Introduction ARDL model Bounds testing Stata syntax Example Conclusion

ardl: Stata module to estimate

autoregressive distributed lag models

Sebastian Kripfganz1 Daniel C. Schneider2

1 University of Exeter Business School, Department of Economics, Exeter, UK

2 Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany

Stata Conference
Chicago, July 29, 2016

net install ardl, from(http://www.kripfganz.de/stata/)

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Introduction ARDL model Bounds testing Stata syntax Example Conclusion

ARDL: autoregressive distributed lag model

The autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL)1 model is being

used for decades to model the relationship between
(economic) variables in a single-equation time-series setup.
Its popularity also stems from the fact that cointegration of
nonstationary variables is equivalent to an error-correction
(EC) process, and the ARDL model has a reparameterization
in EC form (Engle and Granger, 1987; Hassler and Wolters, 2006).
The existence of a long-run / cointegrating relationship can
be tested based on the EC representation. A bounds testing
procedure is available to draw conclusive inference without
knowing whether the variables are integrated of order zero or
one, I(0) or I(1), respectively (Pesaran, Shin, and Smith, 2001).

1
Another commonly used abbreviation is ADL.
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Introduction ARDL model Bounds testing Stata syntax Example Conclusion

ARDL: autoregressive distributed lag model

Long-run relationship: Some time series are bound together
due to equilibrium forces even though the individual time
series might move considerably.

3.50
3.00
2.50
2.00
1.50
1.00
1975 1980 1985 1990 1995

Real Wage (log)

Labor Productivity (log)

Data source: Pesaran, Shin, and Smith (2001).

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Introduction ARDL model Bounds testing Stata syntax Example Conclusion

ARDL: autoregressive distributed lag model

The first public version of the ardl command for the

estimation of ARDL / EC models and the bounds testing
procedure in Stata has been released on August 4, 2014.
Some indications for the popularity of the ARDL model:
Google Scholar returns about 13,200 results when searching for
“autoregressive distributed lag”, and more than 5,200 citations
for the bounds testing paper by Pesaran, Shin, and Smith
(2001).
A sequence of blog posts by David Giles on ARDL model
estimation attracted more than 500 comments.
The discussion topic on the ardl command is ranked second
on Statalist in terms of replies (>100) and views (>20,000).2
There are already at least 2 independent video tutorials
available on the web dealing with the ardl command for Stata.

2
www.statalist.org/forums/forum/general-stata-discussion/general/95329-ardl-in-stata
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Estimating long-run relationships

Engle and Granger (1987) two-step approach for testing the
existence of a long-run relationship:
Assumption: (yt , xt )′ is a vector of I(1) variables.
1 Run an OLS regression for the model in levels:
yt = b0 + θ ′ xt + vt ,
′
and test whether the residuals v̂t = yt − b̂0 − θ̂ xt are
stationary (e.g. with a Dickey-Fuller test).
2 Estimate an EC model with the lagged residuals from the first
step included as EC term (provided they are stationary):
p−1
X q−1
X
∆yt = c0 + γv̂t−1 + ψyi ∆yt−i + ψ ′xi ∆xt−i + ut ,
i=1 i=0

and test whether −1 ≤ γ < 0.

Stata module egranger by Mark E. Schaffer (2010) on SSC.
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Introduction ARDL model Bounds testing Stata syntax Example Conclusion

Estimating long-run relationships

Disadvantages of the Engle and Granger (1987) approach:

The order of integration of the variables needs to be
determined first.
OLS estimation of the static levels model may create bias in
finite samples due to the omitted short-run dynamics (Banerjee,
Dolado, Hendry, and Smith, 1986).
The bias from the first step transmits to poor second-step
estimates.
The asymptotic distribution of the OLS estimator for the
long-run parameters θ is non-normal, invalidating standard
inference based on the t-statistic.
General pretesting problems: misclassification of variables as
I(0) or I(1); false positives and false negatives at the first step.
Phillips and Hansen (1990) proposed the fully-modified OLS
estimator to overcome some of these problems.

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Introduction ARDL model Bounds testing Stata syntax Example Conclusion

Estimating long-run relationships

Pesaran and Shin (1998) suggest to obtain the long-run

parameters from an ARDL model:
√
OLS estimators of the short-run parameters are T -consistent
and asymptotically normal.
The corresponding estimators of the long-run parameters are
super-consistent if the regressors are I(1), and asymptotically
normally distributed irrespective of the order of integration.
Bounds procedure for testing the existence of a long-run
relationship based on the EC representation of the ARDL
model:
Pesaran, Shin, and Smith (2001) tabulate asymptotic critical
values that span a band from all regressors being purely I(0) to
all regressors being purely I(1).
Narayan (2005) computes corresponding small-sample critical
values for various sample sizes.

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Introduction ARDL model Bounds testing Stata syntax Example Conclusion

ARDL model

ARDL(p, q, . . . , q) model:
p
X q
X
yt = c 0 + c 1 t + φi yt−i + β ′i xt−i + ut ,
i=1 i=0

t = max(p, q), . . . , T , for simplicity assuming that the lag

order q is the same for all variables in the K × 1 vector xt .
The variables in (yt , xt′ )′ are allowed to be purely I(0), purely
I(1), or cointegrated.3
The optimal lag orders p and q (possibly different across
regressors) can be obtained my minimizing a model selection
criterion, e.g. the Akaike information criterion (AIC) or the
Bayesian information criterion (BIC).4
3
For a full set of assumptions see Pesaran, Shin, and Smith (2001).
4
The BIC is also known as the Schwarz or Schwarz-Bayesian information criterion.
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Introduction ARDL model Bounds testing Stata syntax Example Conclusion

EC representation

Reparameterization in conditional EC form:

∆yt = c0 + c1 t − α(yt−1 − θxt−1 )

p−1
X q−1
X
+ ψyi ∆yt−i + ω ′ ∆xt + ψ ′xi ∆xt−i + ut ,
i=1 i=1
Pp
with the speed-of-adjustment coefficient α = 1 − j=1 φi and
Pq
β
j=0 j
the long-run coefficients θ = α .
Alternative EC parameterization:

∆yt = c0 + c1 t − α(yt−1 − θxt )

p−1
X q−1
X
+ ψyi ∆yt−i + ψ ′xi ∆xt−i + ut .
i=1 i=0

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Introduction ARDL model Bounds testing Stata syntax Example Conclusion

Testing the existence of a long-run relationship

Pesaran, Shin, and Smith (2001) approach:

1 Decide about the inclusion of deterministic model components
and obtain the optimal lag orders p and q based on a suitable
model selection criterion, e.g. AIC or BIC. (When in doubt,
choose higher lag orders for testing purposes.)
2 Estimate the chosen ARDL(p, q, . . . , q) model by OLS.
3 Compute the F -statistic
P for the
 joint null hypothesis
F q
H0 : (α = 0) ∩ j=0 β j = 0 and compare it to the critical
values.
4 If H0F is rejected, compute the t-statistic for the single null
hypothesis H0t : α = 0 and compare it to the critical values.
5 Potentially re-estimate a parsimonious version of the ARDL /
EC model.

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Introduction ARDL model Bounds testing Stata syntax Example Conclusion

Testing the existence of a long-run relationship

Pesaran, Shin, and Smith (2001) provide lower and upper
bounds for the asymptotic critical values depending on the
number of regressors, their order of integration, and the
deterministic model components:
1 No intercept, no time trend.
2 Restricted intercept, no time trend.
3 Unrestricted intercept, no time trend.
4 Unrestricted intercept, restricted time trend.
5 Unrestricted intercept, unrestricted time trend.
Test decisions:
Do not reject H0F or H0t , respectively, if the test statistic is
closer to zero than the lower bound of the critical values.
Reject the H0F or H0t , respectively, if the test statistic is more
extreme than the upper bound of the critical values.
The existence of a (conditional) long-run relationship is
confirmed if both H0F and H0t are rejected.
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Introduction ARDL model Bounds testing Stata syntax Example Conclusion

Stata syntax of the ardl command

Syntax:
ardl depvar [indepvars] [if] [in] [, options]
Selected options:
lags(numlist): set lag lengths,
maxlags(numlist): set maximum lag lengths,
ec: display output in error-correction form,
ec1: like option ec, but level variables in t − 1 instead of t,
aic: use AIC as information criterion instead of BIC,
exog(varlist): exogenous variables in the regression,
noconstant: suppress constant term,
trendvar(varname): specify trend variable,
restricted: restrict constant or trend term.
Postestimation commands:
estat btest: bounds test,
predict: fitted values, residuals, and error-correction term,
estat ic, nlcom, test, . . .
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Introduction ARDL model Bounds testing Stata syntax Example Conclusion

Example
Pesaran, Shin, and Smith (2001) estimate a UK earnings
equation. We focus on the model with unrestricted intercept
and no time trend (case 3).
. describe w prod ur wedge union d*

storage display value

variable name type format label variable label
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
w double %6.2fc Real Wage (log)
prod double %6.2fc Labor Productivity (log)
ur double %6.2fc Unemployment Rate (log)
wedge double %7.3fc Wedge (log)
union double %7.3fc Union Power (log)
d7475 byte %3.0fc Dummy: Years 1974-1975
d7579 byte %3.0fc Dummy: Years 1975-1979

. summarize w prod ur wedge union d*, separator(7)

Variable | Obs Mean Std. Dev. Min Max

-------------+---------------------------------------------------------
w | 116 3.252843 .1792393 2.91503 3.54119
prod | 116 1.402628 .1411384 1.155336 1.63873
ur | 112 1.838737 .6734774 .0262613 2.53305
wedge | 116 -.3412168 .0402661 -.4151654 -.2330282
union | 116 -.6886907 .0602385 -.8461587 -.650586
d7475 | 116 .0689655 .2544948 0 1
d7579 | 116 .1724138 .3793785 0 1
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Introduction ARDL model Bounds testing Stata syntax Example Conclusion

Example: ARDL model with optimal lag orders

. ardl w prod ur wedge union if tin(1972q1,1997q4), exog(d7475 d7579) maxlags(6) aic

> maxcombs(15000) fast

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
w | Coef. Std. Err. t P>|t| [95% Conf. Interval]
-------------+----------------------------------------------------------------
w |
L1. | .3346901 .0998041 3.35 0.001 .1359548 .5334255
L2. | .0810293 .1087734 0.74 0.459 -.1355661 .2976248
L3. | -.198378 .1011595 -1.96 0.053 -.3998123 .0030563
L4. | .4030251 .0989762 4.07 0.000 .2059382 .6001119
L5. | -.0693079 .0949025 -0.73 0.467 -.2582829 .1196671
L6. | .2017837 .0800474 2.52 0.014 .042389 .3611783
|
prod | .2642678 .0587165 4.50 0.000 .1473483 .3811872
|
ur |
--. | .0038742 .008252 0.47 0.640 -.0125575 .020306
L1. | -.01077 .0120686 -0.89 0.375 -.0348018 .0132617
L2. | -.0116548 .0145987 -0.80 0.427 -.0407246 .0174151
L3. | .0212508 .0153697 1.38 0.171 -.0093542 .0518557
L4. | .0028227 .0151775 0.19 0.853 -.0273995 .033045
L5. | -.0304991 .0109952 -2.77 0.007 -.0523934 -.0086049
(Continued on next page)

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Introduction ARDL model Bounds testing Stata syntax Example Conclusion

Example: ARDL model with optimal lag orders

|
wedge|
--.| -.3059897 .051594 -5.93 0.000 -.4087265 -.2032528
L1.| .032749 .060641 0.54 0.591 -.0880027 .1535007
L2.| -.0494003 .0626044 -0.79 0.432 -.1740615 .0752609
L3.| -.0963634 .0611009 -1.58 0.119 -.2180308 .025304
L4.| .188605 .0558292 3.38 0.001 .077435 .2997751
|
union |
--. | -.955714 .8138684 -1.17 0.244 -2.576333 .664905
L1. | -1.467002 1.350003 -1.09 0.281 -4.155202 1.221197
L2. | 2.527384 1.401008 1.80 0.075 -.2623798 5.317149
L3. | .311388 1.349422 0.23 0.818 -2.375655 2.998431
L4. | -2.241151 1.106961 -2.02 0.046 -4.445392 -.0369088
L5. | 2.185799 .6535696 3.34 0.001 .8843756 3.487222
|
d7475 | .0301088 .006154 4.89 0.000 .0178547 .042363
d7579 | .0169541 .0062481 2.71 0.008 .0045126 .0293956
_cons | .6604224 .1425601 4.63 0.000 .376549 .9442958
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

. matrix list e(lags)

e(lags)[1,5]
w prod ur wedge union
r1 6 0 5 4 5

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Introduction ARDL model Bounds testing Stata syntax Example Conclusion

Example: error-correction representation

. ardl w prod ur wedge union if tin(1972q1,1997q4), exog(d7475 d7579) ec1 lags(6 0 5 4 5)

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
D.w | Coef. Std. Err. t P>|t| [95% Conf. Interval]
-------------+----------------------------------------------------------------
ADJ |
w |
L1. | -.2471578 .0521006 -4.74 0.000 -.3509034 -.1434121
-------------+----------------------------------------------------------------
LR |
prod |
L1. | 1.069227 .045147 23.68 0.000 .979328 1.159126
|
ur |
L1. | -.1010536 .0303893 -3.33 0.001 -.1615664 -.0405409
|
wedge |
L1. | -.9321955 .2432139 -3.83 0.000 -1.416496 -.4478946
|
union |
L1. | 1.45941 .2847566 5.13 0.000 .892387 2.026433
-------------+----------------------------------------------------------------
SR |
w |
LD. | -.4181521 .0970869 -4.31 0.000 -.6114769 -.2248273
L2D. | -.3371228 .1076478 -3.13 0.002 -.551477 -.1227686
L3D. | -.5355008 .1024435 -5.23 0.000 -.7394918 -.3315098
L4D. | -.1324758 .0889041 -1.49 0.140 -.3095064 .0445549
L5D. | -.2017837 .0800474 -2.52 0.014 -.3611783 -.042389
(Continued on next page)

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Introduction ARDL model Bounds testing Stata syntax Example Conclusion

Example: error-correction representation

|
prod |
D1. | .2642678 .0587165 4.50 0.000 .1473483 .3811872
|
ur |
D1. | .0038742 .008252 0.47 0.640 -.0125575 .020306
LD. | .0180804 .0112588 1.61 0.112 -.0043387 .0404995
L2D. | .0064256 .0106366 0.60 0.548 -.0147545 .0276058
L3D. | .0276764 .01116 2.48 0.015 .005454 .0498988
L4D. | .0304991 .0109952 2.77 0.007 .0086049 .0523934
|
wedge |
D1. | -.3059897 .051594 -5.93 0.000 -.4087265 -.2032528
LD. | -.0428413 .0584202 -0.73 0.466 -.1591708 .0734882
L2D. | -.0922416 .0566866 -1.63 0.108 -.205119 .0206358
L3D. | -.188605 .0558292 -3.38 0.001 -.2997751 -.077435
|
union |
D1. | -.955714 .8138684 -1.17 0.244 -2.576333 .664905
LD. | -2.783421 .8141048 -3.42 0.001 -4.404511 -1.162331
L2D. | -.2560365 .8307344 -0.31 0.759 -1.91024 1.398167
L3D. | .0553516 .743211 0.07 0.941 -1.424571 1.535274
L4D. | -2.185799 .6535696 -3.34 0.001 -3.487222 -.8843756
|
d7475 | .0301088 .006154 4.89 0.000 .0178547 .042363
d7579 | .0169541 .0062481 2.71 0.008 .0045126 .0293956
_cons | .6604224 .1425601 4.63 0.000 .376549 .9442958
------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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Introduction ARDL model Bounds testing Stata syntax Example Conclusion

Example: bounds testing

. estat btest

Pesaran/Shin/Smith (2001) ARDL Bounds Test

H0: no levels relationship F = 7.367
t = -4.744

Critical Values (0.1-0.01), F-statistic, Case 3

| [I_0] [I_1] | [I_0] [I_1] | [I_0] [I_1] | [I_0] [I_1]

| L_1 L_1 | L_05 L_05 | L_025 L_025 | L_01 L_01
------+----------------+----------------+----------------+---------------
k_4 | 2.45 3.52 | 2.86 4.01 | 3.25 4.49 | 3.74 5.06
accept if F < critical value for I(0) regressors
reject if F > critical value for I(1) regressors

Critical Values (0.1-0.01), t-statistic, Case 3

| [I_0] [I_1] | [I_0] [I_1] | [I_0] [I_1] | [I_0] [I_1]

| L_1 L_1 | L_05 L_05 | L_025 L_025 | L_01 L_01
------+----------------+----------------+----------------+---------------
k_4 | -2.57 -3.66 | -2.86 -3.99 | -3.13 -4.26 | -3.43 -4.60
accept if t > critical value for I(0) regressors
reject if t < critical value for I(1) regressors

k: # of non-deterministic regressors in long-run relationship

Critical values from Pesaran/Shin/Smith (2001)

Bounds test confirms the existence of a long-run relationship.

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Introduction ARDL model Bounds testing Stata syntax Example Conclusion

Summary: the new ardl package for Stata

The estimation of ARDL / EC models has become

increasingly popular over the last decades. The associated
bounds testing procedure is an attractive alternative to other
cointegration tests.
The new ardl command estimates an ARDL model with
optimal or pre-specified lag orders.
Two different reparameterizations of the ARDL model in EC
form are available.
The bounds procedure for testing the existence of a long-run
relationship is implemented as a postestimation command.
Asymptotic and finite-sample critical value bands are available.
net install ardl, from(http://www.kripfganz.de/stata/)
help ardl
help ardl postestimation
help ardlbounds

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References

Banerjee, A., J. J. Dolado, D. F. Hendry, and G. W. Smith (1986). Exploring equilibrium relationships in
econometrics through static models: some Monte Carlo evidence. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and
Statistics 48(3): 253–277.
Engle, R. F., and C. W. J. Granger (1987). Co-integration and error correction: representation, estimation,
and testing. Econometrica 55(2): 251–276.
Hassler, U., and J. Wolters (2006). Autoregressive distributed lag models and cointegration. Allgemeines
Statistisches Archiv 90(1): 59–74.
Narayan, P. K (2005). The saving and investment nexus for China: evidence from cointegration tests.
Applied Economics 37(17): 1979–1990.
Pesaran, M. H., and Y. Shin (1998). An autoregressive distributed-lag modelling approach to cointegration
analysis. In Econometrics and Economic Theory in the 20th Century. The Ragnar Frisch Centennial
Symposium, ed. S. Strøm, chap. 11, 371–413. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Pesaran, M. H., Y. Shin, and R. Smith (2001). Bounds testing approaches to the analysis of level
relationships. Journal of Applied Econometrics 16(3): 289–326.
Phillips, P. C. B, and B. E. Hansen (1990). Statistical inference in instrumental variables regression with
I(1) processes. Review of Economic Studies 57(1): 99–125.
Schaffer, M. E. (2010). egranger: Stata module to perform Engle-Granger cointegration tests and 2-step
ECM estimation. Statistical Software Components S457210, Boston College.

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