Learning Enhancement Team

Steps into Complex Numbers

Argand Diagrams and Polar Form

This guide introduces Argand diagrams which are used to visualise
complex numbers. It also shows how to calculate the modulus and
argument of a complex number, their role in the polar form of a complex
number and how to convert between Cartesian and polar forms.

Introduction

One of the problems that mathematicians came across when they were exploring the idea of
complex numbers was their visualisation. A complex number does not appear anywhere on
a real number line and so would not appear in coordinates in the xy-plane. This problem
was solved in an ingenious way in the 19th century by Jean-Robert Argand (building on the
work of Caspar Wessel). An Argand diagram uses the real and imaginary parts of a
complex number as analogues of x and y in the Cartesian plane. The area of an Argand
diagram is called the complex plane by mathematicians.

The study guide: Basics of Complex Numbers describes the Cartesian form of a complex
number z as:

z  a  bi Cartesian form of a complex number

Where a is the real part of a complex number, written Re z  , and b is the imaginary part of
a complex number, written Im z  . In an Argand diagram the horizontal axis defines the real
part of the complex number and the vertical axis defines the imaginary part. A complex
number in Cartesian form has the coordinate a, b  in an Argand diagram. A purely real
number is positioned on the horizontal axis of an Argand diagram and a purely imaginary
number is positioned on the vertical axis of an Argand diagram.

Example: Represent the complex number z  5  3i on an Argand diagram.

The position of the number z  5  3i is shown as

an “x” but the number itself is usually represented
3 x as a line from the origin to the point.

You should label the horizontal axis as Re z  and

5 the vertical axis as Im z  in an Argand diagram.
The modulus and argument of a complex number

As soon as you represent a complex number visually you can begin to explore other ways of
describing it. For example, an Argand diagram shows the similarity of a complex number
with a vector, you can think of Re z  and Im z  being the number of steps along the real and
imaginary axes respectively required to ‘reach’ z.

You can also get to z in a straight line directly from the origin. In order to do this all you need
to know is what direction to face and how far to go. How far you need to go is the length of
the line representing the complex number in an Argand diagram and is called the modulus
of the complex number. It is very common to represent the modulus of a complex number
z by the symbol z or simply by the letter r. The value of the modulus is always positive.

You can use Pythagoras’ theorem to find the modulus of a complex number (see study
guide: Pythagoras’ Theorem). Below, the Argand given for z  5  3i from page 1 of the
guide has been annotated to reveal a right-angled triangle:

As you can see, the modulus of the complex

x number is the hypotenuse of the right-angled
r triangle. Using Pythagoras’ theorem:
3
2
5 z  r 2  52  32  34

so z  r  34 (taking the positive root)

The modulus of a general complex number written in Cartesian form as z  a  bi is:

z  r  a2  b2

Example: Find the modulus of the following complex numbers:

(a) z  2  i (b) z  6i (c) z  3.4

(a) Here a  2 and b  1 and so z   2   1

2 2
 5

Here a  0 and b  6 and so z  02   6  6

2
(b)

(c) Here a  3.4 and b  0 and so z  3.42  02  3.4

The modulus tells you how far to go from the origin to get to a complex number in an Argand
diagram. You also need to know what direction the complex number is. This is known as
the argument of a complex number which is written either as Argz  or the Greek letter .
 Arguments are always measured in radians
and take values in the range      

Complex numbers either on the real axis or in the upper half of the complex plane have
a positive argument measured anti-clockwise from the real axis. Complex numbers in the
lower half of the complex plane have a negative argument measured clockwise from the
real axis. You can use the inverse tangent (or arctan) function to find arguments. This can
be confusing and the table below is designed to help you. It is a very good idea to sketch
your complex number before trying to calculate its argument.

Argument
Quadrant (shaded) Argand diagram sketch Information Formula

b z
a is positive
b is positive
 b
1 argument is positive   tan 1  
a a

z b a is negative
b is positive
 b
2 argument is positive     tan 1  
a a

a is negative
b is negative
b
3
a
argument is negative     tan 1  

a

z b

a is positive
b is negative
b
4
a
argument is negative   tan 1  
 a

b z

The real axis is part of quadrants 1 and 2 (not quadrants 3 and 4). Given this:

Positive real numbers are in quadrant 1 and have an argument of 0.

Negative real numbers are in quadrant 2 and have an argument of .
Also:
The argument of a purely imaginary number above the real axis (positive b) is  / 2 .
The argument of a purely imaginary number below the real axis (negative b) is   / 2 .
Example: Find the modulus of the following complex numbers:
(a) z  5  3i (b) z  2  i (c) z  6i (d) z  3.4

(a)
As you can see, z  5  3i is in quadrant 1.
Also Re z   a  5 and Im z   b  3 .

3 Using the appropriate formula from the table:

b 3
  tan 1   tan1   0.54 to 2 decimal places
 a 5
5
So for z  5  3i ,   Argz   0.54 radians.

(b)
As you can see, z  2  i is in quadrant 3.
Also Re z   a  2 and Im z   b  1 .
Using the appropriate formula from the table:

b  1
    tan1     tan1   2.68 to 2 d.p.
a  2

1 So for z  2  i ,   Argz   2.68 radians.

(c)

As you can see, z  6i is a purely imaginary

number below the real axis with Re z   a  0 and

Im z   b  6 .

 This means that   Argz    / 2 as z  6i is at

a right-angle to the real axis.

(d)

As you can see, z  3.4 is a positive, purely real

3 number with Re z   a  3.4 and Im z   b  0 .

Positive, real numbers are defined as being in
quadrant 1.
3.4
This means that   Argz   0 .
Polar form of a complex number
As you have seen, a complex number can be defined not only in terms of its real and
imaginary parts but also in terms of its modulus and argument. Just as the Cartesian form of
a complex number uses Re z  and Im z  there is another way of writing a complex number
which uses z and Argz  called the polar form. By definition the polar form of a complex
number is:

z  rei where r is the modulus and  is the argument of z

here e is the base of natural logarithm (see study guide: Exponential Functions for more
details). The derivation of this form of a complex number is beyond the scope of this guide
but a Learning Enhancement Tutor will be happy to explain it to you. The polar form is
simply another way of writing a complex number, and you need to be comfortable converting
from Cartesian form to polar form and vice-versa. The previous sections have shown you
how to calculate the modulus and argument of complex number if you know the real and
imaginary parts and so you can use those methods to help you convert a complex number
from Cartesian form to polar form.

Example: Write the following complex numbers in polar form:

(a) z  5  3i (b) z  2  i (c) z  6i (d) z  3.4

You can use the results from earlier in this guide to work out the polar form.

(a) For z  5  3i , r  34 and   0.54 and so the polar form is z  34e0.54i .

(b) For z  2  i , r  5 and   2.68 and so the polar form is z  5e-2.68i .


- i
(c) For z  6i , r  6 and    / 2 and so the polar form is z  6e 2
.

(d) For z  3.4 , r  3.4 and   0 and so the polar form is z  3.4e0  3.4 as any
number to the power 0 is equal to 1.

You now need to know how to convert a complex number in polar form to Cartesian form.
To do this you also use trigonometry. Look at the Argand diagram below.

You can use trigonometric ratios to find a and b in terms

of r and  as you have a right-angled triangle. Here
x Re z   a  r cos and Im z   b  r sin and so you
r
can write the Cartesian form of a complex number as:
b
 z  r cos  r sin i
a
This is an important result that links complex numbers
and trigonometry.
You can read the study guide: Trigonometric Ratios: Sine, Cosine and Tangent for more
details about the definition of sine and cosine in a right-angled triangle.

Example: Write the following complex numbers in Cartesian form:

(a) z  2e1.2i (b) z  3e1.4i (c) z  ei

(a) For z  2e1.2i , r  2 and   1.2 to convert to Cartesian form use:

Re z   a  r cos : so (using radians) a  2 cos1.2  0.72 to 2 decimal places.
Im z   b  r sin : so (using radians) b  2 sin1.2  1.86 to 2 decimal places.
So the Cartesian form of z  2e1.2i is z  0.72  1.86 i .

(b) For z  3e1.4i , r  3 and   1.4 to convert to Cartesian form use:

Re z   a  r cos : so (using radians) a  3 cos 1.4  0.29 to 2 decimal places.

Im z   b  r sin : so (using radians) b  3 sin 1.4  1.71 to 2 decimal places.

So the Cartesian form of z  3e1.4i is z  0.29  1.71i .

(c) For z  ei , r  1 and    to convert to Cartesian form use:

Re z   a  r cos and so a  cos  1 .
Im z   b  r sin and so b  sin   0 .
So the Cartesian form of z  ei is z  1 . This is an important result and is
discussed in the study guide: Euler’s Identity and De Moirve’s Theorem.

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