KUEU 2137

Biomechanics

Dr. Juliana Usman

[email protected]
Department of Biomedical Engineering
Faculty of Engineering
03-7967 7681
WEEK TOPICS

1 Introduction to Biomechanics

2 The Biomechanics of Human Growth and Development

3 The Biomechanics of Human Skeletal Articulations

4 The Biomechanics of Human Skeletal Muscle

5 The Biomechanics of Human Upper and Lower Extremities

6 The Biomechanics of Human Spine

7 Equilibrium and Human Movement

8 Linear and Angular Kinematics and Kinetics of Human Movement

9 Biomechanics of Gait

10 Forces on Muscles and Joints

11 Equipment for Human Motion Analysis

12 Rehabilitation Biomechanics

13 Tissue Mechanics

14 Muscle Mechanics
Sport Biomechanics
Badminton

1.5

1.4

1.3

1.2

meters
1.1

1.0

0.9

0.8
0 0.5 1.0 1.5
Time (sec)

COM of Body Z, 3D Transformed Coordinates

Study On Kinematic Parameters Between The Sepak
Kuda Serve And Sepak Sila Serve In Sepak Takraw
Rehabilitation/ prosthetics

Prosthetic Leg
The purpose of the course is to
expand the knowledge in basic
biomechanics and apply it to
investigate fundamental sports
movement such as running,
throwing, swimming and jumping

At the conclusion, the student should

be able to apply the principles of
biomechanical analysis to a wide variety
of sport activities.
BASIC CONCEPTS OF
BIOMECHANICS
 Definitions
BIOMECHANICS
The field of study which makes use of the laws of physics and engineering
concepts to describe motion of body segments, and the forces which act upon
them during activity.

“The science involving the study of biological systems from a mechanical

perspective.” (Nelson, 1980). Under this definition, the mechanical principles
that influence motion are seen to apply to any organism or the systems within
an organism, such as the fluid mechanics of blood flow.

Hay (1993) provides a more human-centric definition of biomechanics:

“Biomechanics is the science concerned with the internal and
external forces acting on the human body and the effects
produced by these forces.”
REHABILITATION:
The process of restoration of skills by a
person who has had an illness or injury so as
to regain maximum self-sufficiency and
function in a normal or as near normal
manner as possible. For example,
rehabilitation after a stroke may help the
patient walk again and speak clearly again.
REHABILITATION BIOMECHANICS:
Rehabilitation biomechanics is a field of study that
addresses the impact of disability and the
effectiveness of rehabilitation therapies and
interventions on human performance.
Engineering and physics principles are applied to
evaluate and analyze body movement and
manipulation.
KINESIOLOGY:
The scientific study of man's movement and the movements of
implements or equipment that he might use in exercise, sport or other
forms of physical activity.
The simple definition of kinesiology is that it is the study of human
movement. There are a number of fields that tend to relate closely to
the field of kinesiology including occupational therapy , art therapy ,
physical therapy , special education , sports management , sports
psychology , and rehabilitation therapy. All of these fields tend to
encompass studying human behavior including physiology and
psychology.
 BODY SEGMENTS

Chandler et al (1975) Zatsiorsky & Seluyanov Hanavan Model –

– 14 segments (1983) – 16 segments mathematical modelling
 BIOMECHANICS • Measurement
• Modelling

Activities • Explanation
• Movement – Pattern • Conclusion
Studies
• Force • Categorizing
Fields • Cataloging
Researchers • Human Clinical – orthopeadics
(bones and joints)
Podiatrics – leg and foot
• Educationer
Tissue – skin, bones,
• Therapist – Physical, Occupational muscle, lung, heart, blood
• Engineer Movement – sports,
occupation, exercise, ADL
• Member – Biologist, Mathematician, (disable, elderly),
computer science rehabilitation (patient,
handicapped)

• Non-human – snake, amoeba, equin (horses)

 SPECIFIC TASK
HUMAN (AIM)

MOVEMENT

ENVIRONMENT

Movement schemes : human, specific work and environment interact with each other to produce,
modified etc. the characteristics of movement.
 ANTHROPOMETRICS
STUDIES OF THE MEASUREMENT OF
HUMAN BODY
Table of anthropometrical parameters
are based on:
Segment length ( % of height)
Segment weight ( % of body weight)
Position of Center of Mass (% segment
length)
 WORK

SPECIFIC TASK
LEISURE CLASIFICATION

Sports Dancing

Problem: Most of the movement patterns

are not exclusive for a certain category. For
example, walking activity is carried out in
all categories.
 LOCOMOTION
(AMBULATION)

ALTERNATIVE
CLASIFICATION
COMBINATION
OF SPECIFIC
TASK

MANIPULATION
Locomotion
+
Manipulation
 ACTION POSTUR
Swing, forceful,
Stand, sitting
circle, linear, down, stoop,
fast, slow, crawl, lean, flex,
hammering hyperextension
FOUR MAIN
FACTORS TO
ANALYSE SPECIFIC
TASK MOTOR

MANIPULATION AMBULATION
Push, pull, grab, Stepping, walking,
spin, carry, lift, running, jumping,
reach climbing,
sidestepping
 LAW
(Newton) ENVIRONMENT GRAVITY

inertia interaction 9.81 m/s altitude

acceleration latitude

NATURE SURFACE

Free fall OBJECT

Air flow snow
weather support
ice
mass Relative position
water
Center of gravity
Newton's First Law of Motion:
I. Every object in a state of uniform motion tends to remain in that state
of motion unless an external force is applied to it.
This we recognize as essentially Galileo's concept of inertia, and this is often termed simply the "Law of Inertia".

Newton's Second Law of Motion:

II. The relationship between an object's mass m, its acceleration a, and the applied force F is F = ma.
Acceleration and force are vectors; in this law the direction of the force vector is the
same as the direction of the acceleration vector.
This is the most powerful of Newton's three Laws, because it allows quantitative calculations of dynamics: how do velocities
change when forces are applied.

Newton's Third Law of Motion:

III. For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.
This law is exemplified by what happens if we step off a boat onto the bank of a lake: as we move in the direction of the shore,
the boat tends to move in the opposite direction (leaving us facedown in the water, if we aren't careful!).
 anatomy
TEMPORAL
cartesian
polar
Duration Direction
KINEMATICS
MODEL MOVEMENT
axis plane
Changes

SPATIAL

axis plane

rotation displacement
KINETICS OF
MOVEMENT gravity

friction
FORCES

floatation

moment
 POSSUM
(Purpose/Observation System of
Studying and Understanding
Movement)
3 MODEL OF
ANALYSIS

Holistic Factor - Output

Principe
 Center of Gravity
Balance point on the human body
Studies conducted following studies carried out by an Italian
physicist, Borelli (1608 – 1679):

horizontal centroid plane

–1836 Webers brothers 56.8% of height above heel
–1889 Braune & Fischer 54.8% (male)
–1909 Reynolds & Lovett 55%
(using reaction board)
–1922 Croskey 56.18% (male, 55% - 58%)
55.44% (female, 54 – 58%)
–1944 Palmer C. E. (0.557 x height) + 1.4 cm from
the sole of the foot for both male
and female and all ages
T COG line
h

Fetus 6 2 yrs 5 yrs 13 yrs

months 17 yrs Adult

The above figure showed the changes of the COG

position relative to the body (decreasing with age
increase)
The dimension of the body segment has been scaled
so that the height are the same for all ages
(therefore the vertical COG position are the same,
h/T = constant)
 Fetus 6 New
months 6 yrs 13 yrs Adult
born

The COG position on the sagittal plane relative to the

spinal.
Measurement of COG for a
moving body
2 means:
Weighing method (or whole body)
Segmental method (in part)
Subject 1

Subject 2
COG movement of a runner
1st minute
2nd minute
3rd minute
4th minute

The position of vertical COG of a runner,

measured from the ground.
The curve of the 4th minute showing the
effects of fatigue from the runner.
 Frame and Motion
Analysis of the body frame motion gives
us information about its action.
For example, the frame of the hand
throwing a ball is being analyzed to
learn the effect it has to the ball.
The knowledge about bone and joint
structure is part of the basis of motion
analysis.
Main Motion:
Adjusting Flexion - Bending movement that decreases Extension - The opposite of flexion; a
angle between the angle between two parts. Bending the straightening movement that increases the angle
elbow, or clenching a hand into a fist, are between body parts. In a conventional
two parts
examples of flexion. When sitting down, the handshake, the fingers are fully extended. When
knees are flexed. Flexion of the hip or shoulder standing up, the knees are extended. Extension
moves the limb forward (towards the anterior of the hip or shoulder moves the limb backward
side of the body). (towards the posterior side of the body).

Adjusting relation Abduction - A motion that pulls a structure or Adduction - A motion that pulls a structure or
to midline of part away from the midline of the body (or, in part towards the midline of the body, or towards
body the case of fingers and toes, spreading the the midline of a limb. Dropping the arms to the
digits apart, away from the centerline of the sides, or bringing the knees together, are
hand or foot). Abduction of the wrist is called examples of adduction. In the case of the fingers
radial deviation. Raising the arms laterally, to or toes, adduction is closing the digits together.
the sides, is an example of abduction. Adduction of the wrist is called ulnar deviation.

Rotating body Internal rotation (or medial rotation) of the External rotation (or lateral rotation) is the
parts shoulder or hip would point the toes or the opposite. It would turn the toes or the flexed
flexed forearm inwards (towards the midline). forearm outwards (away from the midline).

Adjusting Elevation - Movement in a superior direction. Depression - Movement in an inferior direction,

elevation the opposite of elevation. This term is often
applied to the shoulders (e.g. dropping them to a
normal condition after shrugging them would be
depression).
 Special motions of the
hands and feet
surfaces of the The palm (adj palmar) of the hand corresponds The dorsum (back) of the hand corresponds to
hands and feet to the sole (adj plantar) of the foot. The the dorsum (top) of the foot.
adjective volar, used mainly in orthopaedics, is
synonymous with palmar and plantar.

rotation of the Pronation - A rotation of the forearm that Supination - The opposite of pronation, the
forearm moves the palm from an anterior-facing position rotation of the forearm so that the palm faces
to a posterior-facing position, or palm facing anteriorly, or palm facing up. The hand is supine
down. This is not medial rotation as this must be (facing anteriorly) in the anatomical position.
performed when the arm is half flexed. (See (See also Supinator muscle.)
also Pronator quadratus and Pronator teres
muscle.)

flexion of the Dorsiflexion - Flexion of the entire foot Plantarflexion - Flexion of the entire foot
entire foot superiorly, as if taking one's foot off an inferiorly, as if pressing an automobile pedal.
automobile pedal. Occurs at ankle.

movement of the Eversion - the movement of the sole of the foot Inversion - the movement of the sole towards
sole of the foot away from the median plane. the median plane (same as when an ankle is
twisted).
 LEVER SYSTEM OF
BONE-MUSCLE
For your arm, leg or any body part to move the
appropriate muscles and bones must work together
as a series of levers. A lever comprises of three
components -
Fulcrum or pivot - the point about which the lever rotates
Load - the force applied by the lever system
Effort - the force applied by the user of the lever system
The way in which a lever will operate is dependent
on the type of lever.
 Classification of Levers
Class 1 - The fulcrum lies between the effort and the load

Class 2 - The fulcrum is at one end, the effort at the other end and the load lies between
the effort and the fulcrum

Class 3 - The fulcrum is at one end, the load at the other end and the effort lies between
the load and the fulcrum

Class 3 is the most common class of lever to be found in the human body.
 Examples in strength training

Class 1 - Seated dumbbell triceps extension

Class 2 - Standing heel lift

Class 3 - Seated biceps curl

 Mechanical Principles
(related to human motion)
Kinematics relationship between speed,
velocity, acceleration and time
Newton’s law of motion
Momentum-pulse and work-power principes
Thank you