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Chapter 3 First Law of Motion

The document discusses Newton's first law of motion and concepts related to motion including inertia, acceleration, velocity, and free fall. Some key points: 1) Aristotle originally believed that forces were needed to keep objects in motion, but it is now understood that objects in motion stay in motion unless acted upon by external forces due to inertia. 2) Galileo helped establish the idea that all objects accelerate at the same rate when in free fall, falling approximately 10 meters per second faster every second. 3) The relationship between distance fallen and time for an object in free fall is quadratic (d = 1/2at^2) rather than linear, meaning the object's speed increases over time as it falls.

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Peter Osorio McNinch
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87 views

Chapter 3 First Law of Motion

The document discusses Newton's first law of motion and concepts related to motion including inertia, acceleration, velocity, and free fall. Some key points: 1) Aristotle originally believed that forces were needed to keep objects in motion, but it is now understood that objects in motion stay in motion unless acted upon by external forces due to inertia. 2) Galileo helped establish the idea that all objects accelerate at the same rate when in free fall, falling approximately 10 meters per second faster every second. 3) The relationship between distance fallen and time for an object in free fall is quadratic (d = 1/2at^2) rather than linear, meaning the object's speed increases over time as it falls.

Uploaded by

Peter Osorio McNinch
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 3 First Law of Motion

 If a ball is at rest, in the middle of a flat field is in equilibrium. No net force acts
on it.
 If you saw it begin to move across the ground, you would look for forces that
don’t balance to zero
 We don’t believe that changes in motion occur without cause

3.1 Aristotle in Motion


Commonly thought for 200 years that a fore was responsible for an object moving
“against its nature”
The stare of objects was one of rest unless they were being pushed or
pulled or moving toward their natural resting place
Most thinkers before the 1500’s considered it obvious that earth must be in
its natural resting place.
A force large enough to move it was unthinkable
Earth did not move

3.2 Copernicus
Nicolaus Copernicus proposed that earth moved around the sun

3.3 Galileo On Motion


Galileo, the foremost scientist of late- renaissance

3.5 Mass- A measure of Inertia


Mass and weight are proportional to each other in a given place:
In the same location, twice the mass weighs twice as much.
Mass and weight are proportional to each other, but they are not equal to
each other

3.6 The Moving Earth Again


The Law of Inertia states that objects in motion remain in motion of no
unbalanced forces act on them
Copernicus announced the idea of a moving in earth in sixteenth century
Objects move with Earth.
You can refuse this argument using the idea of inertia
Earth moves at 30km/s, but so do the tree, the worm below, and even the
air in between
Objects on Earth move with Earth as Earth moves around the sun.
-Weight=Mass*gravity
The earth does not need to be at rest for the bird to catch the worm.
Objects Move with Vehicles
If we flip a coin in a high-speed car, bus, or plane, we can catch the
vertically moving coin as we would if the vehicle were at rest
We see evidence for the law of inertia when the horizontal motion of the
coin before, during, and after the catch is the same.
o Flip a coin in an airplane, and it behaves as if the plane were at rest. The
coin keeps up with you-inertia in action
 How does the law of inertia apply to objects in motion?
o Objects in motion, stay in motion, objects at rest, stay at rest.
1. Two thousand years ago, people thought that the earth did not move. One major
reason for thinking was that…?
a. No force was large enough to move the earth

4.5 Free Fall: How Fast


Rising Objects: The object is given an initial velocity, Vi
What is the acceleration of an object in free fall?
10 meters per second
For each second of free fall, an object falls a greater distance than it did in the
previous second.

4.6 Free Fall: How Far


How far does an object in free travel in the first second?
At the end of the first second, the falling object has an instantaneous velocity of -10 m/s
The initial velocity is 0 m/s
The average velocity is -5m/s
During the first second, the object
has an average velocity of -5m/s,
so it falls a distance of -5 m (direction
is downward therefore negative)

Pretend that a falling rock is somehow equipped with odometer. The readings of
distance fallen increase with time
At the end of one second, the rock has fallen 5 meters.
At the end of two seconds, it has dropped a total distance of -20 meters.
At the end of three seconds, It has dropped 45 meters altogether.

These displacements form a mathematical pattern: at the end of time t, the object
starting from rest has a displacement D from its starting Point

D= - 1/2gt(2)
Elapsed Time Distance Fallen

(Seconds) (meters)

0 0

1 5

2 20

3 45

4 80

5 125

t ½gt2

We used freely falling objects to describe the relationship between distance


traveled, acceleration and velocity acquired.
The same principles apply to any accelerations object. Whenever an object’s initial
speed is zero and the acceleration a is constant, velocity and distance traveled are:
V=-gt D=-(½gt2)
Vi=-√2gd when Vi= 0 2D=gt2

2D/G =t2
4.7 Graphs of Motion
The curve that best fits the points forms a straight line.
For every increase of 1 second, there is the same, 10 m/s increase in speed.
Mathematicians calls this linearity
Since the object is dropped from the rest, the line starts at the origin, where both
v and t are zero.
If we double t, we double v; if we triple t, we triple v; and so on.
The slope of position is velocity*
The slope of velocity is acceleration*
This particular linearity is called a direct proportion, and we say that a time and
speed are directly proportional to each other.
The curve is a straight line, is its slope is constant
Slope is the vertical change divided by the horizontal change for any part of the
line. (The slope of a line on a graph is RISE/RUN.)
For 10 m/s of vertical change there is a horizontal change of 1 second
The slope of 10 m/s divided by 1 second, or 10 m/s2
Distance-Versus-Time
When the distance d traveled by a freely falling object is plotted on a vertical axis and
time t on the horizontal axis, the result is a curved line.

The relationship between distance and time is nonlinear.

The relationship is quadratic and the curve is parabolic-when we double t, we do not


double d; we quadruple it. Distance depends on time squared!

How fast something falls is entirely different from how far is falls.

From rest, how fast is given by v= gt; how far by d=1/2gt2

A curved line also has a slope, -different at different points


A slope of a curve changes from one point to the next.
The slope of a curve on a distance-versus-time graph is speed, the rate at which
distance is covered per unit of time.
The slope steepens (becomes greater) at times passes, which shows that speed
increases at time passes.

4.8 Air Resistance and Falling Objects


Air Resistance noticeably slows the motion of things with large surface areas like
falling feathers or pieces of paper. But air resistance less noticeable affects the
motion is more compact objects like stones and baseballs
Drop a feather and a coin and the coin reaches the floor far ahead of the feather
Air resistance is responsible for these different accelerations.
In a vacuum, the feather and coin fall side by side with the same acceleration, g.

Assessment Questions
1) Jake walks east through a passenger car on a train that moves 10 m/s in
the same direction. Jake’s speed relative to the car is 2 m/s. Jake’s speed
relative to an observer at rest outside the train is…
a. 2 m/s

b. 5 m/s

c. 8 m/s

d. 12 m/s

2) A gazelle travels 2 km in a half hour. The gazelle’s average speed is


a. ½ km/h

b. 1 km/h

c. 2 km/h

d. 4. km/h

3) Constant speed in a constant direction is


a. Constant velocity
4) a vehicle undergoes acceleration when it
Gains speed

Decreases speed

Changes direction

All the above

5) If a falling object gains 10 m/s each second it falls, its acceleration can
be expressed
10 m/s/s

10 m/s2

6) A rock falls 180 m from a cliff into the ocean. How long is it in free fall.
6 seconds

7) The slope of a speed-versus-time graph represents


Acceleration

8) In a vacuum tube, a feather is seen to fall as fast as a coin. This is because,


Air resistance doesn’t act in a vacuum

9) Speed and acceleration are actually


Entirely different concepts

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