac” version, and will not work with the prism54 driver.
Home Networking In Linux
Wireless Access Point
Security

Security Options

◮ WEP – everything supports it, but it is very easily cracked.

◮ MAC Restriction – Only approved MAC addresses can join,
but you can fake an approved MAC address.
◮ WPA – The new security method, requires more for setup, is
much more secure, but not all cards support it.
◮ OpenVPN – Require all clients to be part of an OpenVPN
network, requires more effort on the user’s part, but is
supported regardless of card or OS and is very secure.
Home Networking In Linux
Wireless Access Point
Security

Using WEP

◮ WEP is simple to setup, all you have to do is set it with

iwconfig, either as hex or a string.
# iwconfig eth2 key restricted s:thisisacoolpassphrase
# iwconfig eth2 key restricted dead-beef-fed2-dad1
Home Networking In Linux
Wireless Access Point
Security

Using MAC Restriction

◮ MAC Restriction is more difficult, but can be done. There are

two methods.
◮ First, you can have your dhcp server offer only to listed
MAC’s. But then you can just set a static IP in the right
range, and it will work.
◮ Second, you can use the mac match extension in iptables
against a list of macs, and drop if it is not in the list.
◮ Both of these require you maintaining a list of approved macs,
and can be gotten around, if you know what you’re doing.
Luckily, most people don’t.
Home Networking In Linux
Wireless Access Point
Security

MAC Restriction Example

◮ To use MAC restriction, we need to add iptables rules to our

firewall that only allow out approved addresses.
◮ Remove from our previous examples the following line:
iptables -A FORWARD -o eth0 -j ACCEPT

◮ Now for every machine you want to allow out, add:

iptables -A FORWARD -o eth0 -m mac --mac-source XX:XX:XX:XX:XX:XX -j ACCEPT

Replacing XX:XX:XX:XX:XX:XX with the MAC address.

Home Networking In Linux
Wireless Access Point
Security

Using WPA

◮ WPA is the “right” way to secure a WAP. Unfortunately it is

no cake walk to setup, and not all drivers support it.
◮ You will need to install hostapd to offer WPA, and your Linux
clients will need wpa supplicant.
◮ hostapd is a bit of voodoo to setup, and is still fairly new.
This makes it hard to debug errors you receive.
◮ For the time being, WPA isn’t a good solution.
Home Networking In Linux
Wireless Access Point
Security

OpenVPN

◮ OpenVPN is a much more complicated setup, but is very

powerful.
◮ Each client will have to have an OpenVPN client installed,
and have a configuration file and key provided to it.
◮ This makes it difficult to add new people quickly, but is the
most secure and seamless method. Unfortunately it is fairly
involved, and we don’t have time to cover it.
◮ Generally consider OpenVPN if you don’t want to worry about
getting WPA working, and want more security than MAC
restriction.
Home Networking In Linux
Services

Feature Providing Services

◮ Now, putting in IP addresses manually on each client is lame.

So we’re going to need a dhcp server.
◮ Also, wouldn’t it be cool to be able to reference our machines
by name, not by IP?
◮ Heck, we might as well start filtering web traffic too.
Home Networking In Linux
Services
DHCP

Installing a DHCP Server

◮ I recommend dhcpd version 3 for a dhcp server.

◮ dhcp3-server in Debian
◮ dhcp in Gentoo
◮ dhcp in Fedora/Redhat
◮ After installing you’ll need to edit dhcpd.conf.
◮ You’ll want to set two general configuration values:
default-lease-time 18000 # 5 hours
max-lease-time 18000 # 5 hours.
Home Networking In Linux
Services
DHCP

Configuring DHCP Subnets

◮ We need to define a subnet, using our examples thus far, we’ll

set up one for 192.168.1.0/25, we will act as a caching
nameserver as well.
subnet 192.168.1.0 netmask 255.255.255.128 {
range 192.168.1.2 192.168.1.126;
option domain-name-servers 192.168.1.1;
option routers 192.168.1.1;
option broadcast-address 192.168.1.127;
option subnet-mask 255.255.255.128;
}

◮ Now for the other subnet:

subnet 192.168.1.128 netmask 255.255.255.128 {
range 192.168.1.130 192.168.1.254;
option domain-name-servers 192.168.1.129;
option routers 192.168.1.129;
option broadcast-address 192.168.1.255;
option subnet-mask 255.255.255.128;
}
Home Networking In Linux
Services
DHCP

Static Addresses with DHCP

◮ Sometimes we want a machine to have a static address, but

still want to use dhcp. First we have to remove the address
from the range statement in the proper subnet. Usually, you
should leave the easy, low number addresses for static
machines.
◮ So we’ll adjust the first subnet’s range to be 192.168.1.25
192.168.1.126, and then add the following:
host mybox {
hardware ethernet 00:0F:0D:56:12:FF;
fixed-address 192.168.1.10;
}
Home Networking In Linux
Services
DNS

Running A Caching Nameserver

◮ To start with, we’ll setup a nameserver that simply acts as a
relay for our network. It only caches lookups to save time, and
makes our job easier for DNS within the LAN.
◮ We need to install bind version 9, usually in a package called
‘bind9’.
◮ Some systems include more default configuration than others.
In Debian we only need to add a few lines to the correct
configuration file. Usually named.conf or
named.conf.local or named.conf.options.
acl mynets { 192.168.1.0/24; };
options {
allow-query { mynets; localhost; };
};

◮ This allows our LAN to query the nameserver and receive

responses.
Home Networking In Linux
Services
DNS

Providing Names to Local Machines

◮ If you’re like me, you get tired of having to type in IP

addresses to access machines. There’s two ways to tie names
to IPs:
1. Using /etc/hosts.
2. DNS
◮ We can set up DNS to provide hostnames by either using a
domain we own, or use an unused, “safe” one.
◮ Each machine in our LAN will be then be
machinename.example.com.
◮ We will provide a default search path to allow machines to be
accessed simply by machine name.
Home Networking In Linux
Services
DNS

Configuring Your Zone

◮ If you already run your own nameserver, simply provide names

for IP addresses in your private network, and add a reverse
lookup for the internal IPs on your firewall.
◮ If you don’t have a domain, we can use mystuff.example.com,
since it will never exist. Our machines will be
machine.mystuff.example.com.
◮ Add in your dhcpd.conf the line:
option domain-name "mystuff.example.com"

This will set the default search for your clients.

Home Networking In Linux
Services
DNS

Configuring Your Zone

◮ Something like this for a zone file should do the trick:

@ IN SOA mystuff.example.com (
1
3h
1h
1w
1h )

@ IN NS mystuff.example.com.
IN A 192.168.1.1

mybox IN A 192.168.1.15
another IN A 192.168.1.25

◮ Now you’ll need to add the zone to your named.conf:

zone "mystuff.example.com" {
type master;
file "/whereever/bind/is/mystuff.example.com";
};
Home Networking In Linux
Services
DNS

Bind Notes

◮ Please note, I’ve glossed over some details if you running your
own bind server.
◮ You need a file to reference other servers to pull down DNS
information from, most distros probably come with this in the
default configuration files.
◮ You will need to have a reverse lookup file for 127.0.0, once
again this is often included.
◮ Finally, you will need to make a reverse lookup file for your
LAN if you choose to use DNS to give names to your
machines.
◮ If all works correctly a host mybox will resolve to
mybox.mystuff.example.com which will be 192.168.1.15.
Home Networking In Linux
Services
Web Filtering: Dansguardian

Filtering Web Traffic

◮ If we want to filter our web traffic to stop porn, amongst

other things, we can.
◮ SquidGuard (http://www.squidguard.org/), and
DansGuardian (http://dansguardian.org/) provide this ability.
◮ Both of them can be used to block URLs based on blacklists.
◮ DansGuardian can filter based on the content of the page,
matching by regular expressions among other things.
Home Networking In Linux
Services
Web Filtering: Dansguardian

Installing

◮ First we need to install Squid. Luckily Squid is available in

most distros.
◮ For SquidGuard, add the following to the squid.conf:
redirect_program /prefix/bin/squidGuard
redirect_children 4
Home Networking In Linux
Services
Web Filtering: Dansguardian

DansGuardian Configuration

◮ In the DansGuardian conf file, try these:

filterip =
filterport = 8080
proxyip = 127.0.0.1
proxyport = 3128 # default squid port

◮ Once you have it setup, and if you’re listening on port 8080,

add this rule before any SNAT rules for the PREROUTING
chain:
iptables -t nat -A PREROUTING -i eth1 -p tcp --dport 80 -j REDIRECT \
--to-port 8080
Home Networking In Linux
Hardware

Notes on Hardware

◮ Remember, just having two NICs and a wireless card won’t

solve all your problems. If you want a lot of machines to hook
up to your wired network, you’ll need a switch.
◮ Sometimes you can get a all-in-one router to act as a switch,
but I’ve never had much luck with that.
◮ 5-port 10/100 switches run about $25 to $40 depending on
where you get them. 16-port 10/100 switches run about $40
to $60.
◮ 5-port 10/100/1000 switches run about $40 to $60.
16–24-port 10/100/1000 switches run about $80 and up.
Home Networking In Linux
Hardware

Notes on Machines

◮ If you don’t have an old machine lying around, and want

something a little cheaper you can look into using a Linksys
router.
◮ A number of the Linksys routers can have custom firmware
loaded so they’re running Linux. From there you can do
everything we’ve described here.
◮ OpenWRT (http://openwrt.org) is the project that you’ll
want to look into for what routers are now supported. You
have to be careful, not all versions of the same model may
work.
◮ More information can be found on the OpenWRT site.
Home Networking In Linux
Resources

Resources

◮ General References:
1. Configuring a Linux Wireless Router
(http://martybugs.net/wireless/router.cgi).
2. Firewall and Proxy Server HOWTO
(http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/Firewall-HOWTO-6.html).
◮ Iptables:
1. Using Linux iptables or ipchains to set up an internet gateway
(http://yolinux.com/TUTORIALS/
LinuxTutorialIptablesNetworkGateway.html).
2. Iptables Tutorial
(http://iptables-tutorial.frozentux.net/iptables-tutorial.html),
3. O’Reilly’s Linux Server Security, by Michael D. Bauer.
4. Troubleshooting Linux Firewalls by Michael and Scott Shinn.
Home Networking In Linux
Resources

Resources

◮ BIND:
1. DNS HOWTO
(http://tldp.org/HOWTO/DNS-HOWTO-3.html).
2. Bind Administrator Reference Manual
(http://www.bind9.net/manual/bind/9.3.2/Bv9ARM.ch01.html).
3. O’Reilly’s DNS and BIND by Paul Albitz and Cricket Liu.