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DBSCAN

DBSCAN is a density-based clustering algorithm that groups together closely packed points and marks outliers as noise. It requires two parameters: epsilon, which defines neighborhood distance, and minPts, the minimum number of points required to form a cluster. The algorithm iterates through points, forming clusters where the neighborhood density exceeds minPts, and marking others as noise. Spatial data mining analyzes geographic information to find meaningful patterns, while temporal data mining analyzes temporal patterns in time-related data. Both aim to distinguish useful patterns from random results. Weka's Apriori algorithm performs association rule learning to generate rules from transaction data. It builds item sets that maximize dataset coverage, similar to attribute selection. The algorithm iterates

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106 views

DBSCAN

DBSCAN is a density-based clustering algorithm that groups together closely packed points and marks outliers as noise. It requires two parameters: epsilon, which defines neighborhood distance, and minPts, the minimum number of points required to form a cluster. The algorithm iterates through points, forming clusters where the neighborhood density exceeds minPts, and marking others as noise. Spatial data mining analyzes geographic information to find meaningful patterns, while temporal data mining analyzes temporal patterns in time-related data. Both aim to distinguish useful patterns from random results. Weka's Apriori algorithm performs association rule learning to generate rules from transaction data. It builds item sets that maximize dataset coverage, similar to attribute selection. The algorithm iterates

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Q.

1 Explain DBSCAN clustering algorithm in detail


A.1
DBSCAN: Density Based Clustering of Applications with noise

 DBSCAN is a density-based algorithm.


 DBSCAN requires two parameters: epsilon (Eps) and minimum points
(MinPts).It starts with an arbitrary starting point that has not been
visited .It then finds all the neighbour points within distance Eps of the
starting point.
 If the number of neighbours is greater than or equal to MinPts, a cluster
is formed. The starting point and its neighbours are added to this cluster
and the starting point is marked as visited. The algorithm then repeats
the evaluation process for all the neighbours recursively.
 If the number of neighbours is less than MinPts, the point is marked as
noise.
 If a cluster is fully expanded (all points within reach are visited) then the
algorithm proceeds to iterate through the remaining unvisited points in
the dataset.
 Major features:
Discover clusters of arbitrary shape
Handle noise
One scan
Need density parameters
 Basic concept:
For any cluster we have:
 A central point (p) i.e. core point
 A distance from the core point(Eps)
 Minimum number of points within the specified distance (MinPts)
DBSCAN Algorithm

1. Create a graph whose nodes are the points to be clustered


2. For each core-point c create an edge from c to every point p in the -
neighborhood of c
3. Set N to the nodes of the graph;
4. If N does not contain any core points terminate
5. Pick a core point c in N
6. Let X be the set of nodes that can be reached from c by going forward;
a. create a cluster containing X$\cup${c}
b. N=N/(X $\cup$ {c})
7. Continue with step 4

 MinPts: Minimum number of points in any cluster


 $\epsilon$ : For each point in cluster there must be another point in it
less than this distance away.
 -neighborhood: Points within  distance of appoint
 N $\epsilon$(p) :{q belongs to D |dist(p,q) <=$\epsilon$)
 Core point: $\epsilon$- neighborhood dense enough (MinPts)
 Conditions: p belongs to N $\epsilon$(q)
|N$\epsilon$(q)| > = MinPts

Q.2 Explain spatial and temporal mining


A.2
Spatial data mining is the application of data mining to spatial models. In
spatial data mining, analysts use geographical or spatial information to
produce business intelligence or other results. This requires specific techniques
and resources to get the geographical data into relevant and useful formats.
Challenges involved in spatial data mining include identifying patterns or
finding objects that are relevant to the questions that drive the research
project. Analysts may be looking in a large database field or other extremely
large data set in order to find just the relevant data, using GIS/GPS tools or
similar systems.

One interesting thing about the term "spatial data mining" is that it is generally
used to talk about finding useful and non-trivial patterns in data. In other
words, just setting up a visual map of geographic data may not be considered
spatial data mining by experts. The core goal of a spatial data mining project is
to distinguish the information in order to build real, actionable patterns to
present, excluding things like statistical coincidence, randomized spatial
modelling or irrelevant results. One way analysts may do this is by combing
through data looking for "same-object" or "object-equivalent" models to
provide accurate comparisons of different geographic locations.

Temporal Data Mining is a single step in the process of Knowledge Discovery in


Temporal Databases that enumerates structures (temporal patterns or models)
over the temporal data, and any algorithm that enumerates temporal patterns
from, or fits models to, temporal data is a Temporal Data Mining Algorithm.
Basically temporal data mining is concerned with the analysis of temporal data
and for finding temporal patterns and regularities in sets of temporal data.
Also temporal data mining techniques allow for the possibility of computer
driven, automatic exploration of the data.
Temporal data mining tends to work from the data up and the best known
techniques are those developed with an orientation towards large volumes of
time related data, making use of as much of the collected temporal data as
possible to arrive at reliable conclusions. The analysis process starts with a set
of temporal data, uses a methodology to develop an optimal representation of
the structure of the data during which time knowledge is acquired. Once
Temporal knowledge has been acquired, this process can be extended to a
larger set of the data working on the assumption that the larger data set has a
structure similar to the sample data
Q.3 Explain the steps how WEKA is used to generate association rules
A.3 Following are the steps:-

1. Start the Weka Explorer


2. Load the Datasets

3. Discover Association Rules


 Click the “Associate” tab in the Weka Explorer. The “Apriori”
algorithm will already be selected. This is the most well
known association rule learning method because it may
have been the first (Agrawal and Srikant in 1994) and it is
very efficient.
 In principle the algorithm is quite simple. It builds up
attribute-value (item) sets that maximize the number of
instances that can be explained (coverage of the dataset).
The search through item space is very much similar to the
problem faced with attribute selection and subset search.

 Click the “Start” button to run Apriori on the dataset.


4. Analyze Results

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