GRAMMAR SIMPLE PAST WAS / WERE

- We use verb to be to talk about people, place or time

Subject Pronoun Verb to be Negative Question
I was I wasn´t Was I ……..….?
You were You weren´t Were you……...?
He was He wasn´t Was he………….?
She was She wasn´t Was she…………?
It was It wasn´t Was it…………...?
We were We weren´t Were we ……….?
You were You weren´t Were you……….?

I. Complete the information using the prompts.

Name: John Winston His name was John Winston Lennon, he was born on October 9th
Last name: Lennon 1940, in Liverpool, he was British. He was romantic and rebel. He
Born: October 9th 1940. Liverpool
Nationality: British was a singer and a songwriter. He was slim and tall. He was married,
Feelings: romantic, rebel
his wife´s name was Yoko Onno, he was killed in December 1980
Occupation: singer and songwriter
Body type: slim and tall in New York.
Marital status: married
Killed: in December 1980 in New York

______________________________________________________
Name: Michael Joseph
Last name: Jackson ______________________________________________________
Born: on August 29, 1958. Indiana
Nationality: American ______________________________________________________
Feelings: lovely and nice
Occupation: singer, songwriter and dancer ______________________________________________________
Body type: slim and tall
Marital status: divorced ______________________________________________________
Death: on July 7th 2009

Name: Paul William ______________________________________________________

Last name: Walker
Born: September 12th 1973 ______________________________________________________
Nationality: American
Personality: outgoing ______________________________________________________
Occupation: actor
Body type: strong and tall ______________________________________________________
Marital status: married
Death: November 30th 2013 _________________________________________________

II. Describe a famous person who died.

________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________

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V. Complete these conversations with was, wasn’t, were or weren’t
1. A: How was your vacation in Peru, Julio?
B: It ____________ great. I really enjoyed it.
A: How long ____________ you there?
B: We _____________ there for two weeks.
A: ___________ you in Lima all the time.
B: No, we ___________ . We _____________________ in the mountains for a few days.
A: And how ______________ the weather? ____________ it good?
B: No, it _________ good at all. The city ________ very hot, and the mountains ________ really cold!

VI. Describe your last vacation.

Place

clothes weather

Hotel food

People Transportation

My last vacation __________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________

VOCABULARIO: Adjectives
Place food transportation people Weather Hotel Clothes
Awesome Delicious Slow Friendly Sunny Big Loose
Big Awful Fast Unfriendly Rainy Small Tight
Small Tasty Comfortable Polite Foggy Expensive Comfortable
Boring Salty Uncomfortable Kind Cloudy Cheap Elegant
Exciting Spicy Cheap Rude Snowy luxurious casual
Crowded Expensive Expensive noisy Freeze Modern baggy
Interesting Cheap Old shy Hot charming brief
Polluted Sweet Modern quiet Cold residential Cool
clean bitter dirty excited Warm designer

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 GRAMMAR SIMPLE PAST
We use simple past to talk about a complete action in the past.

Ex: I took a shower yesterday

Subject
Pronouns Verb Complement Time expression We use auxiliary verb Did with interrogative or negative
sentences
I ran in the park Did you play soccer?
You studied English yesterday No, I didn´t
He ate rice last week Yes, I did.
She played basketball four months ago
It drank water I didn´t work last week ( Negative sentence)
We sang beautiful songs
You wrote a letter Note: There are regular and irregular verbs. Regular ending
They bought clothes in ed. Irregular verbs have to be learned by heart.

I. It’s the beginning of a new term at university. Two students, Nick and Eric, are talking about the summer
holidays. Complete their conversation using the correct Past Simple form of the words in brackets.
Nick: What ………………. you ………………………. (/do) in the summer?
Eric: I (1)……………………. (take) a trip around Europe by train.
Nick: (2)………………….you …………………( go) on your own, or with some friends?
Eric: A couple of friends (3)………………. (come) with me.
Nick : How many countries (4)……………you …………………… (visit)?
Eric: I (5)………….(go) to six or seven countries. I (6)…………(have) a great time, and I really 7)………….(love) all of them.
Nick Which one (8)……………………you ………………. (like) most?
Eric: Sweden, I think. I (9)…………….(enjoy) exploring the marvelous countryside and I (10)………………..(take) lots of
photographs.
Nick ……........... you …………………. (eat) typical food?
Eric: Yes, I …………… but just at the beginning we ……………… (look ) for a Mexican restaurant and we…………… (eat)
Tacos. I really ……………………. (miss) them
Nick: When (11)……………you ……………………. (arrive) back home?
Eric: I ………………….. (come) back last Friday, I ………… (be) tired but happy.

VOCABULARIO:
Infin. verbs Verb in past Verbs in Past P. Infin. verbs Verb in past Verbs in Past P.
Bring Swim
Buy Ring
Catch Sing
Fight Spring
Seek Drink
Teach Sink
Think Swing
Begin Blow
Run Grow

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 I.Complete the sentences using the Past Simple form and the words in brackets ( ).
1. We _________________ (go) on holiday to Scotland last year.
2. I _______________ (take) a taxi from the airport to the city centre.
3. The man in the shop ___________ (say) something to the woman, but she _________________ (not hear) him.
4. I ________________ (ring) the doorbell and a woman __________________ (open) the door.
5. I _________________ (write) a letter to a friend, and then I _____________________ (post) it.
6. ________________ you __________________ (understand) the film?
No, I ___________________ (try) to understand it, but the actors ____________________ (speak) very quickly.
7. _____________ you _________________ (buy) some clothes at the market?
Yes, I ______________________ (buy) a pair of trousers and a shirt.
8. ___________ you __________________ (enjoy) the festival?
Yes, it ___________________ (not rain) and we ____________________ (listen) to some good music.

II. Complete the dialogues with the Past Simple of the verbs in brackets.
Dylan: I ____________ (call) you yesterday, but you _______________ (not-be) home.
_____________________ (your sister / tell) you?
Tyler: No, she probably ___________________ (forget).
Dylan: I _________________ (try) your mobile phone, but it _________________(be) switched off.
Tyler: Actually, I ______________ (not-have) it with me. Anyway, what ______________ (you /want) to tell me?
Dylan: I _____________________ (want) to invite you to dinner on Saturday.
Tyler: Great. See you then.
Andy: Hey, Jake, what _______________________ (you/do) last night?
Jake: I _________________ (go) to the cinema with Henry.
Andy: What __________________________ (you/watch)?
Jake: Malefica. We _____________________ (love) it.
Andy: I ______________________ (think) Malefica is a children´s film.
Jake: Well, it isn´t.
Andy: What __________ you ____________ (do) afterwards?
Jake: we ______________ (go) to a restaurant and then we ______________ (come) back home.

VOCABULARIO:
Infin. verbs Verb in past Verbs in Past P. Infin. verbs Verb in past Verbs in Past P.
Know Break
Throw Choose
Fly Freeze
Draw Speak
Withdraw Steal
See Wake
Wear Get
Swear Forget
Tear Bite

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 REGULAR VERBS ( Pronunciation rules )
1.- If the verb ending in the sound ( not letter ), like / s / ch / sh / x / p / k / f /, the particle
“ed” will be pronounced like / t / .
2.- If the verb ending in the sound ( not letter ), like / n / m / l / r / y / w / z / b /, the particle
“ed” will be pronounced like / d /.
3.- If the verb ending in the letter “ t “o “ d ”, the particle “ed” will be pronounced like / id /

write on the line “t” , “d ” or “id” according to the rules.

1. Abolished _______ 18.-Compared ______ 35.-Escaped ______

2. Abused _______ 19.-Completed______ 36.-Explained ______
3. Accepted _______ 20.-Considered______ 37.-Followed ______
4. Acted _______ 21.-Continued______ 38.-Helped ______
5. Added _______ 22.-Cooked ______ 39.-Intended ______
6. Admired _______ 23.-Copied ______ 40.-Imagined ______
7. Advised _______ 24.-Covered ______ 41.-Introduced______
8. Agreed _______ 25.-Booked ______ 42. Invented ______
9. Aimed _______ 26.-Brushed ______ 43.-Killed ______
10.Allowed _______ 27.-Called ______ 44.-Kissed ______
11.Amused _______ 28.-Decided ______ 45.-Learned ______
12.Announced_______ 29.-Destroyed ______ 46.-Missed ______
13.Answered _______ 30.-Died ______ 47.-Mopped ______
14.Arranged ________ 31.-Dreamed ______ 48.-Opened ______
15.Arrested _______ 32.-Earned ______ 49.-Ordered ______
16.Arrived _______ 33.-Ended ______ 50.-Pulled ______
17.Asked _______ 34.-Enjoyed ______ 51.-Pushed ______

I. Complete the sentences. Write t, d or id according with the verb rule.

1. My sister cleaned ______ the house, mopped _______ the floor and cooked _________
2. I asked _________ my mother about my lost money.
3. I finished _______ high school three years ago and I continued ________ studying college.
4. My brother pushed _______ the glass and spilled _______ the water.
5. My grandma watered_________ the plants in the morning.
6. I called ______ to the restaurant and I booked ________ a table.
7. My girlfriend kissed ________ me because she loves me.
8. I missed ________ the bus because I got up late.
9. A car killed _________ my dog.
10. I learned ________ English when I visited ________ U.S.A. two years ago.
11. I stayed ________ home last weekend. I watched ______ TV and I listened _______ to music.
12. I pulled ______ the door but it didn´t open so I pushed ____ it and I could came into the restaurant.

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II. Complete the following conversation using wh questions.
Sally: example: And what did you do yesterday?
David: I went to the movies
Sally (1) : __________________________________________________?
David: I went to “Las Americas” shopping mall
Sally (2 ): _________________________________________________ ?
David: I went at 8 O’clock
Sally ( 3 ): __________________________________________________?
David: I stayed there for 3 hours
Sally (4 ): __________________________________________________?
David: I went with my friends
Sally (5 ): __________________________________________________?
David: I got to “Las Americas” by bus
Sally (6 ): __________________________________________________?
David: I liked it a lot.
III. Complete the following conversation using wh questions.
Sally: example: And what did you do yesterday?
David: I went to the movies
Sally (1) : __________________________________________________?
David: I was in “Las Americas” shopping mall
Sally (2): __________________________________________________?
David: I went at 8 O’clock
Sally ( 3 ): __________________________________________________?
David: I was there for 3 hours
Sally (4 ): ___________________________________________________?
David: I was with my friends
Sally (5 ): ___________________________________________________?
David: I got to “Las Americas” by bus
Sally (6 ): ___________________________________________________?
David: The movie was interesting.
Sally (7) : ___________________________________________________?
David: Yes, I drank a Coke and my friends drank fanta

VOCABULARY:
Infin. verbs Verb in past Verbs in Past P. Infin. verbs Verb in past Verbs in Past P.
Hide Sleep
Lend Sweep
Mean Weep
Spend Meet
Deal Sit
Feel Bet
Leave Bid
Lose Burst
Keep Cost

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 Present participle, gerund or ing verbs rules.
Rule 1.- Verbs ending in e, we drop it and add ing.
drive - driving change - changing make – making ride - riding
Rule2.- Verbs ending in consonant we add ing.
Wash – washing drink – drinking eat – eating learn - learning
Rule 3.- One syllable verbs ending in C.V.C, we double the last consonant and add ing.
Hit – hitting run – running cut – cutting slap – slapping
Rule 4.- verbs ending in y we add ing.
Stay – staying enjoy - enjoying try – trying study – studying
Rule 5.- Two syllable verbs ending in CVC if they end as following:
a) If the stress is in the first syllable we add ing.
b) If the stress is in the second syllable we add the last consonant plus ing.
a) open – opening listen – listening happen – happening
b) Begin – beginning omit – omitting refer – referring.
Rule 6.- Verbs ending in “ie”, we drop them and add “ying.”
Lie – lying die - dying tie – tying
Rule 7.- Exceptions, verbs ending in “ x , w , ee , be “
Fix – fixing be - being follow - following
 STATIVE VERBS.
Stative verbs are verbs which cannot be used with progressive forms:
Like dislike prefer surprise believe think ( opine )
Know mean understand hear see weigh
Taste smell sound include own need
Matter depend on belong to seem cost have ( possession )

Write the correct –ing form to the following words:

1. hope ___________ 12. talk _____________ 23. beg _____________ 34. take ___________
2. date ___________ 13. go _____________ 24. begin ___________ 35.help ___________
3. injure ___________ 14. finish ___________ 25. prefer __________ 36.wash __________
4. listen ___________ 15. start ____________ 26. control _________ 37.agree __________
5. offer ___________ 16. ride ____________ 27. study ___________ 38.fool ___________
6. open ___________ 17. drink ____________ 28. try _____________ 39.die ____________
7. enjoy ___________ 18. carry ____________ 29. reply ___________ 40.sit ____________
8. pray ___________ 19. run ____________ 30. apply ___________ 41.lie ____________
9. buy ___________ 20. yawn ____________ 31. live _____________ 42.leave __________
10.work __________ 21. stop ____________ 32. do ______________ 43.hug ___________
11. teach __________ 22. rob ____________ 33. stay ____________ 44.write __________

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GRAMMAR PAST PROGRESSIVE.
We use the past continuous to talk about......
a) An action happening in the past when another action interrupted it.
I was watching TV when it stopped working
b) An action in progress at a certain time in the past.
I was watching TV yesterday at 9 O´clock
c) two or more actions which were happening simultaneously in the past.
I was watching TV while my brother was studying.
S. P. verb to be ing vebs S. P. verb to be ing vebs
I was running in the park We were smoking a lot
You were listening to music You were singing a song
He was eating soup They were driving a truck
She was drinking a soda
It was snowing hard
I. Complete the sentences by putting the verbs in brackets into the past progressive.
1. I _____________________________ (watch) TV at 4 o´clock.
2. My father _______________________ (work) at night.
3. My mother _______________________ (cook) in the afternoon.
4. My brother _______________________ (study) English at 5 o´clock
5. Marco and Jenny ___________________________ (read) a history book in the morning.
6. I looked out of the window, and I saw that it ___________________ (not/rain) any more.
7. What _______________________ (you/do) at three o´clock yesterday afternoon?
8. At the end of the first half of the game, they _________________ (win).
9. A lot of people ______________________ (wait) for the 7:30 bus last night.
II. Two actions at the same time.
1. My brother _________________ (study) while I ________________________ (watch) TV.
2. My father ___________________ (wash) the car while my mother __________________ (cook).
3. I ______________________ (do) homework while I _____________________ (watch) TV.
4. I _______________________ (read) a book while I _______________________ (travel) by bus.
5. Susy ______________________ (listen) to music while she ____________________ (sweep) the floor.
6. Raul ______________________ (send) messages while he ___________________ (take) an English class.
7. I _________________________ (work) while I ______________________ (write) a letter.
III. An action interrupted by other.
1. It __________________ (snow) when I ________________ (leave) home this morning.
2. I _____________ (try) to explain my problem but she ________________ (not/ listen).
3. He _________________ (talk) on the phone when I _______________ (arrive).
4. I __________________ (live) in London when I _______________ (meet) them.
5. I nearly had an accident this morning. A car _______________ (come) towards me, but
I ______________________ (move) quickly out of the way.
6. It was a sunny afternoon and people _______________ (sit) on the grass in the park. Then it suddenly
________________ (start) to rain.

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 7. Which hotel ________________ (you/stay) in when you lost your passport?
8. Fortunately, I ______________ (not/drive) too fast when the child ____________ (walk) into the road in front of
me.
9. I ______________________________ (have) breakfast when you __________________ (call)
10. They _________________________ (watch) TV when I ____________________ (arrive)
11. While he __________________________ (read) the newspaper, the dog _________________ (eat) his dinner.
12. While you _______________________ (do) homework, I _____________________(make) a cake.
13. You ________________________ (not-listen) when the teacher ________________ (tell) us what to do.
14. My dad ______________________ (not-watch) when I ________________ (score) the goal.
15. They ___________________ (wait) at the airport when I ____________________ (arrive)
16. Where ______________________ (they/playing) when you __________________ (see) them?
17. ______________________ (he/wear) that suit when he _____________ (go) to the party?
IV. Put the verbs in parentheses into the past simple or the past continuous.
Example : What were you doing ( do) when I phoned (phone) ?
1. While she _______________ (take) a shower, she _____________ (fall over) and ____________ (hurt) her
back.
2. He ___________________ (lock) the door and ___________________ (leave) the house.
3. While they ______________________ (watch) TV, it _____________________ (stop) working.
4. While I________________ (study) in my bedroom, an insect _______________ (fly) into the room.
5. When he _________________ (see) the old lady crossing the road, he ____________________ (try) to
stop the car but couldn’t avoid hitting her.
6. Liz __________________ (sleep) when the phone _________________ (ring).
7. _______________ Mark _______________ (live) in Paris when he _______________ (meet) Karen?
8. I ___________________ (read) the paper and the cat ____________________ (jumped) on the page.
9. Michael ___________________ (go) home when his father __________________ (become) ill.
V. Use the past simple and the past continuous to make sentences from the words in brackets.
1. The police / arrive / while / I / have breakfast
_______________________________________________________________________
2. The storm / start / while / they / drive / home /
_______________________________________________________________________
3. I / see / an accident / while / I / wait / for the bus /
_______________________________________________________________________
4. Mary / go / to several concerts / while / she / stay / in London
___________________________________________________________________
5. My father / cook / the dinner / when / he / burn / his fingers /
_______________________________________________________________
6. The soldiers / prepare / to leave / when / the bob / explode /
_____________________________________________________________________

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AVOIDING REPETITION.
I. When there are two past continuous forms in the same sentence, you can avoid repetition by just using the -
ing participle. E.g.
He was looking around. He was crying for his mother.
He was looking around while crying for his mother.
1. He was running fast. He was carrying a big box.
____________________________________________________________________________
2. They were standing at the edge of the cliff. They were admiring the view.
_____________________________________________________________________________
3. Tim was watching TV. He was eating his supper.
_____________________________________________________________________________
4. Sonia was doing homework. She was listening to music.
____________________________________________________________________________
5. I was doing homework while I was listening to music.
____________________________________________________________________________
6. My mother was cooking while she was washing the clothes.
____________________________________________________________________________
7. They were eating while they were smiling.
____________________________________________________________________________
8. I was walking down the street while it was raining.
____________________________________________________________________________
9. My father was washing the car while I was doing homework.
____________________________________________________________________________

II. Complete the text with the past simple or the past progressive of the verbs in brackets.
A: I Will never forget that night for as long I live. It (1) ________ (be) dark outside and the wind (2) ________
(blow). I (3) ____________ (stand) by the window when I (4) __________ (hear) the front door open and shut. I(5)
_________(think) it was my mum, but I soon (6) _______(realice) how wrong I was. The room suddenly (7)
___________(become) very cold. When I (8) ________ (turn) around, I(9) _________(see) a man sitting in the edge
of the bed. He (10) _________(look) strange. His face was White and he (11)_________ (wear) funny clothes, the
kind people (12) _______(wear) a hundred years ago. I(13) _________ (want) to scream but I couldn’t. Suddenly, the
man (14) ________(get up)and(15) ________(disappear).
B: It ______________ (rain) heavily and the wind _________________ (blow). Sam ______________
(walk) back home. It _______________ (be) very late and the streets _________ (be) empty. Suddenly he
______________ (hear) footsteps behind him. They _______________ (get) closer and closer. Sam
____________(turn) round and _____________ (see) a slim woman in a dirty raincoat walking towards him.

C: Paula _____________(look) out of the window. It ___________ (be) dark and wet outside. big raindrops
______________ (run) down the glass. Then she ____________ (see) them and ____________ (gasp) in
horror. Two thin, white creatures ______________ (walk) towards the window. Her hands _____________
(begin) to shake as she ______________ (realise) that their eyes ________________ (stare) right into hers.

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GRAMMAR USED TO
When we want to describe an action that was customary or that happened for some time in the past but that does not
happen at the present time we use USED TO.
Examples:
We lived in Maryland before we moved here I taught English for years, now I’m retired
We used to live in Maryland. I used to teach English.
When I was a child, I never worked. What did you use to eat when you were a child?
When I was a child, I didn´t use to work. I used to eat chocolate and a lot of candy.

THE FOUR SEASONS.

When we talk about “the four seasons” most of the people refer to spring
Summer, autumn and winter but today the concept is going to be different.
Did you know that there are four seasons in the human life? And they refer to the
stages of our lives such as childhood, youth, adulthood and old age. Each one has
special characteristics and the most strange is when a person goes to the next level
hates some activities that loved in the previous one. For example: a youth when he
was a child, he loved to play with toys but now he has a different routine, he does
other activities according to his age and he hates playing with them or when his
little brother wants to play toys with him, he doesn´t have time for that
childishness. An adult hates that young people are noisy but when he was young he
was noisy too, he screams all the time and always tried to attract people attention.
These situations are very common in our lives because with every period of life,
our routines change and our activities are completely different.

VOCABULARIO:
Infin. verbs Verb in past Verbs in Past P. Infin. verbs Verb in past Verbs in Past P.
Bleed Have
Feed Make
Flee Pay
Hold Stand
Lead Understand
Read Find
Say Win
Come Do
become Go

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I. Finish the sentences with USED TO.
Example: My father doesn’t smoke now but he used to smoke a lot .
1. I love eating vegetables now but I _______________________________________ (hate them).
2. My older brother is unemployed but he __________________________________ (be a miner)
3. My dad wears a suit to work now but when he was a student ____________________ (not wear one).
4. I read novels now but I _____________________________________________ (read comics)
5. I live in a big town now but I ______________________________________ (live in a village)
6. My apartment has an elevator now but it _______________________________ (not have one)
7. Everybody watches TV nowadays but in my grandfather’s day people _________________ (listen to the radio)

II. Change the following sentences so that they include a form of USED TO.
1. I watched hours of cartoons on TV when I was a child.
_________________________________________________________________________
2. There was a candy store on the corner of my street.
_________________________________________________________________________
3. A few years ago I enjoyed swimming.
_________________________________________________________________________
4. We didn’t have an elevator in our apartment building.
_________________________________________________________________________
5. I started learning French but now I’m only studying English.
_________________________________________________________________________

III. How have you changed in the last five years? Write answers to these questions.
1. What hobbies did you use to have five years ago? What hobbies do you have now?
___________________________________________________________________________________________
2. What kind of music did you use to like then? What kind of music do you like now?
___________________________________________________________________________________________
3. What kind of clothes did you use to wear? What kind of clothes do you like to wear now?
___________________________________________________________________________________________
4. What kind of games did you use to play? What kind of games do you play now?
___________________________________________________________________________________________

IV. We use USED TO to talk about a past situation or habit that continued for months or years, and
the situation today is different.
1. Ann ________________________ (eat) meat but now she ___________________ (eat) fish.
2. Tom ____________________ (drink ) now but he ________________________ (drink) tea.
3. Robert _________________ (eat) white bread but now he _______________ (eat) brown bread
4. Pam _________________ (drink) tap water, but now she _______________ (drink) bottled water.
5. Mary _________________ (eat) fresh fruit now, but she _________________ (eat) tinned fruit.

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 GRAMMAR PRESENT PERFECT
We use present perfect to talk about an action that began in the past, continue to the present and probable to the future.
PRESENT PAST FUTURE

Example: I have played soccer since 1977

Subject Auxiliary Verb in Past complement Time expression
Pronoun verb have participle

Subject Pronoun Aux. Verb have Verb in Past P. Complement Time Expression
I have worked in a factory recently
You have eaten seafood several times
He has bought shoes once
She has drunk milk twice
It has eaten cookies for 3 years
We have seen a ghost since April
You have written a letter three times
They have played basketball for 6 months

1. Duration ( Since / for )

2003 2017 I have studied English since 2003 _______
( I / study / English )
I have studied English for 14 years ________
How long ________ you ____________ (study ) math? _________________________________ I was in primary school
How long ________ you _____________ (eat ) soup? _____________________________________________ 14 years
How long ________ George ____________ (drink) wine? __________________________________________ a long time
How long ________ they _____________ (work) here? _________________________________________ several months
How long ________ you _____________ (ride) a bicycle? __________________________________________ 2005
How long ________ Sonia _____________ (be) married? _________________________________________ for 10 years.
How long ________Ivan _____________ (be) to Canada? __________________________________ since his last birthday
How long ________Peter _____________ (play) videogames? ____________________________________ he was 6 years old.
2. Repetitive Actions ( once, twice, three times, many times, several times, (-) never )
How many times have you been to Six flags? I have been there twice / I have never been there
How many times have you been in Acapulco? _______________________________/_______________________________________
How many times has Silvia drunk wine? _______________________________/_______________________________________
How many times have you read that book? _______________________________/ ______________________________________
How many times has Oscar traveled to Canada? _____________________________/_______________________________________
How many times have you run in a marathon? _______________________________/______________________________________
3. Pending ( already / yet )
Have you studied French yet? Yes, I have already studied French / No, I haven´t studied French yet
Has Sonia taught math yet? Yes,_______________________________ /No, ____________________________________
Have they read Harry Potter yet Yes, _______________________________/ No, ___________________________________
Has Omar spoken English yet? Yes, _______________________________/ No, ____________________________________
Have you eaten exotic food yet? Yes, _______________________________/No, ____________________________________
Have you sung karaoke yet? Yes, _______________________________/No, ____________________________________

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4. Recent Past ( recently / lately )
Have you written a letter recently? Yes, I have written a letter recently / No, I haven´t written a letter lately
Has Carl visited his grandma recently? Yes,____________________________ /No, __________________________________
Have you seen Harry Potter lately? Yes, ____________________________/ No, __________________________________
Has Peter fixed the car recently? Yes, ____________________________/ No, __________________________________
Have you run in the marathon lately? Yes, ____________________________/ No, __________________________________

5. Life Experience ( ever )

Have you ever build a sand castle?
Yes, I have. I build a sand castle once a year ( Present )

Yes, I have. I built a sand castle last year ( Past )

Yes, I have. I am building a sand castle this year ( Present progressive )

Yes, I have. I have already built a sand castle once ( Present perfect)

No, I haven’t, but I would love to ( would / yet / lately/ never )

Have you ever done your homework?

Yes, I have. _______________________________________________________________________ ( Present )
Yes, I have. _______________________________________________________________________ ( Past )
Yes, I have. _______________________________________________________________________ ( Present progressive )
Yes, I have. _______________________________________________________________________ ( Present perfect )
No, I haven’t ______________________________________________________________________ ( would / yet / lately / never )

I. Complete these conversations. Then practice with a partner.

1. A: Have you ever ______________________ (be) to a picnic at the beach?
B: Yes, I ____________. We _______________ (cook) hamburgers.
2. A: Have you _____________ (try) sushi?
B: No, I ________________ but I’d like to.
3. A: Did you ________________ (have) breakfast today?
B: Yes, I ____________. I _______________ (eat) a huge breakfast.
4. A: Have you ever _________________ (eat) Mexican food?
B: Yes, I ___________. In fact, I ___________ (eat) some just last week.
5. A: Did you _____________ (drink) coffee this morning?
B: Yes, I ___________. I _____________ (have) some on my way to work.
II. Complete the conversation. Use the past tense or the present perfect of the verbs given.
Sylvia: I went ( go ) to a Thai restaurant last night.
Jason: Really? I ___________________ (not- eat) Thai food.
Sylvia: Oh, you should try it. It’s delicious!
Jason: What _____________ you __________________ (order)?
Sylvia: First, I ____________ (have) soup with green curry and rice. Then I ___________ (try)
Pad Thai. It’s noodles, shrimp and vegetables in a spicy sauce.

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Jason: I ________________ (not-taste) Pad Thai. _______________(be) it very hot?
Sylvia: No, It ____________ (be) just spicy enough. And after that, I ___________ (eat)
bananas in coconut milk for dessert.
Jason: Mmm! That sounds good.
Sylvia: It was.
III. Complete the dialogues using the Present Perfect or Past Simple
A:I saw (see) Jack last night.
B: Oh really. I (1)………………….(not/see)him for months. How is he?
A: We (2)…………………….. (go) to the theater last Saturday.
B: (3)…………………..………… ( you/enjoy) the play?
A: Yes, it(4)…………………… (be) very good.
A:I (5)………………….( never/hear) of this group before. Are they famous in your country?
B: Yes, they are very popular. They (6) ………….…………. (be) famous in my country for years.
A: What (7)……….………………….(you/do) last weekend?
B: I (8)……………….……………(stay) at home. I (9)………………………….(need) a rest.
A: (10)………………………….. (you/ever/win) a competition?
B: Yes, I (11)……………….…. (win) a photographic competition in 2001.
A: So, John is your best friend. (12) …………………….. (you/meet) him when you were at university?
B: Yes. We (13)………………….………. (be) friends for more than ten years.
V. Complete this paragraph about the London Underground by putting in the Present Perfect or
Past Simple forms of the verbs in brackets ( ).
London has had (have) an underground train system since the nineteenth century. The London
Underground (1)__________________(start) in 1863, when Victorian engineers and workers
(2)________________(build) the Metropolitan railway. This railway line(3)______________(go)
from(4)_______________(pull) the coaches. Eleven more lines(5)______________(open) since then.
The world’s first underground electric railway(6)________________(open) in 1890. This line
(7)______________(go) from the City of London to Stockwell in South London. The most Modern
line is the Jubilee line, which (8)_______________(open) in 1979. Since the London Underground
(9)__________________(begin), many other cities, such as New York and
Moscow,(10)________________(build)their own systems.
VI. James is talking about his life. Put the correct past participles in the gaps.
I `ve seen (see) a lot of beautiful places in my life, and I ___________ (do) a lot of interesting
things. I ____________ (travel) in North and South America, for example. I ___________ (visit)
all the big American cities. I _______________ (drive) across Mexico. I _____________ (not-be) to
Argentina, but I _______________ (work) in Peru and Bolivia. I ________________ (swim) in the
Pacific Ocean, the Atlantic Ocean, and the Mediterranean Sea. I ________________ (eat) in the best
restaurants in Paris and I _____________ (sing) Italian songs in Rome. I _____________ (not-make)
much money in my life, but I __________________ (meet) a lot of interesting people and I
_____________ (take) a lot of wonderful photographs!

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 Future Will
We use will to talk about: a) decisions taken at the moment of the speaking b) predictions
c) events and actions that we don´t have control d) to express opinions about the future
Affirmative Negative Interrogative Example:
I will play I won´t work will I work……?
You will study You won´t study will you travel..? Probably I will go to the park.
He will drink He won´t write will he write….? I think, I will drive
She will travel She won´t run will she speak...? Perhaps, She will drink wine
It will be ok It won´t be easy will it rain…….? Maybe They won´t pass the exam
You will he happy You won´t read will you study…? I guess, it will rain
We will eat We won´t travel will we buy……? I´ll call you as soon as I arrive home
They will run They won´t drink will they clean..?
I. Put the best phrase from the box in each gap. Start your sentence with I´ll.

Phone for a taxi help you to look for it carry some of them go with you
Give you some money make you a sandwich open a window ask her to phone you tonight
Give you the name of a language school

1. A: I want to take these books home, but they´re very heavy.

B: _______________________________________________________________________
2. A: I feel sick. It´s so hot in this room.
B: _______________________________________________________________________
3. A: I want a cup of coffee, but I don´t have any money.
B: _______________________________________________________________________
4. A: I´m hungry. I didn´t have any lunch.
B: _______________________________________________________________________
5. A: I want to learn Japanese.
B: _______________________________________________________________________
6. A: I have lost my passport.
B: _______________________________________________________________________
7. A: It´s ten o´clock. I´ll be late if I walk.
B: _______________________________________________________________________
8. A: I want to speak to Jane. It´s very important.
B: _______________________________________________________________________
9. A: I want to go to the museum, but I don´t know the way.
B: _______________________________________________________________________
I . Complete the dialogues using the present simple or the Future Will.
Kathy: Anna, ______________________________ (1.you / lend) me 20 dollars?
Anne: Sure.
Kathy: Thanks. I _______________ (2.pay) you back as soon as we ______________ (3.arrive) home.
Anna: Ok. What ___________________ (4.you/ want ) to get?
Kathy: It´s a surprise. I ____________________ (5.tell) you after I ___________________ (6.buy) it.
Anne: Fine.

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II. Complete the dialogues using the present simple or the Future Will.
Tanya: Are you going out?
James: Yes in a bit. I´m going to the shop to buy some milk. I _____________________ (1.not – be) long.
Tanya: _________________ (2.you / take) out the rubbish on your way out?
James: Sure. Leave it by the door. I ___________________ (3.take) it when I _______________ (4.leave).
Tanya: OK, thanks.

III. Use the verbs in the box with will or won´t to complete these dialogues.
1. A: Are you coming to the cinema on Sunday?
B: I´m not sure. I __________________ (phone) you on Sunday.
2. A: Don´t change your clothes now. We _____________________ (be) late.
B: No, we ___________. We _________________ (take) a taxi.
3. A: George is going to have a party at the weekend.
B: why?
A: it´s his birthday. He ________________________ (be) thirty onSaturday.
4. A: She _____________________ (not-win) the tennis match tomorrow.
B: why not?
A: She ___________________ (make) mistakes. She always makes mistakes in important matches.
5. A: _____________ Steve ______________ (finish) the work tonight?
B: No, He ___________ finish. He ________________ (not-have) time

IV. Write a short paragraph about your next vacation using will. At least 100 words.

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

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 Be + going to
- We use be going to talk about… A) to talk about things we have decided to do in the future.
B) To predict the future, using information we know now.
Affirmative Negative Interrogative Example:
I am going to study I´m not going to Am I going to……? Are you going to see your boss
tomorrow?
You are going to run You aren´t going to Are you going to…?
He is going to eat He isn´t going to Is he going to……..? I am sure I am going to win the game.
She is going to study She isn´t going to Is she going to …...?
It is going to jump it isn´t going to Is it going to ……..? She is going to study for her exam.
We are going to travel We aren´t going to Are we going to….?
They are going to swim They aren´t going to Are they going to…?

1. Paul has decided what he´s going to do in his life. Complete the sentences using short form
of be going to and the verbs in brackets.
1. I _______________________ (study) music at university.
2. I _______________________ ( travel) around the world.
3. I _______________________ (not/ work) in an office.
4. I _______________________ ( marry) a very rich woman.
5. We _____________________ ( have) five children.
I. Write sentences with be going to.
1. They / not / catch / that train ________________________________________________
2. Paul / not / drive / to Scotland ________________________________________________
3. We / not / finish / it today ________________________________________________
4. She / not / buy / a new house ________________________________________________
5. I / see / a film tonight. ________________________________________________
6. She / buy /a new car tomorrow ________________________________________________
7. They/work/hard this year ________________________________________________
8. It/ rain/ this afternoon ________________________________________________

I.Oyuky is Japanese. She is going to spend a week by the sea in England. Ask her some questions.
Use be going to.
1. _______________________________________ (you/ speak) a lot of English?
2. _______________________________________ (you/ play) basketball?
3. _______________________________________ (you/ take) an umbrella?

4. _________________________________ (you/ swim) in the sea?

5. _________________________________ (you/ eat) fish and chips?
6. _________________________________ (you/stay) in a luxury hotel?
7. _________________________________ (you/ come back) soon?

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I. Complete the conversation. Use be going to or Will and the information on the notepads.
Dave: So, Stella, do you have any vacation plans?
Stella: Well, I´m going to paint my apartment because the walls are a really ugly color.
What about you? ____________________________ ( do ) anything special?
Dave: _________________________________ and take a long drive.
Stella: Where ________________________________ (go)?
Dave: I´m not sure. ____________________________ (visit) my sister Joanne.
Stella: That sounds nice. I like to visit my family, too.
Dave: Yes, and maybe _______________________________ (go ) to the mountains for a few days

II. Complete the sentences, using the words in brackets and will or be + going to.
1. A: __________ you ____________________ (watch) TV tonight?
B: Yes, I _______________________ (watch) my favorite TV programme at nine o´clock.
2. A: What _________________________ (eat) tonight? What food have you bought?
B: I haven´t bought any food.
A: Well, why don´t you come to my house? I _________________________ (cook) us something nice to eat.
3. A: I´m going into the centre of town tomorrow. I ____________________ (buy) some new clothes.
B: Oh, what __________________________ (you/get)?
A: I ___________________ (look) for a T-shirt and some jeans.
B: I´d like to go into the centre too.
4. A: I __________________ (leave) work late tomorrow. There is a meeting at six p.m.
B: Oh, I didn´t know that. Well, I ____________________ (see) you after the meeting.
5. A: I _________________ (phone) Tom at six o´clock. I promised to phone him this evening.
6. A: ___________ you __________________ (have) a holiday in the summer?
B: Yes, I __________________________ (travel) around Europe with a friend.

III. You are at a party. Here are some of the questions you are asked. Reply using will or be going to
1. A: Hi, nice to see you. Would you like a drink?
B: I / have/ a coke, please ________________________________________________
2. A: What are you doing these days?
B: Nothing much, but I / start / a new job soon _________________________________________
3. A: Would you like something to eat?
B: Thanks, I / have / a sandwich _______________________________________________
4. A: What are your plans for the weekend?
B: I / do / some shopping tomorrow and I / go / for a swim on Sunday
___________________________________________________________________________________
5. A: Why is Mary standing by the piano?
B: She / sing /, I am afraid _______________________________________________
6. A: This cake looks delicious. Are you going to have some?
B: No, but I´m sure you / enjoy/ it _______________________________________________
7. A: How are you getting home?
B: David / give/ me a lift. _______________________________________________

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 Present Progressive as Future
We use will to talk about: a) arrangements. b) Events in the future which are “timetabled”
Affirmative Negative Interrogative Example:
I am studying I´m not studying Am I drinking……? Are you meeting your friends tomorrow?
You are running You aren´t running Are you running….?
He is eating He isn´t eating Is he eating………..? I am playing soccer next Saturday
She is playing She isn´t playing Is she playing …....?
It is jumping it isn´t flying Is it flying ………..? We are having lunch together today.
We are traveling We aren´t singing Are we singing……?
They are swimming They aren´t buying Are they buying..…? Are you coming to the party tonight?

I. Look at the past events in brackets ( ), and then write sentences using the words in the box. Use short forms
of the present continuous for the future.
I/eat/in a new restaurant tonight I/go/to the doctor tomorrow
I/fly/to Florida in August I/study/English in London in May
I/go/to a concert next Tuesday I/see/Mary this weekend
(You paid for an English course in London yesterday.)
I’m studying for an English course in London.

1 (You booked a table at a new restaurant last week)

…………………………………………………………………………………………….
2 (You bought a ticket for a concert last month)
…………………………………………………………………………………………….
3 (You telephoned you doctor this morning.)
…………………………………………………………………………………………….
4. ( You paid for a holiday at a travel agent’s last week ).
_______________________________________________________________________
5. ( You talked to Mary on the phone this morning ).
_______________________________________________________________________

I. Finish the dialogues using the Present Continuous for the future, and the words in brackets ( ).
Use short forms where possible.
Example: Steve: Are you doing (you/ do) anything this weekend?
Lynn: I’m seeing ( I / see ) a film on Sunday. Do you want to come?
1. Pete: Jane, Joe and Sally __________________________ (come) to my house on Friday night.
Mark: _____________________________ (you / have ) party?
Pete: No, we aren’t. ______________________ ( we / play ) cards. Would you like to come?
2. David: _______________________ ( I / fly ) to New York on Sunday
Chris: _______________________ ( you / see ) John there?
David: Yes, _______________________ (we / meet) at the airport.
3. Philip: Mary and I __________________________ (drive) to Scotland next Wednesday
Mike: ___________________________________ (you / stay ) in Edinburgh?
Philip: No ________________________________ ( we / visit ) my mother in Aberdeen.

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 SIMPLE PRESENT AS FUTURE
We use will to talk about: a) Events in the future which are “timetabled” b) with Time clauses
Affirmative Interrogative
My train leaves at 6 O´clock What time does the plane leave?
She has a yoga class at 7 O´clock what time does the concert start?
There is an English exam next Thursday
The restaurant opens at 3 O´clock
We also use simple present as future with Time Clauses ( after, as soon as, before, till, until, when, whenever, while, once,
by the time, now that).
I´ll come back home and I´ll do it = When I come back home, I´ll do it.
You will push this button and the door will open = As soon as you push this button, the door will open
Don´t stand up. First I´ll tell you = Don´t stand up until I´ll tell you
You´ll need my car. Take it = whenever you need my car, you can take it
You´ll tidy up the house and I´ll do the shopping = While I do the shopping, you´ll tidy up the house

I. Complete the questions and answers using the information in the time table.
Train Time
London 8:40 9:15 10:15 10:30 14:15 18:35 20:15
Reading 9:15 9:49 10:51 11:05 14:50 19:10 20:45
Bristol ---- 10:06 12:02 --- 15:45 ----- 21:50
Taunton 11:01 ----- ---- ----- ------ 20:38 ------
Exeter 11:27 12:08 13:05 13:20 17:01 21:08 23:15
Plymouth 12:40 13:15 14:08 14:23 18:06 22:18 00:22
1. What time ___________ the first train leave London? It ____________ London at _____________
2. ____________ it stop in Bristol? No, it ___________________
3. What time ____________ it reach Exeter? It ______________________
4. ___________ the 9:15 and 10:15 trains both stop at Bristol? Yes, they _____________
5. ____________ they stop at Taunton? No, they ______________
6. ____________ the 10:30 train stop at Taunton? No, it _______________
7. ____________ the 14:15 train from London stop at Exeter? Yes, _________________
8. What time _________ the last train ____________London? It _____________ at _______________
9. What time _________ Plymouth ? it __________________
II. Simple Present as future with time clauses. (as soon as, as long as, before, after, until, till, once, now
that, when, whenever, by the time)
1. My class will finish, I will go home.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
2. I will finish high school, I will study college.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
3. Doris will go to the gym. Then she will meet Angela for lunch.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
4. I will get paid. Then I will lend you some money.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
5. Cristina will send some e-mails. Then she will leave the office.
_______________________________________________________________________________________

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6. My mother will get home. Then I will go to bed.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
7. Pete will call us. Then we will go to the city Centre.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
8. It will stop raining. Then I will go home.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
9. I will finish the exam. After that I will go to the cafeteria.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
10. Sam will go to Tom´s house. Then he will give him his presents.
_______________________________________________________________________________________
III. Complete the sentences using a time clause and a suitable verb.
1. A: If Jeff calls before/while I _________________ (leave), let me know.
B: Alright.
2. A. We ________________ (have) a big party after/while he _________________ (graduate).
B: That's a great idea!
3. A: You forgot to put petrol in the car again.
B: Oh, dear! I promise I ____________ (do) it before/until I _____________ (go) to work tomorrow morning.
4. A . __________________(you/visit) us while/when you _______________ (be) in town?
B: Of course I will.
5. A . I _____________ (water) the plants when/while I _________________ (finish) cooking.
B: OK.
6. A: Is your dog dangerous?
B: No, it isn't. It only ________________ (bark) when/before it ________________ (see)a stranger.
IV. Look at Ann’s diary for next week. If Ann has an arrangement with someone else, use the Present
Continuous, but if she does not, use be going to.
MORNING AFTERNOON / EVENING
Monday 10.00 take Tim to the airport wash the car
Tuesday buy some stamps write some letters
Wednesday 11.00 take the dog to the vet tidy my flat
Thursday 12.30 cook lunch for mother buy a new squash racket
Friday 9.00 play squash with Mary do the shopping
Saturday wash my hair 6.00 meet Tim at the airport
 Ann __is taking__ Tim to the airport on Monday morning.
1. On Monday evening Ann _______________________ the car.
2. On Tuesday she _________________ some stamps because in the evening she ________________ some letters.
3. She can’t see anyone Wednesday morning because she ______________________ the dog to the vet.
4. On Wednesday evening she _____________________ her flat.
5. On Thursday afternoon she _____________________ a new squash racket because ___________ squash with
Mary on Friday morning.
6. On Friday afternoon she _________________ the shopping
7. She _______________ her hair on Saturday morning because she ________________ Tim at the airport
at six o’clock.

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 CONDITIONAL ZERO
GRAMMAR We use first conditional to talk about real situations.
 We can use the construction If + present simple, present simple when we´re talking about something that is always true.
Example: They don’t let people in, if they don’t have a ticket.
If you want to pass, you have to deliver your homework.
 We can use an imperative ( a command ) in the main clause.
If you want to go to the party, clean your room.
If you have the answer, raise your hand.

I. Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the verbs.

1. I f you _______________ ( want) healthy ears, you ______________ (need) earwax.
2. A young baby ____________ (recognize) if a woman ________ (be) her or his mother by smell.
3. If it ___________ spring, flowers _______________ (grow)
4.If the day _________ (be) cold, people __________ (wear) coats
5.I _____________ (not-eat) if I _____________ (not-be) hungry
6.If the class ________ (be) boring, I ___________ (fall) asleep.
7.If water ____________(boil), it _____________ (produce) steam.
8.If you want to learn, ________________________
9.If you need money, _________________________
10.Don´t smoke if you __________________________________
11.If you want to speak in English, ________________________
12 .if I ________ (go) to a birthday party, I ___________ (eat) cake.
13 Take an aspirin if ___________________________________________
14 If you ___________________ (not-do) your chores, your mother __________________ (get) mad.
15 If we ________________ (get) late for school, we _______________ (get) into trouble.
16. If you ________________ (freeze ) water, it _________________ (turn) into ice
17. If I __________________ (work) too much, I ________________ (get) tired.
18. If I __________________ (have) time, I usually ______________ (go) to the movies.
19. If she _________________ (eat) seafood, she ____________________(get) an allergy.
20. If she _________________(not-know) the answer, she _______________ (keep) silent.
21. I always wear a jacket, when it ___________ (be) cold.
22. When you ______________ boil water, it ________________ (produce) steam.
23. When a baby ___________(be) hungry, he ______________ (cry).

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GRAMMAR FIRST CONDITIONAL
We use first conditional to talk about real situations.
 We can use the construction if + present simple, future (will ) when we talk about an action in the present and
a consequence in the future. We can use either If or Whether
If you work hard, you will have money.
If Ricardo does exercise, he will be healthy.
 We use unless when an action or situation will happen if the other one does not happen first. The action in the clause
that follows unless is the action that cannot occur for the desired outcome in the main clause.
If I study, I will pass I won´t pass unless I study

I. Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the verbs.

a) If you ________________ (get up) early, you ________________ ( improve ) the day.
b) If we ____________ ( buy ) fruits, we ________________ (be) healthy.
c) If Laura _______________ (drink) milk, she ____________________ ( get ) calcium.
d) Marco ________________ ( earn ) a lot of money, if he ______________ ( work ) here.
e) If you ___________________ (want) to pass, you _____________ ( have) to study.
f) Raul __________________ ( learn ), if he ___________________ ( not- study)
g) If I _________________ (win) the lottery next Christmas, I ________________(buy) a new car.
h) you ___________________ (be) hungry if you ______________________________ (not-have) breakfast.
i) If he _____________________ (not leave) now, he _____________________ (not catch) the bus.
j) if you __________________ (come) to our house on Saturday, we __________________ (have) a barbecue.
k) if I ________________ (see) Mary, I _________________ (tell) her you called.
l) if the rabbit _______________ (see) us, it ______________________ (run) away.
ll) you ____________________________ (not learn) anything if you _______________________ (not listen)
m) I ____________________ (take) the dog for a walk if I ______________________ (have) time.
n) you _______________________ (be) tired tomorrow if you ______________________ (not go) to bed early.
II. Write a chain of actions according with the example, using first conditional.
If Ricardo has money, He will buy a car.
If ______________________________________, ______________________________________
If ______________________________________, ______________________________________
If ______________________________________, ______________________________________
If ______________________________________, ______________________________________
III. Change the following sentences using If or Unless.
1. If It rains, I won´t go to the park I will go to the park unless it doesn´t rain .
2. If you don´t work, You won´t have money _______________________________________
3. If you don´t water this plant, It will die _______________________________________
IV. Choose IF or UNLESS according with the sentences.
1. Betty won´t pass the exam __________ she studies harder.
2. _________ you practice more, you will speak better.
3. _________ you work, you won´t have money.
4. _________ we don´t protect the tiger, it will become extinct.

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 GRAMMAR SECOND CONDITIONAL
We use second conditional to talk about unreal situations.
 Conditionals Type 2 express an imaginary or improbable situation which is unlikely to happen in the present or future. They are
formed as follows:
If + past simple would/could/might + bare infinitive
 We can use were for all forms of be in the if clause. So both If I were … and If I was…. are possible, although
if I were…… is considered to be the “ correct “ version.
If I were rich, I would buy a car = If I was rich, I would buy a car
If I had a car, I would travel to Acapulco.

I. Fill in the blanks using Second conditional with the words given:
1) If Carlos ________________ (be) rich, he _________________ ( buy ) a castle.
2) If you __________________ (have) an airplane, you _____________ ( travel ) around the world.
3) Marco _________________ (scream) if he __________________ ( see ) a ghost.
4) If I _________________ (win) the lottery, I __________________ ( buy ) a Ferrari.
5) If I _________________ (know) her telephone number, I ____________________( give ) her a call.
6) If I _________________ (know) her, I ________________________ ( introduce) you.
7) If you ________________ (understand) opera, you ___________________ (enjoy) it.
8) If I ___________________ ( not/ have to work), I ___________________ ( go) out with you tonight.
II. Answer the questions by using second conditional.
1. What would you do if you were a millionaire?
If I were a millionaire, I would buy a penthouse, a race car and a boat.
2. What would you do if you had $1,000?
If I had $1,000, ______________________________________________________________
3. What would you do if you lost your math notebook?
_______________________________________________________________________________________
4. What would you do if you saw somebody being robbed?
_______________________________________________________________________________________
5. What would you do if your boyfriend/girlfriend betrayed you with your best friend?
_______________________________________________________________________________________
III. Complete the sentences below by writing a suitable ending. See the example.
Ex. If I didn´t have the money, I wouldn´t buy you a present.
a) If the weather wasn´t so awful, _____________________________________________________________
b) If you didn´t spend so much time on the phone, ________________________________________________
c) If I did homework, ______________________________________________________________________
d) If English were easier, ____________________________________________________________________
e) If my parents bought me a car, _____________________________________________________________
f) If I were a poet, _________________________________________________________________________
g) She would speak French _________________________________________________________________
h) My parents would be very angry If __________________________________________________________
i) Our English teacher would really improve if ___________________________________________________
j) If I were a teacher, ______________________________________________________________________
k) If Messi were Mexican, __________________________________________________________________

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 WISH
We use wish + past tense to refer to present wishes
I live with my parents Life is difficult
I wish I didn’t live with my parents. I wish it were easier.
I wish I had my own apartment I wish it weren’t so difficult
I can’t move out My parents won’t stop worrying about me.
I wish I could move out I wish they would stop worrying about me.
I.- Read these facts. Then rewrite the sentences using wish.
Ex. I’m not in very good shape. I wish I were more fit
1. I am old __________________________________________
2. I live far away __________________________________________
3. I live next to a PEMEX station __________________________________________
4. Pets are not allowed in my building __________________________________________
5. I don’t have a car __________________________________________
6. I’m overweight __________________________________________
7. I can’t use a computer __________________________________________
8. I don’t have a cell phone. __________________________________________
9. My grandparents are all dead __________________________________________
10. My sister is unhappy. __________________________________________
11. Books are expensive __________________________________________
12. I can’t speak English very well yet. __________________________________________
13. I have to wash my own clothes __________________________________________
14. I can’t afford a vacation this year __________________________________________
15. Sometimes I feel alone. __________________________________________
16. My friend has a drinking problem. __________________________________________
17. My car uses a lot of gasoline. __________________________________________
18. My job doesn’t pay very much. __________________________________________
19. I have to get up at 5:00 every day __________________________________________
20. I’m unemployed __________________________________________
21. I’m not married __________________________________________
22. I can’t go to the movies tonight __________________________________________

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 PAST PERFECT
I. The past perfect expresses an activity that was completed before another activity or time in the past
1. I did my homework and then I watched TV. ___________________________________________________________
2. I washed the dishes and then I went to the park ___________________________________________________________
3. My brother studied for exam then he took a nap ____________________________________________________________
4. Laura read a book next she wrote a letter ___________________________________________________________
5. Rocio drank milk then she went to bed ___________________________________________________________
6. My father fixed the car after that he travelled to Mazatlán ____________________________________________________
7. Albert finished his report then he left his job ___________________________________________________________
8. My sister got a job then she bought a car ___________________________________________________________
9. My class finished and then I went to the party ___________________________________________________________
10. Mark went to bed and then his mother arrived __________________________________________________________

* If either before or after is used in the sentence, the past perfect is often not necessary because the time relationship
is already clear.

1. I did my homework and then I watched TV. ___________________________________________________________

2. I washed the dishes and then I went to the park ___________________________________________________________
3. My brother studied for exam then he took a nap ____________________________________________________________
4. Laura read a book next she wrote a letter ___________________________________________________________
5. Rocio drank milk then she went to bed ___________________________________________________________
6. My father fixed the car after that he travelled to Mazatlán ____________________________________________________
7. Albert finished his report then he left his job ___________________________________________________________
8. My sister got a job then she bought a car ___________________________________________________________
9. My class finished and then I went to the party ___________________________________________________________
10. Mark went to bed and then his mother arrived __________________________________________________________

Avoiding Repetition. We can omit the subject when the person who did the first action is the same in the second one.

11. I did my homework and then I watched TV. ___________________________________________________________

12. I washed the dishes and then I went to the park ___________________________________________________________
13. My brother studied for exam then he took a nap ____________________________________________________________
14. Laura read a book next she wrote a letter ___________________________________________________________
15. Rocio drank milk then she went to bed ___________________________________________________________
16. My father fixed the car after that he travelled to Mazatlán ____________________________________________________
17. Albert finished his report then he left his job ___________________________________________________________
18. My sister got a job then she bought a car ___________________________________________________________
19. My class finished and then I went to the party ___________________________________________________________
20. Mark went to bed and then his mother arrived __________________________________________________________

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 REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS.
We use reflexive pronouns ( myself, yourself, etc. ) when the subject and the object of the verb are the
same person. The action is directed back to the person who does it.
Subject Reflexive Pronoun Subject Reflexive Pronoun
I myself We ourselves
You yourself You yourselves
He himself
She herself They themselves
It itself

- A few verbs in English are often used with reflexive pronoun. The most common are:
To amuse to behave to dry to enjoy to help to hurt to burn
To control to cut to kill to look after to make to keep to blame
I make myself a good breakfast
I keep myself busy by doing the housework
I don’t enjoy myself very often
- Many verbs are reflexive in other languages, but not normally in English:
To change to dress to rest to complain to feel
To wake up to get up to lie down to sit down to wash
To shave to go to bed to relax to worry to remember
- We sometimes use a reflexive pronoun after an adjective + preposition.
To be angry with yourself to be responsible for yourself to be ashamed of yourself
To be proud of yourself to be pleased with yourself to be sorry for yourself

I. Complete the dialogue, using myself, yourself, himself………, etc.

A: Hi! How was your weekend? Did you enjoy 1) _____________________?
B: No we didn’t enjoy _________________ why? What happened?
A: well, I told the children to look after 3)________________ while I went to buy 4) _______________
Some cigarettes. When I came back I found that Tim had fallen and hurt 5) ______________ quite badly.
I blame 6) ______________ for living them by 7) __________________ but it was only for ten minutes.

B: Is that all?
A; No, it isn’t then Sarah tried to make 8) _________________ something to eat and burnt 9)____________
On the cooker. And the dog cut 10)_______________ on a piece of glass. But how about you? Did you
Enjoy 11)_________________?
B: Yes, thanks. I bought 12) __________________ a new computer and I played with that for most of the
weekend. Greg looked after the children, they really enjoyed 13) ____________________

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 GRAMMAR PHRASAL VERBS
We can use many verbs together with another word to form “phrasal verbs”. The same verb can go with several different
words to form phrasal verbs with different meanings.
Grammatically, there are three types of phrasal verbs.

 One type consists of verb + adverb and they have an object. When the object is a noun, there are two possible
positions.
Sue put on the hat She put the hat on
However, when the object is a pronoun, it goes between the two parts of the verb.
She put it on
 The second type consists of verb + adverb but there is no object
I usually get up at seven O´clock
 The third type consists of verb + adverb + preposition and they have an object.
We are looking forward to your news

I. Read the following phrasal verbs and their meanings, then read the example.
Break down Stop working or functioning My uncle´s car broke down
Break in / into Enter a building by force The thieves broke into the house yesterday
Break out a) Start suddenly A fire broke out while we were having lunch
b) escape The prisoner broke out of prison last week
Break up Bring a relationship to an end I broke up with my girlfriend two days ago.
Bring back Make somebody remember something That song brought back a very painful day
Bring out Produce or publish something The writer brought out his first novel.
Bring up Care for and educate a child My mother brought up my brothers
Call off Cancel The match was called off because the storm
Carry on Continue My brother carried on studying
Come across Meet somebody by chance I came across him while I was in Pachuca
Come round/ around Visit somebody for a short time You really must come round and see us next year
Come up with Find a solution or have a brilliant idea She came up with a great idea.
Do without Succeed in living without something I can’t understand how they can do without TV
Drop out Quit school or a course She dropped out of university after only a year.
Fall out Quarrel with somebody Lisa and Dave have fallen out again
Fill in Complete a form by writing information To make an order fill in this form
Get off a) leave a train, bus, plane Can you tell me where I have to get off?
b) start a journey I think it´s better to get off early in the morning
Get on / along with Like each other and have a good relation She gets on very well with her sister.
Get over Overcome a problem and start feeling well I´m sure she will get over the shock she had.
Keep off Don´t walk on Please keep off the grass
Put on Wear clothing She put on a pretty dress
Turn off Switch off, extinguish Before going to bed, turn off the TV
Take off Remove clothing If you are hot, why not take off that jumper?
Turn on Start a machine, switch on Could you turn on the TV, please?
Keep on continue Why do you keep on talking if we are in class?
Go on happen What´s going on here?
Put off postpone I don’t have time now. Could you put off the meeting?
Take on assume I can take on more responsibilities in my job.
Look for Search for, seek Some people look for love on internet
Look after Take care Mary looks after his brothers when his parents are out
Work out exercise When I go to the gym, I work out for two hours
Work out solve We can work it out!
Run over Vehicle: knock down I´m sorry; I accidentally ran over your cat!
Come across encounter I came across my old school reports.
Pass away Die Her husband passed on last year
Come round Change your opinion She didn´t want but she came round after talking to me.
Pass on Give to next person Take a cookie and pass them on

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 PHRASAL VERBS
I. Fill in the correct particle(s) from the list.

take off keep off turn on put on put off take on turn off keep on

1. Don´t walk on the grass! Can´t you see the “_______________ the grass” signs around?
2. I can´t ____________________ any more responsibilities at work. I am too stressed as it is.
3. Turn left and ______________________ walking until you come to a crossroads.
4. Make sure you have _____________________ all the lights before leaving house.
5. As a child I liked going to the airport to watch planes ____________________________.
6. _________________ the TV! My favorite cartoon is on!
7. The tennis match was ________________________ due to the pouring rain.
8. ____________________ your swimsuit! We are going to the beach!

II. Fill in the correct particle(s) from the list.

for up after forward to out of into after over

1. I looked __________ his number in the telephone directory.

2. We´ve run _______________ eggs. We need to buy some.
3. I am looking __________________ a new flat.
4. The motorcycle almost ran ______________ the cat.
5. She looks ___________ her younger sister when mum is at work.
6. Tom is looking __________ _________ his first day at college.
7. On my way home from work, I ran __________ my friend Susan.
8. The policeman was running _________________ the thief.
III. Fill in the blanks with the correct phrasal verb.

Work out come around pass on take off run over knock out run away go off
make up turn out

1. Do you always remember to ___________________ messages to other people?

2. Do you ever __________________ excuses to avoid doing things you don´t want to do?
3. Have you ever been to a party that ___________________ to be really boring?
4. What would you do if you _____________________ a cat in your street?
5. Has a bomb ever _____________________ in the capital city of your country?
6. If you saw a man ______________________ from the police, would you try to stop him?

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 7. Do you find it easy to ___________________ what´s happening when you watch a film in English?
8. Do you get nervous just before a plane ________________________?
9. Do you know anyone who´s been ____________________? How long did it take this person to
_____________________?
IV. Fill in the gaps with the correct form of these phrasal verbs.

Run away run over come round knock out take off work out go off make up
Pass on turn out

1. I nearly _____________________ a dog today.

2. Please ______________________ this message to her.
3. He used to _________________________ lots of excuses for being late.
4. He was _________________________ in a fight. It was five minutes before he _______________
5. What time does your plane ______________________________?
6. The bomb ________________________ at 9 a.m.
7. Stop that man. He´s ____________________________________!
8. I can´t ___________________________ how to turn it on.
9. The party __________________________ well in the end.

Complete the sentences with the correct prepositions. Away / down / off / off / in

1. A lot of cars had broken _______ on the motorway in the snow yesterday.

2. We set _______ really early, but we still nearly missed the train.

3. These days, it’s easier to check _______ online to avoid the queues.

4. My sister was a bit scared when the plane took _______, but she soon calmed down.

5. It’s important to get _______ on holiday at least once a year.

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 GRAMMAR PASSIVE VOICE
We use passive voice when the most important part of the sentence is the object.
 It is possible to form the passive when we have a complement noun or direct object.
 It’s possible to form the passive when we have an indirect object.
Active Voice Passive voice
I play soccer in the park. Soccer is played by me in the park.
Sub. verb comp. noun Comp. verb verb in subject
to be Past. Part.
I. Rewrite the following sentences using Present Passive.
1. I buy groceries ________________________________________________
2. Scientists develop vaccines every year _______________________________________________
3. Thieves steal pedestrians everyday _______________________________________________
4. Doctor give prescriptions _______________________________________________
5. Mexican people consume Coke everyday ______________________________________________
6. Terrorist kill people in Siria _______________________________________________
7. People cut trees in the world. ______________________________________________

II. Rewrite the following sentences using Past Passive.

1. Leonardo Da Vinci painted Mona Lisa. ____________________________________________________
2. Shakespeare wrote “Hamlet” _______________________________________________
3. Columbus discovered America _______________________________________________
4. A friend gave me a beautiful present _______________________________________________
5. Someone assaulted me last night _______________________________________________
6. A person told a secret about you _______________________________________________

III. Rewrite the following sentences using Present Progressive Passive.

1. Someone is printing the report at the moment. _______________________________________________
2. Technicians are developing new car models _______________________________________________
3. People are throwing garbage around the world _______________________________________________
4. People are destroying forests around the world _______________________________________________
5. Smokes are changing the climate _______________________________________________

IV. Rewrite the following sentences using Passive Voice where possible.
1. Human race will invent robots ___________________________________________________
2. Omar is going to win the lottery ___________________________________________________
3. Sonia studied English last year ___________________________________________________
4. I have drunk beer many times ___________________________________________________
5. Thomas A. Edison invented the bulb light ______________________________________________
6. You must eat vegetables everyday ______________________________________________
7. My mother loves me a lot ______________________________________________
8. Sandra will study in the university next year ______________________________________________

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V. fill in the blanks using Passive Voice.
Things go better with Coca Cola
Coca cola is enjoyed all over the world.
1.6 billion gallons _______________ (sell) every year, in over one hundred and sixty countries. The drink
____________ (invent) by Dr. John Pemberton in Atlanta as a health drink on 8 th May 1886, but it ____________ (give) the name
Coca-Cola by his partner, Frank Robinson, because it was originally made from the coca plant. In the first year, only nine drinks a
day _____________ (sell). The business ______________ (buy) by a man called Asa Candler in 1888, and the first factory
______________ (open) in Dallas, in 1895. Coca-Cola is still made there. Billions of bottles and cans _________________
(produce) since 1895, but the recipe is still kept secret! Diet coke __________________ (make) since 1982, and over
the years many clever advertisements _________________ (use) to sell the product. It is certain that Coca-cola
______________________ (drink) far into the twenty first century.

CATCHING A PLANE.
When you ____________ (1.arrive) at an airport, you should go straight to the check in desk where your ticket and luggage
__________________ (2.check). You ______________ (3.keep) your hand luggage with you but your suitcases
_________________ (4.take) to the plane on a conveyor belt. You can now go to the departure lounge. If you are on an international
flight, your passport _________________ (5.check), and then your bags _________________ (6.x-rays) by security cameras;
sometimes you ______________ (7.give) a body search and your luggage ______________ (8.search) by a security officer. You
_______________ (9.wait) in the departure lounge until your flight _______________ (10.call) and you ______________ (11.tell)
which gate number to go to. Finally, you _________________ (12.board) your plane and you _______________ (13.show) to your
seat by a flight attendant.

A SPECIAL HOLIDAY IN FLORIDA

Last February, I __________________ (1.decide) to go on holiday to Florida. The day I ____________
(2.leave) England it _____________________ (3.rain), but when I _______________ (4.land) in Florida, the
sun _________________ (5.shine) and a lovely, warm breeze _________________ (6.blow) from the sea. I
_____________ (7.take) a taxi to my hotel. As I ________________ (8.check in), someone
________________ (9.tap) me on the shoulder. I ___________________ (10.can-not) believe my eyes! It was
my old girlfriend. She _________________ (11.stay) at the same hotel. The next day,we _________________
(12.go) snorkeling and _________________(13.see) hundreds of beautiful fish. It __________________
(14.get) dark when we _________________ (15.return) to our hotel after a wonderful day. We
________________ (16.spend) the rest of the week together. It was very romantic. We _________________
(17.feel) very sad when the holiday ________________ (18.end)

I . Transform the following sentences using the passive.

Example: Columbus discovered America. America was discovered by Columbus.

1. John scored the goal. The goal _____________________________________________
2. Steven Spielberg has directed a lot of movies. A lot of _____________________________________________
3. A terrorist attack destroyed the building. The building _________________________________________
4. Harrison Ford always plays the role of Indiana Jones. The role of Indiana Jones _______________________
5. Bollywood produces many movies every year. Many movies ________________________________________
6. People will never forget him. He _________________________________________

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 SHOWING CONTRAST ( UNEXPECTED RESULT )
ADVERB CLAUSES Even though a) Even though it was cold, I went swimming
Although b) Although it was cold, I went swimming
Though c) Though it was cold, I went swimming
CONJUNCTIONS But…… anyway d) it was cold, but I went swimming anyway
But……..still e) it was cold, but I still went swimming
Yet……..still f) it was cold, yet I still went swimming
TRANSITIONS Nevertheless g) it was cold, Nevertheless, I went swimming
h) it was cold, nonetheless, I went swimming
i) it was cold. However, I still went swimming.
PREPOSITIONS Despite j) I went swimming despite the cold weather
In spite of k) I went swimming in spite of the cold weather.
Despite the fact that l) I went swimming in spite of the fact that the weather was cold
I. Complete the sentences with the given words. Pay attention to the given punctuation and capitalization.
1. Bob ate a large dinner. He is still hungry.
_______________________________________________________________________________ Nevertheless
_______________________________________________________________________________ Although
_______________________________________________________________________________ but… anyway

2. I had a lot of studying to do. I went to a movie anyway.

_______________________________________________________________________________ Even though
_______________________________________________________________________________ However
_______________________________________________________________________________ In spite of
3. I finished all my work. I was very sleepy.
_______________________________________________________________________________ Nevertheless
_______________________________________________________________________________ Although
_______________________________________________________________________________ In spite of
4. I washed my hands. They still looked dirty.
_______________________________________________________________________________ Even though
_______________________________________________________________________________ However
_______________________________________________________________________________ In spite of
5. Anna’s father gave her some good advice. she did not follow it.
_______________________________________________________________________________ Nevertheless
_______________________________________________________________________________ Although
_______________________________________________________________________________ Nonetheless

5. Thomas refused the water. He was thirsty.

_______________________________________________________________________________ but
_______________________________________________________________________________ however
_______________________________________________________________________________ Nonetheless

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IV. Complete the sentences with your own words. Add commas where appropriate.
1. I had a cold but I _______________________________________________________ anyway.
2. Even though I had a cold I _______________________________________________________
3. Although I didn’t study _________________________________________________________
4. I didn’t study but _______________________________________________________ anyway.
5. I got an “A” on the test even though _______________________________________________
6. Even though the food they served for dinner tasted terrible _____________________________
7. Even though Howard is a careful driver ____________________________________________
8. My shirt still has coffee stains on it even though _____________________________________
9. I still trust him even though _____________________________________________________
10. Even though he was drowning no one ____________________________________________
11. Although I tried to be very careful _______________________________________________
12. Even though Ruth is one of my best friends _______________________________________
13.It’s still hot in here even though _________________________________________________
14. Even though I had a big breakfast ________________________________________________
V. Create sentences with the same meaning by Not only ……. But also
1. I have a car. I have a motorcycle
_____________________________________________________________________
2. I study English. I study math.
_____________________________________________________________________
3. I like fruit. I like meat.
_____________________________________________________________________
4. I read books. I read magazines.
_____________________________________________________________________
5. In my free time, I play videogames. I watch TV
_____________________________________________________________________
6. Mary bought a sweater. She bought a skirt.
_____________________________________________________________________
7. Raul ate seafood. He ate chicken.
_____________________________________________________________________
8. I am happy. I am excited
_____________________________________________________________________
9. I was stressed. I was angry
_____________________________________________________________________

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 GRAMMAR OTHERWISE
Otherwise expresses the idea “If the opposite is true, then there will be a certain result.
Example: If I don´t call my mother, she´ll start worrying about me.
I am going to / should / had better / have to / must call my mother. Otherwise, she´ll start worrying about me.

I. Create sentences with the same meaning by using otherwise.

1. If I don´t have breakfast, I will get hungry.
_________________________________________________________________________
2. If you don’t hurry, you´ll be late for class.
_________________________________________________________________________
3. If you don´t take your umbrella, you will get wet.
_________________________________________________________________________
4. If you don´t leave now, you´ll be late for class.
_________________________________________________________________________
5. If you don´t go to bed, your cold will get worse.
_________________________________________________________________________
6. Unless you have a ticket, you can´t get into the theater.
_________________________________________________________________________
7. If you don´t study, you won´t pass the exam.
_________________________________________________________________________
8. You can´t enter that country unless you have a passport.
_________________________________________________________________________
9. If Tom doesn´t get a job soon, his family won´t have enough money for food.
_________________________________________________________________________
10. If Rocio doesn´t save money, she won´t buy a new cell phone.
_________________________________________________________________________
11. If Mary doesn´t wash her clothes tonight, she won’t have any clean clothes to wear tomorrow.
_____________________________________________________________

GRAMMAR INSTEAD OF
Instead of expresses the idea “I did an action but I had to do other”
Example: I had to do my homework however I went to the cinema .
Instead of doing my homework, I went to the cinema

1. I didn´t study because I played videogames.

_______________________________________________________________________
2. Although I had to read a book, I went to the park with my friends.
_______________________________________________________________________

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3.I had to work however I took a nap
_______________________________________________________________________
4.Carlos didn´t delivered the project because he went to the theatre.
_______________________________________________________________________

GRAMMAR Using THEREFORE and CONSEQUENTLY

Therefore and Consequently mean “as a result”.
Omar failed the test because he didn´t study.

Omar didn´t study. Therefore, he failed the test.

Omar didn´t study. Consequently, he failed the test.

We can use Therefore in the second of two related sentences. Notice the patterns and punctuation in the examples.

Omar didn´t study. Therefore, he failed the test.

Omar didn´t study. He, therefore, failed the test.
Omar didn´t study. He failed the test, therefore.

I. Restate the sentences, using Therefore and Consequently.

1. The children stayed home because a storm was approaching.
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
2. I didn´t have my umbrella, so I got wet. ( consequently )
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
3. Pat decided to major in biology in college because she always enjoyed studying science.
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
4. Rocio wore a sweater because it was cold.
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
5. We went swimming because it was hot.
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
6. Emily has never wanted to return to Quebec. The winters are too severe.
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
7. Bill couldn´t pick us up after the concert because his car wouldn´t start.
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________

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 INSTITUTO POLITECNICO NACIONAL
SECRETARIA ACADEMICA
DIRECCION DE EDUCACION MEDIA SUPERIOR
CENTRO DE ESTUDIOS CIENTIFICOS Y TECNOLOGICOS No 3
“ESTANISLAO RAMIRES RUIZ”

PORTAFOLIO DE EVIDENCIAS

UNIDAD DE APRENDIZAJE:

INGLÉS IV

Nombre del alumno: ___________________________________

Turno: ____________ Grupo: ____________________

Profesor: Miguel Ángel Hernández G.

Febrero 2018