B.

ed Notes By Raashid Sarfaraz

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BED 101 Foundations of Education

Study material of Unit III and Unit IV

Unit III
Education and the social frame of reference

I. Education & Democracy

· Basic principles of Democracy
· Education for Democracy
II. Education &socialism
· Meaning, Importance and Role of Education in achieving the
goals of socialism.
III. Education & secularism
· Meaning of secularism
· Role of Education in multi religious society like India.

I. Education & Democracy

DEMOCRACY
Etymologically, democracy is derived from two Greek words like
‘demos’ and ‘Kratia’ meaning rule of the people. Democracy has been defined as
Government of the people, by the people, and for the people. It is a form of
Government where everybody has an equal share. This implies more or less of
political democracy.
But political meaning of democracy has failed to satisfy ones reason. According to
Boyd Bode, democracy is a way of life. By way of life, he means a determining
influence in every major area of life. It is a way of life in which human personality is
considered supreme and unfathomable worth. Democracy is an order of social
relationship dedicated to the promotion of individual and collective interest of
human folk. It is a spirit which envisages responsibility for every individual. It
believes in the optimum good of the largest number of people. Democracy further
implies economic democracy where no one is exploited for the material gain of
others. Proper distiation of wealth and work a fair standard of living is assured to
every member of the society. More ever, equality of opportunity for work
moreever,equality of opportunity for work on the basis of ones ability and capacity
is promoted in this system.
Social democracy sounds a note of equal opportunity to all irrespective of caste,
creed, color, sex or origin. Certain fundamental lights like right to think, speak,
discuss, work and act are guaranteed every individual. In social democracy,
individual worth is supreme. Individual is soverign with power to rule.

However, democracy in education is much more weighted than economic and

social democracy.

Democracy in the field of deductions is a royal road to lay a solid foundation in all
spheres of life. Education of its citizens. Democratize citizens can be trained
through a democratic approach to education. Thus, Hutchins says, Political
freedom cannot endure unless it is accompanied by provision for the unlimited
acquisition of knowledge.

BASIC PRINCIPLES OF DEMOCRACY

1. Dignity of Individual:-Dignity and worth of individual as a human being is

given supreme significance in democracy. All activities are directed towards
development of individual personality. Ample opportunity is provided in
democratic society for self-development, self-expression and self-
relisation.Therefore, in a democratic state, a child is to be educated ignoring
his caste, linth religion and sex.

2. Equality:-Democracy believes in equality of man. Every individual is regarded

equal in the eyes of law. Equal right is sectioned to all individuals in political
field and equal opportunity is provided to all its members for all-round
development of their personality according to their capacities and innate
potentialities. Hence, equality should not be interpreted as indential.

3. Freedom: - Democracy guarantees freedom of action, worship, speech and

movement. Freedom gives convenience to individual and thus, leads him to
self-expression and self –realization. Full flowering of his personality takes
place in an atmosphere of freedom. Even birds and animals love freedom.
They do not want to be chained, what to speak of mm-intelligent and
creative one. But freedom in democracy cannot be misinterpreted as licence.
Individuals are free to act on the existing rules and regulations.
2. Brother Hood:-Democracy believes in brotherhood of man and fatherhood
of God. All members of society should realize that they are sons and
daughters of same God. They are sure to generate democratic feeling in
them. Love, justice, fairness etc. are fruits of democracy.
3. Co-operation of Individual: - Co-operation, co-ordination and collaboration
and not confrontation are essence of democracy. Prosperity and progress lie
in co-operation but not in cut-throat competition. Further, democracy
emphasizes co-operation and below feeling.
4. Tolerance:- Democracy welcomes and encourages all honest, cultural and
intellectual differences of opinion. These differences are bound to exist in
democracy. To attain the goal, feeling of tolerance is to be cultivated among
the people.
5. Safeguarding the interest of minorities:-All though in democracy, majority is
granted, it does not mean that minority is neglected.Democracy takes
abundant measures to safeguard interest of the minor groups by paying
special attention to improve the lot of each and every individual.
6. Love for country:-Although democracy stresses on love for country by its
citizens, it should not be based on narrow nationalism or patriotism.
Education should take initiative in developing among the students a true
spirit of patriotism.

EDUCATION FOR DEMOCRACY

Education is not the monopoly of a chosen few but is a social necessity and the
birth right of all. Democracy cannot be thought of in isolation from education.
Democracy needs the service of education for its smooth functioning and
education also requires the service of democracy. In democracy, all the
institutions and organizations are to be managed in democratic lines. Thus,
educational aims, methods, curriculum, teacher, discipline, school, etc. are to
be approached democratically.
AIMS OF EDUCATION AND DEMOCRACY

· Education in democracy aims at making the child a social being who will
be able to manage his own affairs with profit to himself and others.
· Education should aim at inculeating a feeling of love for democratic ideals
and virtues,i.e, education must create democratic ideals and virtues in
students.
· Education must create democratic personality and discover Childs
potentialities and then enable him & realize them to the fullest extent by
utilizing the facilities made available to the individual.
· It should equip the individual with the power of judgment, critical
thinking and weighing the right and the wrong.
· Education should provide information not only relating to economic,
social, cultural, political and religious problems of one’s own country but
also about other countries of the would. Therefore, education is broad-
based and vider in scope and approach.
· Inculcation of a spirit of tolerance, sympathy, love, appreciation, social
justice, equality, brotherhood, Goodness and social service are the main
aims of education.
· Democratic aim in education does not mean the passing of examinations
or acquisition of information but it enables the individual to possess
certain intellectual and moral qualities.

Curriculum and Democracy

To attain above democratic values, curriculum in to be designed accordingly.

The curriculum should be interest-based, environment ariented, diversified,
flexible, dynamic and progressive. Let us discuss different features of
democratic curriculum.

1. Flexibility: Democracy does not support rigid and stereotuped

curriculum. It must have flexibility to suit the changing needs and
requirements of society from time to time.
 2. Diversified: Democratic education demands a number of subjects to
be incorporated in the curriculum so that a child is free to opt certain
subject/ subjects according to his choice, interest and ability. A varied
degree of curricular and co-curricular activities should be these to
cater to the development of personality of the child.
3. Integrated: Curriculum is to be designed to enable the child to have an
integrated growth of his personality. In other words, curriculum
should aim at all – round development of personality-physical,
intellectual, emotional, spiritual, and cultural and aesthetics.
4. Environment related: Democratic approach to curriculum is based on
the principle of maximum utilization of resources existing in the
society. It should aim at exploiting in the society. It should aim at
exploiting the available environment without causing ecological
disequilibrium in the light of changing needs.
5. Vocationalisation: A hungry stomach is not a blessing for democracy.
Citizens should be economic self-sufficient by pursuing different
professions in life. For this, curriculum should lay stress on
vocationalisation of education.

Methods of Teaching and Democracy

Democratic methods of teaching are based on the nature of the subject matter,
psychology of learning and interest of students. It favours activity method of
teaching where the pupil is not a passive listener but an avtive participant.
Democratic method is the guiding principal of the method prescribed by
democratic education.

Discipline and Democracy

Teacher is required to play a democratic role in democratic school. Teacher is

not a director or instructor rather he is a guide and stage -sether. In order to
cultivate in pupils an understanding of democratic ideals, the teacher should
have proficiency in using classroom teaching skills and techniques and planning
of activities like group-work, discussion, problem- solving and group evolution.

Democratic education is, thus quite essential for modern would especially in a
country like India which is wedded to democracy
Ii, Education and Socialism

Meaning: Importance and Role of Education in achieving the goals of socialism.

The nature of socialistic pattern of society to be established in india is

determined by her ideals of democracy and sarvodya. In other words it is to be
determined by liberty, equality, fraternity, justice and equitable distribution of
wealth. The following are the essentials of a socialistic pattern of society:-

1. Universal education: There should be provision for universal education so

that people may participate intelligently in the political, social and
economic life of the community and give full cooperation in the
developmental schemes sponsored by the government.
2. Equity of opportunity: There should be equality of opportunities in
economic, political and other fields according to abilities and capacities.
3. Economic equality: Proper distribution of wealth is another essential of
socialistic pattern of society. No one should be exploited for the material
gain of another. There should be no concentration of wealth in the hands
of a few.
4. To improve various conditions: Poverty should be eradicated, medical aid
should be freely available, and there should be remunerative
employment for all able-bodies.
5. Decentralization of Power: There should be decentralization of economic
and political powers. In socialistic pattern of society efforts are made to
nationalistic our means of production and distribution but private
enterprise should be allowed to go side by side.

Importance

Socialistic pattern of society aims at providing social, economic, political and

religious equality according to the abilities and needs. It provides social,
economic and political justice. It provides liberty of thought, expression,
belief, faith and worship in accordance with the welfare of the individual as
well as of the society.

Socialistic pattern of society aims at establishing classes society but this

change should be brought about without any class hatred. Socialistic pattern
of society will strive for the betterment of the individual and the
individual will make their contributions for the welfare of the society. It is a
happy synthesis of individual and social aim education.

Role of Education for Socialism

1. Redefining the aims of education: In order to impact education for

socialistic pattern of society the aims of education should be redefined
and re-evaluated in the light of the several principles. It is compressed
of :-
i. Universal education: there should be education for all so that all may
participate intelligently in the political, social and economic life of the
community and give full co-operation in the scheme of government.
ii. Productive Efficiency: Education should aim at productive or
vocational efficiency. Mere theoretical education has no place in a
socialistic pattern of society. Economic strength is the basis of
fundamental strength of a nation.
iii. Spiritual, moral and cultural advancement: Socialism will
truly be established only when our social and moral values
have been transformed through the kind of education by
means of the various media of communication. The ethical
and spiritual ideals should always be the guide posts.

iv. Development of democratic values: It should help in producing co-

operative, self –sacrificing, cultured and duty bound citizens. It should
also aim at establishing social, economic, religious and political
equality along with social, economic and political justice.

2:- Redesigning the curriculum: - The curriculum should be

redesigned. Emphases should be places on the following items:

1. Study of science and technology

2. Study of crafts like agriculture, wood-work, card board work,
gardening and leather work etc.
3. Social studies with emphasis on social and moral values,
4. Training in industries,
5. Knowledge of socialistic trends of various countries.
 3:- Methods of Teaching: - Dynamic and progressive methods of teaching
like problem method, Heuristic method, project method, Discussion
method, Experimental method etc. Should be used.

Conclusion: - In a truly socialistic society democracy reaches the supreme

stage of ethical democracy.

III Education & Secularism

Meaning of secularism:-Secularism in our country presupposes a

democratic system. Similarly, democracy in a multi-religious and multi-
cultural society like India can grow only in a secular frame work.

What is secularism?

2. According to chambers Dictionary, secularism is “the belief that the state,

morals, education etc, should be independent of religion.
3. According to oxford Dictionary, “secularism is the doctrine that morality
should be based solely in regard to the well-being of mankind in the
present life, to the exclusion of all considerations drawn from belief in
God”
4. According to websites Dictionary, “secularism is “the belief that religion
and ecclesiastical affairs should not enter into the functions of the state.

Characteristics of a secular state

Impact characteristics of a secular state are as under:

· A secular state functions in a way independent of religion.

· A secular state treats all religions on equal footing, neother interfering
with nor promoting religion.
· A secular state permits individual and collective freedom of religions.
· A secular state views all individuals as citizens with equal rights and
not as members of particular religious groups.
· A secular state is not against religion, but many restrict religious
freedom or regular religious practices in public interest of harmony,
peace, morality and health.

Role /Need or Importance of secular- Based Education

Secular- based education is needed because of the following reasons:

1. Development of moral outlook: Secular based education is needed

for development of moral outlook. It is the foundation for
development of character and moral development. It is the
foundation for development of character and moral development. It
inculcates in students humanity, truthfulness, tolerance, honesty,
courtesy, sympathy, spirit of service and sacrifice which form a noble
character of man and develops his personality. Hence secular based
education is essential for developing moral character of students.
2. Development of widen attitude:- secular based education is required
to make man dynamic and enlightened, to develop in him a wider
attitude towards life, and to take interest in social service by sacrificing
his selfish motives. It can make him courageous enough to face the
problem of life boldly and solve them to best of his efforts and
intelligence.
3. Development of pluralistic outlook:- Secular based education is
needed for the emergence of a healthy pruralistic outlook which
fosters nthe growth of science, art, philosophy and even religion.
Apruralistic outlook is the very essence of democracy and fortunately
in India, the secular approach to life has engendered it.
4. Development of democratic qualities: - True secularism stresses the
dignity of the individual and the sacredness of human personality.
Secular education helps to establish and incorporate democratic
process. If true secularism is taught then every person will be treated
as an end and never as means only.
5. Cultural Development: - secular based helps in promotion of cultural
development. It preserves and reinforces culture. Both secularism and
culture go hand in hand and influence each other.
6. Development of scientific spirit:- secular-based education helps in
fostering scientific spirit. It releases the individual from strong bonds
of blind faith. The scientific spirit implies a spirit of free enquiry a spirit
of looking at things objectively and rationality, freedom from an of
session with the past, and a more humble attitude towards our own
history and achievements.
7. Balance between spiritual and material: - secular-based education
glorifies material needs and promotes reverence for earthly life,
without rejecting spiritual values. Secularism is based on certain
 fundamental human values and looks upon science not merely as a
means of material progress but a quest for truth and search harmony
with nature. Secularism helps to strike a healthy balance between the
spiritual and the material.
8. Basin of humanitarianism: - Secular-based education is the basin of
humanitarianism. It stands for peace, good will and understanding. It
helps in fostering the brotherhood of man and the unity of the world.
Absence of secular education has caused exploitation, corruption,
disaster, selfishness, aggression and hatred in the world. There is
chaos and disorder. Betterment of the world depends upon secular-
based education. It will raise man to a high level. It will encourage the
policy of life and let live and provides the basin of true
humanitarianism.
Thus, secular-based education will cause happiness, order and
contentment in the world by cultivating faith in truth, beauty and
goodness.

Unit iv Social
Culture and Change

1.Concept and characteristics of culture

Etymologically, the world culture is derived from the Latin word

culture which means to till to cultivate. This means that the culture is
to be cultivated. This means that the culture is to be cultivated and it
can grow itself.
In the words of Mathew Arnold “The best that has been thought and
known is culture.’’ He includes in culture “the ways of life, the halits,
the manners, the very tones of voices, the literature, the things which
give pleasure to the community, the words, the thoughts which make
the furniture of their minds.’’ In broad sense, Mathew Arnold
describes it as sweetness and light.
In the words of othaway, “The culture of a society means thye
total way of life of a society.
According to E.B.Tylor, “culture is that complex whole which
includes knowledge, belief,art,morals, law, custom and any other
capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of
society.”Thus, culture includes all that man has acquired in the mental
and intellectual sphere of his individual and social life. It can best be
expressed as social heritage.
Components or Elements of culture:-
i. Group behavior patterns: culture includes the group
behavior patterns such as.

1. Folkways (2) Moses (3) customs (4) traditions (5) Laws (6) stereo-
types (7) Legends (8) Fashion (9) Myth

ii. Literature and its branches: I.e drama,poetry,prose,story.

iii. Artanditsvariousaspects:-
i.e,music,dance,sculpture,painting,photography and
archilecture.
iv. Religion: i.e., worship, rituals, sacrifice, collective prayers.
v. Ethics: - ethical and noble actions and revere3nce for mans
personality.
vi. Educational and recreational institutions:-
Library,museum,school,cinema halls, theatres, clubs etc.
vii. Social, economic and political institutions.
viii. Commerce and industries.

Characteristics of culture

1. Learned Quality:- culture is learned quality. It is not innate

or biologically acquired. In fact, it is sociologically acquired.
Traits learned through socialization, habits and thoughts are
called culture.
2. Transmitive Quality:- culture is transmitted from person to
person and generation to generation. The individual is
moulded according to his family and society of which he is a
member.
3. Social Quality: - culture is social, not individual heritage of
man. Man cannot create or generate culture which existing
apart from the group. Culture is inclusive of the
expectations of the members of groups.
4. Indealistic Quality:- culture is idealistic. It stands for ideal
norms of human behavior. It is the embodiment of
 refinement. Society accepts these ideals, norms and
patterns.
5. Gratifying Quality:- culture meets and satisfies the social
and ethical needs of man. Social habits form a part and
parcel of culture. Habits can be formed of those activities
only which tend to gratify some needs. Without gratifying
those needs culture cannot exist.
II. Culture meets the recurring demands of mankind. The demand of
reproduction, pf nursing an infant to maturity and finally, of
disposal of the dead, all are met by culture from generation to
generation.
III. Dynamic Quality: culture has a dynamic quality. It is changing. It is
in constant flux. No nation has had constant cultural traditions.
Every generation adds something new and modifies something of
old.
Relation between culture and Education:- Culture has profound
implications for education. The social living is influenced by
education and education itself is governed by social life. Education
produces a cultured man and also nourished and nurtured by the
cultural man.
Functions of education towards culture
1. Conservation of culture:- Education is the preservation of
cultural heritage. It education is not agency of social
conservation there would not have been any cultural
heritage at all. The school must inculcate in pupils the
traditional standards and values, which account for cultural
evolution. The conservative function of education has been
emphasized by Percy Nunn.
2. Continuity of culture:- Education maintains the continuity
of culture by handing down customs, traditions, experiences
and values of the society from one generation to another.
3. Trasnsmission of culture: - Education is the savior of
cultural traditions, experiences, values and norms. It helps
in the transmission of cultural patterns. In the words of otta
way,
 “ One of the tasks of education is to handover the cultural
values and behavior patterns of the society to his young and
potential members.” Without transmission of culture there
can be no growth and progress of man.
4. New cultural patterns: - Education is not only concerned
with the transmission of culture but it also builds new
cultural patterns. It brings changes in the existing culture.
These changes are necessitated due to cross –cultural
constants or the building of new knowledge which makes
the old cultural patterns redundant.
5. Promotion of culture: - education helps in the modification
and promotion of culture. It helps in the establishment of a
better and happier society. Education performs the
important function of constantly reorganizing and
reconstructing human experiences for the promotion of
culture and civilization.
6. Adjustment to cultural patterns: - Education equips the
individual to adjust himself in the changing cultural
patterns.

Conclusion:-

Education is an instanment of culture. It culture emphasizes the

element of aesthetic and moral perfection it is evident that
education is a significant technique for the realization of this
perfection. It is an integral part of culture. The social dimensions
of culture can be learnt through a process of correct education.

Education is mainly a technique while culture is a value. Hence

it can be said that education is the process of the creation,
perpetuation, transmission and enrichment of cultural values.

Concept of social change

Education is at once a creature and creator of social change. The

social changes to a great extent are brought about through the
process of education. In the words of education commission
 report, “education is expected to change the attitudes and values
among people and create in them a desire for progress.

Meaning of social change:-

· According to Davis, by social change is meant only such alterations

as occur in social organization, that is, structure and functions of
society.
· In the words of Jones, “social change is a term used to describe
variations, in, or modifications of any aspect of social processes,
social patterns, social iteration or social organization.
· According to Fairchild, “social change means variations or
modifications in any aspect of social processes, patterns or form.’’
· Thus, social change can best be defined as a new fashion or mode,
either modifying or replacing the old, in the life of people or in the
operation of a society. Social change includes modifications in
social techniques, relationships, behavior patterns, folkways,
Moses and institutions, sometimes leading to change in
philosophic outlook.

Factors of social change

1. Physical environment: Hot or cold climate, flood, famine,

earthquake, epidermics, rein etc. influence social charge.
2. Biological factors: Biological factors like heredity prepare the way
for social change.
3. Technological and scientific factors: Technological and scientific
inventions i.e. various types of machines and implements etc. are
potent factors in social change. They break the regional barriers by
providing easy and fast means of communication as well as of
conveyance. The press, radio and aeroplane together have brought
the world closer and provided for inter-cultural impacts.
4. Ideological factors:- social change is caused by ideological factors.
Philosophical, scientific and political ideas significantly influence
social change. New scientific thoughts, new religious ideas, new
philosophical ideas revolutionize the world. Rise of Buddhism,
communism and fascism magically influenced new thoughts on
human mind and changed its attitudes and values of life.
5. Cultural factors: Human culture is a process of change. Any change
in cultural order is accompanied by a corresponding change in the
whole social order cultural patterns change from generation to
generation and they bring about the change in the society.

6. Role of Education in social change

Education has various functions to perform. The functions of
education in the sphere of social change are outlined as follows:-

1. Assistance in adopting social change:- whenever some social

changes occur, it is easily adopted by some people while others
find it very difficult to adjust themselves to this change. It is the
function of education to assist people in adopting good changes.
2. Overcoming resistance to change: - certain factors create
resistance in the way of accepting social change. Education helps in
overcoming resistance. The importance of social change is
convincingly explained to the people through the process of
education. Education helps people in removing blind faith and
accepting something new.
3. Analysis in change: - Education invests the individual with the
capacity to use his intelligence, to distinguish between right and
wrong and to establish certain ideals. Education determines the
values which act as a criterion for the analysis of social change.
4. Emergence of new changes: - education initiates, guides and
controls movements for social reform. The flood of social reform
movements that was witnessed at the turn of the century was due
to modern education. Education helped in agitating public opinion
towards the abolition of many social evils such as child marriage,
objection to widow remarriage, unequal rights to women, the
custom of women committing sati etc. Education helped in
recognizing the importance of such changes.
5. Leadership in social change:- Education in India must be able to
create appropriate leadership at every level if social changes
conducive to democracy are to be introduced. Able leaders can be
produced only through education. Raja Ram Mohan Ray, swami
Dayanand saraswati, swami Vivekananda, Mahatma Gandhi highly
 educated and enlightened Indians, made all efforts at conscious
level to bring about the social changes.
6. Advance in the sphere of knowledge: - New researches and
inventions all depend upon education, because only the educated
individuals can search for new things in every field. Thus education
contributes to social changes by bringing changes in knowledge.

7. National Integration and economic prosperity: - Education can

prove very useful in bringing about national integration, economic
prosperity and democratization.

Conclusion:-

To conclude, social change may be brought about by economic

situation, political situation, scientific or technological development
and development in philosophical thinking. It should be noted that
educationists, educations and schools have a tremendous
responsibility in social change. Defective education leads to defective
social changes.

1. Concept of culture/Meaning of culture

Literal Meaning: - The word culture is derived from the Latin word
culture which means to till, to cultivate. This means that the culture is
to be cultivated and it can grow itself.

· In the words Mathew Arnold, “The best that has been thought
and know is culture”. He includes in culture “ the ways of life,
the habits, the manners, the very tones of voices, the literature,
the things which give pleasure to the community, the words,
the thoughts which make the furniture of their minds.’’ In broad
sense, Mathew Arnold describes it as sweetness and light.
· According to othaway, “The culture of a society means the total
way of life of a society.’’
· E.B.Tylor says, “ Culture is that complex whole, which includes
knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom and any other
 capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of
society.’’

Thus, culture includes all that man has acquired in the

mental and intellectual sphere of his individual and social life. It can
best be expressed as social heritage. In the broader sense it includes
such material or utilitarian factors or instruments like railway train,
cars, radio, television, tables, chairs, etc that enrich the social life of
man on the one hand and non-material factors or valves, beliefs,
traditions, religion, literature, art, philosophy etc. on the other.

Characteristics of culture

1. Learned Quality:- culture is learned quality. It is not innate or

biologically acquired. In fact, it is sociologically acquired Traits learned
through socialization, habits and thoughts are called culture.

2. Transmitive culture:- culture is transmitted from person to person

and generation to generation. The individual is molded according to
his family and society of which he is a member. Culture is constantly
accumulating. The new generation gains by the experiences of the
older generation through the communicability of culture.

3. Social equality: - culture is social, not individual heritage of man.

Man cannot create or generate culture while existing apart from the
group. Culture is inclusive of the expectations of the members of
groups. Each member is dependent on the other and each expects
from another. By this expectation is the society bound by culture.

4. Idealistic Quality:- culture is idealistic. It stands for ideal norms of

human behavior.

It is the embodiment of refinement. Society expects these ideals,

norms and patterns.

5. Gratifying Quality:- culture meets and satisfies the social and

ethical needs of man. Social habits form a part parcel of culture.
Habits can be formed okf those activities only which tend to gratify
some needs. Without gratifying those needs culture cannot exist.
ii. culture meets the recurring demands of mankind. The demand of
reproduction, of nursing an infant to maturity and finally, of desposal
of the dead, all are met by culture from generation to generation.
Culture points the smooth and sure course to meet the per4pectual
demands of individuals.

6. Adoptive Qualitive:- culture has the characteristic of adaptation.

Each culture tries to adopt the qualities outside its own environment.
The contact of two or more culture takes place and this interaction
lends the adaptive quality to the culture.

7. Integrative Quality:- culture has the quality of becoming

integrated. Various parts of culture are integrated, with each other
and any new element which is introduced is also integrated. Those
cultures which are more open to external influence are comparatively
more heterogeneous but never the less some fegree of integration is
inevitable in all cultures.

8.Manifestation Quality:- culture is the manifestation of man’s mind

in varying moods of nature and environment and in the changing
course of history. Culture of civilized societies has its own momentum
of progress. Members of such a society cannot remain aloof from the
diving currents of culture.

9. Dynamic Quality:- culture has a dynamic quality. It is changing. It is

in constant flux. No nation has had constant cultural traditions. Every
generation adds something new and modifies something of old.

Relationship between culture and Education

Culture plays an important part in man’s life. As Theodore Brameld

remarked, “ It is from the stuff of culture that education is direct by
created and that gives to education not only its own tools and
materials but its reason for nexisting at all”

Culture has profound implications for education. The social living

is influenced by education and education itself is governed by social
life. The total pattern of a society’ life determines education and
education moulds the total pattern of society’s life. Education
produces a cultured man and is also nourished and nurtured by the
cultured man.

· Conservation of Education towards culture

If education is not agency of social conservation there would not have

been any cultural heritage at all. The school must inculcate in pupils
the traditional standards and values, which account for cultural
evolution. The conservative function of education has been
emphasized by Percy Nunn. In Radhakrishnan’s . Report also the
conservation function education is emphasized. Pt-Nehru held,
“Educatiion must help in preserving the vital elements of our
heritage.”

· Continuity of culture:-

The continuity that influences the past and present cannot be

ignored. The continuity of cultural condition is an essential condition
for survival of the nation

· Transmission of culture: - Education is the savior of cultural

traditions, experiences, of cultural patterns. In the words of
Ottaway, “One of the tasks of education is to hand over the
cultural values and behavior patterns of the society to his young
and potential members.’’ Without transmission of culture there
cannot be any growth and progress of man. If the culture is not
transmitted consciously then there is produced chaoa in the
society and there occurs great instability.
· New cultural patterns:- Education is not only concerned with
the transmission of culture but it also builds new cultural
patterns. It brings change in the existing culture. These brings
changes are necessitated due to cross-cultural constants or the
building of new knowledge which makes the old cultural
patterns redundant.
· Promotion of culture: - Education helps in the modification and
promotion of culture. It helps in the establishment of a better
and happier society. Thus, education performs the important
function of constantly reorganizing and
 reconstructing human experiences for the promotion of culture
and civilization.
· Adjustment to cultural patterns: - Education equips the
individual to adjust himself in the changing cultural patterns.

Thus, education is required to perform the functions of

transmission and enrichment, acceptance and reformulation,
change and reconstruction of culture. The social dimensions of
culture can be learnt through a process of correct education.

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