Electrical Dep.

Electrical Power 3rd class

Transmission Line Model and Performance

Transmission lines are represented by an equivalent circuit with parameters on a per-phase basis

 Voltages are expressed as phase-to-neutral

 Currents are expressed for one phase
 The three phase system is reduced to an equivalent single-phase

All lines are made up of distributed series inductance and resistance, and shunt capacitance and
conductance (Line parameters: R, L, C, & G).
There are three types of models depend on the length of the line (short, medium, and long length
line models).
ABCD Two-Port Network
The most common representation is The ABCD two-port network all transmission line models
may be described as a two port network. In transmission line modeling the network is described
Circuit equations:

VS = A VR + B IR

IS = C VR + D IR

Matrix form

V 𝐴 𝐵 𝑉𝑅
[ S] = [ ][ ]
IS 𝐶 𝐷 𝐼𝑅

1- Short Transmission Line Model

A short transmission line model used when the line length is less than (80 km). In the short line
model, we assume the shunt capacitance is so small that they are neglected. This leaves only the
series RL.
𝐼𝑆 = 𝐼𝑅 ………………… (1)
𝑉𝑆 = 𝑉𝑅 + 𝐼𝑅 𝑍 …………… (2)
Matrix form
Equations for the short line above, we see that: A = 1, B = Z, C
= 0 and D =1. This completes equations needed to represent the
short line. The voltage regulation in percent is given by:
|𝑉𝑅(𝑛𝑜 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑) | − |𝑉𝑅(𝑓𝑢𝑙𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑) |
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑉𝑅 = × 100
|𝑉𝑅(𝑓𝑢𝑙𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑) |
At no-load IR = 0 and thus: VS = AVR( NL) , and since A = 1.
∴ VR(NL) = VS
|VS | − |𝑉𝑅 |
∴ 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑉𝑅 = × 100
|𝑉𝑅 |

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Electrical Dep. Electrical Power 3rd class

Example:
A 220-kV, three phase transmission line is 40 km long. The resistance is 0.15 per phase per
km and the inductance is 1.3263 mH per phase per km. The shunt capacitance is negligible. Use
the short line model to find the voltage and power at the sending end and the voltage regulation
and efficiency when the line is supplying three phase load of
(a) 381 MVA at 0.8 power factor lagging at 220 kV.
(b) 381 MVA at 0.8 power factor leading at 220 kV.
Solution:

Z = (R + jωl)40 = (0.15 + j2π × 60 × 1.3263 × 10−3 )40

𝑍 = 6 + 𝑗20 Ω

220 × 103 ∠0
𝑉𝑅 = = 127000∠0
√3

381 × 106
|𝐼𝑅 | = = 1000 𝐴𝑚𝑝
3 × 127000
𝐼𝑅 = 1000∠ − 36.9 𝐴𝑚𝑝

𝑉𝑆 = 𝑉𝑅 + 𝐼𝑅 𝑍 = 127000∠0 + (6 + 𝑗20 Ω)(1000∠ − 36.9)

𝑉𝑆 = 144330 ∠4.93 Volt

|VS−LL | = √3 |VS | = 250 Kv

𝑆𝑆(3Φ) = 3𝑉𝑆 𝐼𝑆∗ = 3(144330 ∠4.93 )( 1000∠36.9)

= 322.8 + 𝑗288.6 = 433∠41.8 𝑀𝑉𝐴

250 − 220
𝑉𝑅% = × 100% = 13.6%
220
304.8
𝜂= × 100% = 94.4%
322.8

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Electrical Dep. Electrical Power 3rd class

2- Medium Transmission Line Model

As the length of the line is (80 – 250) Km the medium line model is used. In medium line model,
there are two equivalent circuit, they are:

A) Nominal “T” equivalent circuit

In this method the total capacitance can be lumped all in

the center of the line.
𝑍
𝑉 ′ = 𝑉𝑅 + 𝐼𝑅 …………………………………………(1)
2
𝐼𝑆 = 𝐼𝑅 + 𝑌𝑉 ′ …………………………………………(2)
Substitute (1) in (2)
𝑍
𝐼𝑆 = 𝐼𝑅 + 𝑌(𝑉𝑅 + 𝐼𝑅 )
2

𝑍𝑌
𝐼𝑆 = 𝑌𝑉𝑅 + (1 + )𝐼𝑅 ……………………………… (3)
2

𝑍
𝑉𝑆 = 𝑉 ′ + 𝐼𝑆
2
𝑍𝑌 𝑍𝑌
𝑉𝑆 = (1 + ) 𝑉𝑅 + 𝑍 (1 + ) 𝐼𝑅 …………………. (4)
2 4
in matrix

VS 𝑍𝑌 𝑍𝑌 𝑉𝑅
(1 + ) 𝑍 (1 + )
[ ]=[ 2 4 ][ ]
𝑍𝑌
IS 𝑌 (1 + ) 𝐼
2 𝑅

Thus we now have the ABCD parameters:

𝑍𝑌 𝑍𝑌 𝑍𝑌
𝐴 = (1 + ) , 𝐵 = 𝑍 (1 + ) , 𝐶 = 𝑌, 𝐷 = 𝐴 = (1 + )
2 4 2

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Electrical Dep. Electrical Power 3rd class

(B)- Nominal “π” equivalent circuit

In this method the total capacitance can be considered located at each ends of the line.
𝑌
𝐼 ′ = 𝐼𝑅 + 𝑉𝑅 ………………………………………… (1)
2

𝑉𝑆 = 𝑉𝑅 + 𝑍𝐼 ′ ………………………………………… (2)

Substitute (1) in (2)

𝑍𝑌
𝑉𝑆 = (1 + ) 𝑉𝑅 + 𝑍𝐼𝑅 …………………. (3)
2

𝑌
𝐼𝑆 = 𝐼 ′ + 𝑉
2 𝑆
𝑌 𝑌 𝑍𝑌
𝐼𝑆 = 𝐼𝑅 + 𝑉𝑅 + [(1 + ) 𝑉𝑅 + 𝑍𝐼𝑅 ]
2 2 2
𝑍𝑌 𝑍𝑌
𝐼𝑆 = 𝑌 (1 + ) 𝑉𝑅 + (1 + ) 𝐼𝑅 ………. (4)
4 2

In matrix

VS 𝑍𝑌 𝑉𝑅
(1 +
) 𝑍
[ ]=[ 2 ][ ]
𝑍𝑌 𝑍𝑌
IS 𝑌 (1 + ) (1 + ) 𝐼𝑅
4 2
Thus we now have the ABCD parameters:
𝑍𝑌 𝑍𝑌 𝑍𝑌
𝐴 = (1 + ) , 𝐵 = 𝑍, 𝐶 = 𝑌 (1 + ) , 𝐷 = 𝐴 = (1 + )
2 4 2
In general for a symmetrical 2-port A D and AD BC 1 (the determinant of the ABCD
matrix in this case is unity). Thus it is easy to find the inverse relationship:
𝑉 𝐷 − 𝐵 VS
[ 𝑅] = [ ][ ]
𝐼𝑅 −𝐶 𝐴 IS

Both methods give good approximation of the total actual line performance.
Voltage Regulation:
|𝑉𝑅(𝑁𝐿) | − |𝑉𝑅(𝐹𝐿) |
𝑉𝑅% = × 100%
|𝑉𝑅(𝐹𝐿) |
𝑉𝑅(𝑁𝐿) ⇒ 𝐼𝑅 = 0
𝑍𝑌 𝑉𝑆(𝐹𝐿) 𝑍𝑌
∴ 𝑉𝑆 = (1 + ) 𝑉𝑅(𝑁𝐿) ⇒ 𝑉𝑅(𝑁𝐿) = 𝑍𝑌 , But (1 + )=𝐴
2 (1+ 2 ) 2

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Electrical Dep. Electrical Power 3rd class

|𝑉𝑆(𝐹𝐿) |
− |𝑉𝑅(𝐹𝐿) |
|𝐴|
∴ 𝑉𝑅% = × 100%
|𝑉𝑅(𝐹𝐿) |
Example
A 345-kV three-phase line is 130 km long. The resistance per phase per km is 0.036and the
inductance per phase per km is 0.8 mH. The shunt capacitance is 0.0112µF per km to neutral.
The receiving end load is 270 MVA with 0.8 power factor lagging at 325 kV. Use the medium
line model to find the voltage and power at the sending end and the voltage regulation.
Solution:
𝑍 = (𝑅 + 𝑗𝜔𝐿). 130 = 4.68 + 𝑗39.2 Ω
𝑌 = (𝑗𝜔𝐶). 130 = 𝑗0.549 𝑠𝑖𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠
325000∠0
𝑉𝑅 = = 187000∠0 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡
√3
270 × 106
|𝐼𝑅 | = = 480 𝐴𝑀𝑃
3 × 187600
𝐼𝑅 = 480∠ − 36.9 𝐴𝑚𝑝
𝑉𝑆 = 𝐴𝑉𝑅 + 𝐵𝐼𝑅 = 199160∠4.02 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡
𝐼𝑆 = 𝐶𝑉𝑅 + 𝐷𝐼𝑅 = 421.5∠ − 52.58 𝐴𝑚𝑝
|𝑉𝑆−𝐿𝐿 | = √3. |𝑉𝑆 | = 345 𝐾𝑣
𝑆𝑆(3Φ) = 3. 𝑉𝑆 . 𝐼𝑆 = 218.9 + 𝑗124.2 𝑀𝑉𝐴
p.f=0.87
|𝑉𝑆(𝐹𝐿) |
|𝑉𝑅(𝑁𝐿) | − |𝑉𝑅(𝐹𝐿) | − |𝑉𝑅(𝐹𝐿) |
|𝐴|
𝑉𝑅% = × 100% = × 100% = 7.3%
|𝑉𝑅(𝐹𝐿) | |𝑉𝑅(𝐹𝐿) |

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Electrical Dep. Electrical Power 3rd class

3- Long Transmission Line Model

As the length of the line is greater than 250 Km the long line model is used.
In this case the line parameters are “Z” is the impedance distributed per phase per unit length of
line, and “Y” is the line to neutral admittance per unit length of the line.

Consider a small section of length Δ𝑥 at a distance 𝑥 from the receiving end

𝑉(𝑥)&𝐼(𝑥) 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑡 𝑥 𝑉(𝑥 + Δ𝑥)& 𝐼(𝑥 +
Δ𝑥) 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑡 (𝑥 + Δ𝑥). By Kirchoff law

𝑉(𝑥 + Δ𝑥) = 𝑉(𝑥) + 𝐼(𝑥) 𝑍 Δ𝑥

𝑉(𝑥+Δ𝑥)−𝑉(𝑥)
or = 𝑍 𝐼(𝑥)
Δ𝑥

Limit as Δ𝑥 0
𝑑𝑉(𝑥)
= 𝑍 𝐼(𝑥) …………………. (1)
𝑑𝑥
By Kirchoff law

𝐼(𝑥 + Δ𝑥) = 𝐼(𝑥) + 𝑉(𝑥 + Δ𝑥) 𝑌 Δ𝑥

𝐼(𝑥+Δ𝑥)−𝐼(𝑥)
or = 𝑌 𝑉(𝑥 + Δ𝑥)
Δ𝑥

Limit as Δ𝑥 0
𝑑𝐼(𝑥)
= 𝑌 𝑉(𝑥) …………………. (2)
𝑑𝑥

Differentiating eq 1&2 with respect to 𝑥

𝑑 2 𝑉(𝑥) 𝑑𝐼(𝑥)
=𝑍 ………………….. (3)
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥

𝑑 2 𝐼(𝑥) 𝑑𝑉(𝑥)
=𝑌 …………………. (4)
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥

Substitute 3&4 in 1&2

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Electrical Dep. Electrical Power 3rd class

𝑑 2 𝑉(𝑥)
= 𝑍 𝑌 𝑉(𝑥) = 𝛾 2 𝑉(𝑥) ………(5)
𝑑𝑥 2

𝑑 2 𝐼(𝑥)
= 𝑍 𝑌 𝐼(𝑥) = 𝛾 2 𝐼(𝑥) …………………………… (6)
𝑑𝑥 2

Where 𝛾 2 = 𝑍𝑌

Or 𝛾 = √𝑍𝑌 propagation constant

The second order eqn. (5) have a general solution

𝑉(𝑥) = 𝑎1 𝑒 𝛾𝑥 + 𝑎2 𝑒 −𝛾𝑥 ………………………………. (7)

𝛾 = 𝛼 + 𝑗𝛽 = √𝑍𝑌 = √(𝑟 + 𝑗𝜔𝐿)(𝑔 + 𝑗𝜔𝐶)

Differentiating (7) and substitute in (1)

𝑍 𝐼(𝑥) = 𝛾𝑎1 𝑒 𝛾𝑥 − 𝛾𝑎2 𝑒 −𝛾𝑥

𝑎1 𝑎2
𝐼(𝑥) = 𝑒 𝛾𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝛾𝑥
√𝑍⁄𝑌 √𝑍⁄𝑌

√𝑍⁄𝑌 = 𝑍𝑐 characteristic impedance

1
𝐼(𝑥) = (𝑎1 𝑒 𝛾𝑥 − 𝑎2 𝑒 −𝛾𝑥 )……..……………..……… (8)
𝑍𝑐

to evaluate the constants 𝑎1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎2 . Terminal boundary condition putting 𝑥 = 0

From eqn. (7)

𝑉(0) = 𝑉𝑅 = 𝑎1 + 𝑎2

From eqn. (8)

1
𝐼(0) = 𝐼𝑅 = (𝑎 − 𝑎2 )
𝑍𝑐 1

Hence

𝑉𝑅 + 𝐼𝑅 𝑍𝑐 𝑉𝑅 − 𝐼𝑅 𝑍𝑐
𝑎1 = ( ), 𝑎2 = ( ),
2 2
𝑉𝑅 + 𝐼𝑅 𝑍𝑐 𝛾𝑥 𝑉𝑅 − 𝐼𝑅 𝑍𝑐 −𝛾𝑥
𝑉(𝑥) = ( ) 𝑒 +( )𝑒
2 2

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Electrical Dep. Electrical Power 3rd class

1 𝑉𝑅 + 𝐼𝑅 𝑍𝑐 𝛾𝑥 𝑉𝑅 − 𝐼𝑅 𝑍𝑐 −𝛾𝑥
𝐼(𝑥) = (( )𝑒 − ( )𝑒 )
𝑍𝑐 2 2

Rearrange

𝑒 𝛾𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝛾𝑥 𝑒 𝛾𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝛾𝑥
𝑉(𝑥) = ( ) 𝑉𝑅 + 𝑍𝑐 ( ) 𝐼𝑅
2 2
1 𝑒 𝛾𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝛾𝑥 𝑒 𝛾𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝛾𝑥
𝐼(𝑥) = ( ) 𝑉𝑅 + ( ) 𝐼𝑅
𝑍𝑐 2 2

𝑉(𝑥) = (𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ 𝛾𝑥)𝑉𝑅 + 𝑍𝑐 (𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ 𝛾𝑥)𝐼𝑅

1
𝐼(𝑥) = (𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ 𝛾𝑥)𝑉𝑅 + (𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ 𝛾𝑥)𝐼𝑅
𝑍𝑐

Finally putting 𝑥 = 𝑙 to get sending values

𝑉𝑆 = cosh(𝛾𝑙) 𝑉𝑅 + 𝑍𝑐 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ(𝛾𝑙)𝐼𝑅

1
𝐼𝑆 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ(𝛾𝑙) 𝑉𝑅 + cosh(𝛾𝑙) 𝐼𝑅
𝑍𝑐

cosh(𝛾𝑙) 𝑍𝑐 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ(𝛾𝑙)
𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷 = [ 1 ]
𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ(𝛾𝑙) cosh(𝛾𝑙)
𝑍𝑐

“π” -Model of a Long Transmission Line

for circuit analysis representation a long transmission line as

a “π” -model may be perform as shown in figure.
the values of 𝑍 / 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑌 /

𝑍′𝑌′
𝑉𝑆 = (1 + ) 𝑉𝑅 + 𝑍𝐼𝑅
2
𝑍 / = 𝑍𝐶 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ(𝛾𝑙)
′
𝑍′𝑌′ 𝑍′𝑌′
𝐼𝑆 = 𝑌 (1 + ) 𝑉𝑅 + (1 + ) 𝐼𝑅
4 2
𝑌′ 1 cosh(𝛾𝑙) − 1 1 𝛾𝑙
= (cosh(𝛾𝑙) − 1) = = 𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ ( )
2 𝑍 𝑍𝐶 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ(𝛾𝑙) 𝑍𝐶 2

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Electrical Dep. Electrical Power 3rd class

Example:

250 km, 500 kV transmission line has per phase Z = 0.045 + j 0.4 Ω/km, Y = j 4. 0 µS/km. Find
ABCD constants for a “π” model of the long transmission line.
Solution:
0.045 + 𝑗0.4
𝑍𝑐 = √𝑍⁄𝑌 = √ = 316.7 − 𝑗17.76
4 × 10−6
𝛾 = √𝑍𝑌 = √(0.045 + 𝑗0.4)(4 × 10−6 ) = 7.104 × 10−5 + 𝑗0.001267
𝑍 / = 𝑍𝐶 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ(𝛾𝑙) = 10.88 + 𝑗98.36
𝑌/ 1 𝛾𝑙
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛ℎ ( ) = 𝑗0.001008
2 𝑍𝐶 2
𝑍′𝑌′
𝐴 = 𝐷 = (1 + ) = 0.9404 + 𝑗0.0055
2

𝐵 = 𝑍 / = 10.88 + 𝑗98.36

𝑍′𝑌′
𝐶 = 𝑌 ′ (1 + ) = 𝑗. 001
4

Determination of ABCD constants of long line:

𝛾 = 𝛼 + 𝑗𝛽

𝛼: attenuation constant (nieper/length)

𝛽: phase constant (rad/length).

The hyperbolic function:

cosh 𝛾 = cosh(𝛼 + 𝑗𝛽)

= cosh 𝛼 cos 𝛽 + 𝑗 sinh 𝛼 sin 𝛽

sinh 𝛾 = sinh(𝛼 + 𝑗𝛽)

= sinh 𝛼 cos 𝛽 + 𝑗 cosh 𝛼 sin 𝛽

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Electrical Dep. Electrical Power 3rd class

Example: 350 km long , 132 Kv, 3-ph, overhead line has a total series impedance of 52+j200 per
phase and a total shunt admitance of 𝑗1.5 × 10−3 Siemens per phase to neutral. The line supplies
40 MVA at 0.8 pf lagat 132 Kv. Find the sending end voltage, current, power factor, power by
exact long line equations.
132
Solution: from the given data 𝑉𝑟 = = 76.21∟0 Kv/phase
√3

𝑉𝐴𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑒𝑑 = √3 𝑉𝐿𝐿 𝐼𝑟
40×106 40×106
∴ 𝐼𝑟 = = 174.956∟ − 36.87 𝑎𝑚𝑝 Or 𝐼𝑟 =
√3×132000 3×76210

𝛾 = √𝑍𝑌 = √(52 + j200) × (𝑗1.5 × 10−3 ) = 0.556∟82.75 = 0.0706 + 𝑗0.5522

180
∴ 𝛼 = 0.0706(nieper/length), 𝛽 = 0.5522(rad/length). 𝛽× ⟹ 𝑑𝑖𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒
𝜋

cosh(𝛼 + 𝑗𝛽) = cosh 𝛼 cos 𝛽 + 𝑗 sinh 𝛼 sin 𝛽

sinh(𝛼 + 𝑗𝛽) = sinh 𝛼 cos 𝛽 + 𝑗 cosh 𝛼 sin 𝛽

A=cosh 𝛾 = cosh(𝛼 + 𝑗𝛽) = 0.8535 + 𝑗0.03672 = 0.854∟2.46 = 𝐷

sinh 𝛾 = sinh(𝛼 + 𝑗𝛽) = 0.06 + 𝑗0.526 = 0.53∟83.5

𝑍 (52 + j200)
𝑍𝑐 = √ = √ = 371.1∟ − 7.28 𝑜ℎ𝑚𝑠
𝑌 (𝑗1.5 × 10−3 )

𝐵 = 𝑍𝑐 sinh 𝛾 = 196.68∟76.22 𝑜ℎ𝑚

1
𝐶= sinh 𝛾 = 1.428 × 10−3 ∟90.78 𝑆𝑖𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠
𝑍𝑐

Sending end voltage 𝑉𝑠 = 𝐴𝑉𝑟 + 𝐵𝐼𝑟

= 91632.6 + 𝑗24612 = 94880∟15.03 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑠

Sending end current 𝐼𝑠 = 𝐶𝑉𝑟 + 𝐷𝐼𝑟

= 121.8 + 𝑗24.38 = 124.2∟11.3 𝐴𝑚𝑝𝑠

Sending end power factor = cos(15.03 − 11.32) = 0.998

Sending end power = 3|𝑉𝑠 ||𝐼𝑠 | cos 𝜑 = 37.27 𝐾𝑊

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