1

TRUE OR FALSE (A)

1. Persons suffering from highly contagious, highly infectious and communicable disease maybe presented in court as witnesses in Court. TRUE

2. A physician maybe commanded to appear before the court exclusively as an expert witness. FALSE

3. When a doctor is a witness to a dying declaration as regards circumstances of a patient’s impending death, it is inadmissible because it is a hearsay
evidence. FALSE

4. The rationale in the use of Portrait Parle in identification is that it “inhibits the
inhibitor”. FALSE

5. The polygraph technique is inadmissible in court because the technique is in the experimental stage. TRUE

6. Confession made by the subject under the influence of alcohol is equivalent to an admission. TRUE

7. Hypnosis as a method for extracting facts through alteration of consciousness. FALSE

8. A rational offender is a mad killer who commits a crime without knowing the nature and the quality of his acts. TRUE

9. Emotional offenders are persons who commit crimes for financial gain and are usually recidivists or repeaters. FALSE

10. A suspect who admits having sexual intercourse with a complainant is considered to have made a confession. FALSE

TRUE OR FALSE (B):

1.
The barrel of the gun is considered a complete firearm. T ​
2. In the Philippines it is often easier to have a person arrested and convicted due to carrying a firearm without a license than to

convict him of more serious crimes. T ​

3. An accurate description and location of the wound sustained in a gunshot incident is important as this my help indicate the
circumstances surrounding the shooting. T ​
4. An accurate description and measurement of the entrance and exit wounds and their number may help indicate the caliber and
type of weapon used and the severity of the assault. T ​
5.
The wound of exit is usually slightly smaller than the bullet due to the elasticity of the human skin. F ​
The wound of entry …
6.
The gunshot wound of entrance is usually everted in near shot or contact shot. ​
T
7. In long range shots or distant shots the products of combustion such as soiling, tattooing, and singeing are usually
present. F ​
…are usually absent.
8. In areas where the skin is closely applied to the bone as in the head, a cruciform or stellate-shaped entrance wound is
observed. T ​
9. An abrasion collar is usually present in gunshot wound of exit.F
…wound of entry.
10.
All types of lesions may be seen in persons injured by the detonation of high explosives. T ​
11. An assessment of a transportation accident includes a thorough evaluation involving the victim only. F
…thorough evaluation of the victim, the vehicle and the circumstances of the accident.
12.
When there is no visible bumper injuries, the pedestrian was probably struck by side-swiping. T ​
13. In children the primary impact is usually above the center of gravity. F
…below the center of gravity.
14. Seat belt, due to its restraining effect, causes the body of the occupant to slow down with the vehicle instead of moving forward

at the same speed as the car. ​T

15.
Seat belts is correctly put under the arm. F ​
…over the shoulder.
16.
In the Philippines, the motorist caught not wearing a helmet while driving risks being arrested by the traffic police. ​T
17. Safety glass for the wind shield will likely to shutter into small cubes of glass causing right angled superficial cuts. T
18.
In cars equipped with air bags, children maybe allowed to sit in front of cars for their safety. ​
F ​
…children should never be allowed to to sit in front or they may suffocate when the air bag is inflated.
19. Head rest prevents violent whiplash motion of the head especially in frontal clashes. T
20. In rape cases, there are often no other witnesses other than the assailant and the victim because these crimes are usually
 committed in public view. ​F … usually committed in private places.

Define/Explain:

1.
​
b. Legal Medicine

branch of medicine which applies medical knowledge for the purposes of law and the administration of JUSTICE

c. A physician as an ordinary witness

when he testifies to facts of his own Personal knowledge acquired in an physician-patient relationship.

d. Difference between an ordinary physician and a medico-legal expert

OP: Sees injury or illness on the point of treatment

MJ: …on the point of cause

OP: Purpose is examining patient is to arrive at a definite Diagnosis-Rx Rx

MJ: Purpose is to examine patient is to include those bodily lesions in his report and testify before the court before an investigation body
result: justice where justice is due-given.

OP: Minor or trivial ignored

MJ:do not require RX

e. Psycho-physiological Response

The natural response of the body to stress which is governed by the autonomic nervous system.

f. Portrait Parle’

2. During an investigation, Pedro was made to drink large amounts of alcohol until he finally “loosened-up”. He made a graphic description of
his sexual congress with Maria 2 days ago, for which a complaint of rape was filed against him.

a. ​Is this a confession or an admission?

b. ​Would you expect a positive result for spermatozoa in the vaginal smear of Maria?
3.
When is the result of the following admissible in evidence:

b. Lie Dectector Test

c. Confession obtained with the use of alcoholic beverages

4. Give five (5) Psycho-physiological signs and symptoms of guilt and explain each.

Sweating-Sweating accompanied by a flushed face indicate anger, embarrassment or extreme nervousness. Sweating with a pallid face may indicate shock or
fear. Sweating hands indicate tension.

Color Change--Flushed face: anger, embarrassment and shame

-Pale face: sign of guilt
Dryness of the Mouth- Swallowing and licking of the lips

Excessive Activity of the Adam’s Apple

Fidgeting-subject is constantly moving about in the chair, pulling his ears, rubbing his face, picking and tweaking the nose, crossing and uncrossing his legs,
rubbing the hair, eyes, eyebrows, beating and snapping fingernails, etc. These are indicative of nervous tension.

“Peculiar feeling inside”- There is a tension of lightness of the head and the subject is confused. This is the result of his troubled conscience.

Swearing to the truthfulness of his assertion- Usually a guilty subject frequently utters such expression. “I swear to god I am telling the truth” or “I hope
my mother drops dead of a, lying”, ”I swear to God”…etc. Such expressions are made to make forceful and convincing his assertion of innocence.

Spotless past records-“Religious man”-The subject may assert that it is not nor possible for him to do “anything like that” inasmuch as he is a religious man
and that he has a spotless record.
 Inability to look at the investigator-subject does not look into the investigators eyes for the fear that his guilt may be seen in his eyes. He will rather look at
the floor or at the ceiling.

“Not that I remember” expression- the subject will resort to the use of “not that I remember” expression when answering to be evasive or to avoid
committing something prejudicial to him.

5. What are the rules in Personal Identification? Ex.

1. Laws of Multiplicity of Evidence in Identification- the greater the number of points of similarities and dissimilarities of two persons compared, the greater
is the probability for the conclusion to be correct.

2. The value of the different points of identification varies in the formulation of a conclusion.

a. Fingerprints- positively establish the identity of the person while bodily marks, like moles, scars; complexion, shape of nose,
etc. are merely corroborative.
b. Visual recognition- by relatives, friends maybe of lesser value as compared with fingerprints and dental comparison.

2. The longer the interval between death and the examination of the remains for purposes of identification, the greater is the need
for experts in establishing identity.

3. Inasmuch as the object to be identified is highly perishable, it is necessary for the team to act in the shortest possible time
especially in case of mass disaster.

4. No rigid rule observed in the procedure of identification of persons.

6. In a case where there was a presentation of a suspected blood stained knife allegedly found in a crime scene, what test or tests must be done
in order to determine if the blood is of human origin or not?

​Precipitin Test
​Blood typing
​DNA testing
7. A male suspect was apprehended by Police Officers because he looks exactly like a cartographic sketch of a male person with the following
characteristics and findings:

a.
mole on the left cheek;
b. shaven head;
c. earring on the left earlobe;
d. 2 missing front teeth;
e. fingerprints were found on the scene of the crime and confirmed on investigation.

Of the above findings, what could positively establish the identity of the suspect? Explain.

Answer: Fingerprinting because the chances that 2 persons with exactly the same fingerprint is very rare except in identical twins.

8. Pedro with a 20/20 vision testified that he recognized the suspect Juan as the assailant in the murder case while he was on his balcony, 120
yards away from the scene of the crime.

a. Is Pedro a credible witness if he knows Juan even before the incident?

No because a person can only recognize a person known to him at a distance of 100 yards.

b. Is Pedro a credible witness if the incident happened by the clearest moonlight?

No. Because at the clearest moonlight, a person can recognize another only at a distance of 14 feet.

c. Is Pedro a credible witness if the incident took place in broad daylight?

No. Because a person can only recognize a person known to him at a distance of 100 yards.

9. The remains of an unidentified person was found in a shallow grave 12 months after his death. What method(s) may you use in order to
identify the remains?
 Answer: Examination of skeletal remains and dental remains and DNA testing

ESSAY (A):

1. ​
A garbage collector found a fetus in the garbage can measuring 25 cm in length. Using the Hess’s or Haase’s rule, determine the age of
the fetus in months.

2. ​Distinguish post-mortem clot from ante-mortem clot .

3. A male witness was called to testify in court. The court observed the following:

b. Excessive activity of the adam’s apple

c. Swearing to the truthfulness of his assertion
d. Spotless past record.

Explain the significance of these psychophysiological reactions.

​
4. What is Portrait parle’? Explain.

5. An eyewitness testified that he saw the culprit who shot Mr. X while he was standing on top of a hill at 9:00 AM looking at the crime
scene, which is 60 meters away from where he was situated. Assess the probative value of his testimony.

6. What is the best way to identify a person when the soft tissues of the body have already decomposed? Why?

7. In a case of disputed paternity of JR, the following were the result of blood type examination:

Father, Rolly with Blood Type A

Mother, Marie with Blood Type AB
Child, J.R. with Blood Type O

Is J.R. the child of Father, Rolly? Why? Why not?

Is J.R. the child of Mother, Marie? Why? Why not? (5pts.)

​
8. Lulu lies in a hospital bed, unresponsive and unable to breathe on her own. Four weeks earlier, she was found in the garden by her husband
slumped on the ground. She was rushed to the hospital where she was found to have had a “Stroke” which reduced her in a permanent
vegetative state requiring a mechanical respirator to enable her to breathe.
Lulu’s family not waning to see her suffer, decided to let her go.

a.) What should be the guidelines of the doctor’s decision to “pull the plug”?

​
b.) If before Lulu’s “Stroke”, she decided to donate her kidney(s) to a sick relative, when should her kidney(s) be removed for organ transplant?

c.) What is “somatic death” and how do you determine it?

9. Nestor was known to be depressed for one year because of some marital problems. He was found in his bedroom dead with the following
findings:

a blooded knife was found near his left hand ;

a stab wound was found on his lower back penetrating his kidney;
beginning rigor mortis;
dilated pupils;
Complete postmortem lividity on the anterior (front) of the body.

a.) Is the death of Nestor homicidal, suicidal or accidental?

b.) What are the differences between Cadaveric spasm and rigor mortis?

c.) What is the significance of the location of his post-mortem lividity?

10. A body of a male person was found dead in a sugarcane plantation. He was partially burned in a pugilistic position. The medico-legal examiner
found blisters all over his body. There was a blood clot on his forehead. The skeleton of his whole left arm was intact.

a. What is the significance if “dry blisters” were found?

b. What is the significance if “wet blisters” were found?

c. Can you determine his height?

 d. Why is the cadaver found in a pugilistic position?

ESSAY (B):
1. What are the rules in Personal Identification? Explain.
2. In case where there was a presentation of a suspected blood stained knife allegedly found in a crime scene, what test or tests must be done in order
to determine if the blood is of human origin or not?

3. Rolly is in doubt whether his youngest daughter, Shirley is really his. He had blood typing examination done on himself, his wife Marie, and
Shirley. The examinations revealed that: Rolly is blood type A, Marie is blood type O, and Shirley is blood type B. Is Shirley the daughter of Rolly?
When is blood typing conclusive in questions of paternity?

4. The remains of an unidentified person was found in a shallow grave 12 months after his death. What method(s) may you use in order to identify
the remains?

​
ESSAY (C):

1. During an investigation, Amporyong was made to drink large amounts of alcohol until he finally “loosened-up”. He made a graphic description of
his sexual contact with Donita 2 months ago, for which a complaint of rape was filed against him.

a. Is this a confession or an admission? Explain.

ANS: Admission. There was no admission that he used force or intimidation in the sexual contact.

b. If a suspect is under the influence of alcohol, when may a confession be admissible in evidence?

ANS: admissible if the suspect can recall what he said when he is no longer under the influence of alcohol.

2. Jason testified that he recognized the suspect Daryl as the assailant in the murder case while he was on his balcony, 120 yards away from the scene

of the crime.

a. Is Jason a credible witness if he knows the person of Pedro even before the incident?

ANS: No. According to studies, a person can be recognized only if he is 100 yards away from the person to be identified.

b. Is Jason a credible witness if the incident happened at night by the clearest moonlight? Explain.

ANS: No, 25 yards away.

c. Is Jason a credible witness if the incident took place in broad daylight? Explain.

ANS: No, 100 yards away.

3. The upper and lower jaw with teeth and the skeleton of his whole left arm (measuring 2.5 feet) were the only part found after a person was
completely burned.

a. What medico-legal examinations should be done to determine the identity of this person?

ANS: Dental examination , compared with antemortem dental records;

DNA examination using bone tissue;
Anthropometry measurements

b. Why is the identity of a person important?

ANS: In the prosecution of the criminal offense, the identity of the offender and that of the victim, must be established, otherwise it will be a ground
for the dismissal of the charge of acquittal of the accused.

The identification of a person missing or presumed dead will facilitate settlement of the estate, retirement, insurance and other social benefits. It vests
on the heirs the right over the properties of the identified person.
If the identity cannot be established, then the law on presumption of death (Art. 390, Civil Code) must be applied which requires the lapse of seven
years before a person can be presume dead. In special instances, the seven years period may be reduced to four years. (Art. 391, Civil Code)

Identification resolves the anxiety of the next-of-kin, other relatives and friends as to the whereabouts of a missing person or victim of calamity or
criminal act.

Identification may be needed in some transactions, like cashing of check, entering a premise, delivery of parcels of registered mail in post office, sale
 of property, release of dead bodies to relatives, parties to contact, etc.

c. What is the approximate height of this person?

ANS: approximately 74 inches or 6.15 feet.

Computation:

​
2.5ft. x 2= 5 x 12 inches = 60 inches

​ + 12.5 inches

​ + 1.5 inches

TOTAL ​74 inches divided by 12 inches

​
Approximate height 6 ft. .15 inches

4. A male suspect was apprehended by Police Officers because he looks exactly like a cartographic sketch of a male person with the following
characteristics and findings:
• He has a mole on the left cheek;
• He has a beard and mustache;
• He has an earring on the left earlobe;
• He had 2 missing front teeth;
• Latent fingerprints were found on the scene of the incident.

a. Of the above findings, what would positively establish the identity of the suspect? Explain.

ANS: FINGERPRINTS because, the possibility that two persons will have the same fingerprint is nil. 10 fingers x the population of the
world.

b. What characteristic(s) are applicable to both living and dead?

ANS:
• He has a mole on the left cheek;
• He has a beard and mustache;
• He has an earring on the left earlobe;
• He had 2 missing front teeth;
• Fingerprints

c. What characteristics could be easily changed?

ANS: Growth of hair, beard and mustache

Clothing, Frequent place of visit, Grade of profession ,Body ornamentations

d. What is portrait parle? How is it done?

ANS: (Spoken Pictures)- Is a verbal, accurate and picturesque description of the person identified.
In many instances the investigator does not have a picture of the wanted or missing person. The only way to have an idea of the prominent physical
features is for the witnesses or someone who has knowledge of the identity to tell him.
If a skilled investigative illustrator is available, a picture of the person to be identified may be drawn or sketched. As a check to the sketch or drawing
made, it must be shown to the person(s) who gave the information to see wethwer it tallies wioth the person to be identified.

5. What is the medical/scientific basis in Polygraph testing which determines whether the subject is telling a lie or not.

ANS: Polygraph: it is appropriate to call it a lie detector. A lie detector records physiological changes that occur in association with lying in a
polygraph. It is the fear of the subject that allows the determination. The fear of the subject when not telling the truth activates the
sympathetic nervous system to a series of automatic and involuntary physiological changes, which are recorded by the instrument.

6. What is the best way to identify a person when the soft tissues of the body have already decomposed? Why?

ANS: Skeletal remains- because the bones does not decompose easily;DNA- material may be taken from the skeleton or teeth,
 Dental examination- because the enamel of the teeth is the hardest part of the body.

7. Determine the type of object evidence:

• Blood stained knife found at the crime scene; Ans: CORPUS DELICTI

• Red paint on the fender of a hit and run car? Ans: ASSOCIATIVE EVIDENCE

• Blood stains leading to the location of the suspect? ANS: TRACING EVIDENCE

• Fingerprints found on the crime scene? ASNS: ASSOCIATIVE EVIDENCE OR TRACING EVIDENCE

• Dead body of the victim? ANS: CORPUS DELICTI

ESSAY (D):

1. What cases are deemed “Medicolegal Cases”? (give at least five cases).

2. What is Locard’s Exchange Principle?

3. Give at least five (5) Physiological and Psychological Signs and Symptoms of Guilt and explain.

4. A dead body was found dumped along Kennon Road. The body was burned beyond recognition; however, the skeletal structure of the
cadaver remains intact. The police authorities found no traces of clothing and no other pieces of evidence to determine the identity of the
victim.

a. What possible methods could be used in determining the identity of the cadaver?
b. How can the authorities identify the gender of the victim?
c. Why is the identity of a person important?

5. Mitch, a single 18 year college student, came to a medical clinic complaining that she has been raped. The medical examination yielded the
following result:

Recently healed hymeneal lacerations at 1 and 3 o’clock; No signs of recent application of force at the perineal area; Positive for spermatozoa, no
gram negative cocci; non-virgin state.

a. What is the implication of a positive finding for spermatozoa?

b. What is the effect of a positive finding of an accused’s semen in the victim’s vaginal canal in an alleged rape case?

6. a. What is Medical evidence?

b. What are the types of Physical Evidence, explain and give examples for each type.

7. A mutilated decomposed body of a person was found in Irisan dumpsite. Investigation reveals that the soft tissues of the body have already
decomposed. What is the best way to identify the victim? Explain.

MULTIPLE CHOICE:
1. Autopsy shall be performed in the following cases, except?

a. Upon order of a competent court, mayor and a provincial or city fiscal.

b. Upon written request by police authorities.
c. Whenever the Solicitor General, provincial or city fiscal deem it necessary to dissenter and take possession of the remains for examination
to determine cause of death.

​d. ​Whenever barangay officials shall request in writing the authorities concerned to ascertain the cause of death.
​
2. Which statement is correct?

a. Under Philippine laws, medicolegal deaths should undergo mandatory autopsy if the deceased’s next of kin will give his consent.
b. The signed consent of the deceased’s next of kin is required.
c. The cause of death in the Death Certificate may be stated even without the autopsy.
d. No consent is required for the autopsy although the next of kin is informed of this requirement; the signed consent is obtained only as a
matter of courtesy.

3. If the Hospital has the authority to conduct autopsy but the relatives refuse to cooperate, what will be the effect of such
 refusal?

a. The body may not be released until the relatives cooperate.

b. The death certificate is merely filled up by putting as the cause of death “undetermined”.
c. No death certificate will be issued until the relatives cooperate.
d. The body may not be released and no death certificate will be issued.

4. Garri testified that he recognized the suspect Cooper (his childhood friend) as the assailant in the murder case while he
was on his balcony, 120 yards way from the scene of the crime. The crime allegedly took place in broad daylight. Is
Garri a credible witness to testify on the identity of the assailant?

a. Yes, according to studies, a person can identify another within the range of 150 yards, provided he knows or has seen that person before.
b. Yes, studies show that a person can identify another in broad daylight within the range of 122 yards if personally known to him.
c. No, studies reveal that a person can only identify another in broad daylight at a distance of no more than 25 yards.
d. No, studies show that a person can hardly recognize another person at a distance farther than 100 yards even if he knows that person.

5. A blood stained bolo was found near the body of the victim, what type of object evidence is it?

a. Circumstancial evidence
b. Corpus delicti
c. Associative Evidence
d. Corroborative evidence

6. In cases involving paternity, when is the result of the DNA analysis deemed conclusive?

a. The result is deemed conclusive as to non-paternity.

b. A 99.9 % match is deemed conclusive as to paternity.
c. A positive match to the alleged father is conclusive evidence that he is the father of the child.
d. A positive match to the mother is conclusive evidence that he is the father of the child.

7. The skeleton of a whole left arm measuring 2 feet was the only part after a person was badly burned. What is the
approximate height of the accused?

a. 5 feet, two inches

b. 5 feet, four inches
c. 5 feet, nine inches
d. 6 feet, one inch

8. An extrajudicial confession made by an accused while intoxicated is admissible if:

a. The accused’s lawyer was present when he made such statement.

b. The accused is physically capable to recollect the facts that he uttered after the effects of alcohol have disappeared.
c. The accused made a vivid and graphic account of what he did while intoxicated.
d. The accused acknowledged his guilt and is willing to be incarcerated.

9. The following statements are correct, except?

a. The greater the number of points of similarities and dissimilarities of two persons compared, the greater is the probability for the
conclusion to be correct.
b. The longer the interval between death and the examination of the remains for purposes of identification, the greater is the need for experts
in establishing identity
c. There is a standard rule observed in the procedure of identification of persons
d. The polygraph is capable of a high degree of accuracy only when conducted under controlled condition by an examiner who is highly
qualified due to his stability, experience, education and integrity.

10. The presence of spermatozoa in the vaginal canal of an alleged victim is an indication that:

a. Indeed, rape was committed.

b. The victim and the accused engaged in sex voluntarily.
c. The victim engaged in sexual contact within the last 72 hours.
d. The victim is of age to engage in sexual intercourse.

11. The following are the different types of physical evidence, EXCEPT:

a. Corpus delicti
b. Documentary evidence
c. Associative
d. Tracing

12. The following are to be done in performing autopsies and post-mortem exam, EXCEPT:

a. External and internal examinations are done in autopsy.

b. External examination without incision in post-mortem examination.
c. Removal of tissues for further examination in autopsy.
d. Blood and other body fluids should not be collected for examination during post-mortem examination.

13. Which of the following statements is VALID?

 a. Any licensed medical practitioner may legally perform autopsy.
b. All patients who died in a government training hospital must be autopsied.
c. A non-official autopsy can be performed without the consent of the next of kin.
d. Consent of the next of kin to perform a medico-legal autopsy is not necessary.

14. If the body is exhumed for the purpose of performing post-mortem examination, which of the following is NOT correct?

a. After the body has been disinterred, it must be identified by the relatives or friends.
b. A deodorant and disinfectant must be applied to the body to allow those performing the examination to be more comfortable and safe.
c. The body may be identified by marks on it.
d. Physician must describe the coffin, clothing and degree of decomposition before stating the actual disease or violence in his report.

15. The art and study of recording fingerprints as a means of identification.

a. Dactylography
b. Dactyloscopy
c. Poroscopy
d. Polydactyly

16. The following characteristics of a living person may easily be changed, EXCEPT:

a. Clothing
b. Body ornamentation
c. Growth of hair (beard)
d. Speech

17. When the doctor testifies as to the dying declaration of his patient, he is:

a. Expert witness
b. An ordinary witness
c. A medico-legal officer
d. Competent witness

18. DOA means:

a. Dying on arrival
b. Death on arrival
c. Died within 24 hours after admission to the hospital
d. All of the above

19. Res Ipsa Loquitor doctrine may be applied when:

a. Thing speaks for itself

b. When a sponge was left in the abdomen of the patient after surgery
c. When there is no need for the testimony of an expert witness
d. All of the above

20. Which of the following Presidential Decree requires practitioner of dentistry to keep records of their patients?

a. P.D 1575
b. P.D 1755
c. P.D 541
d. P.D 996

21. The following are characteristics of disguised writing, EXCEPT:

a. Inconsistent slant
b. Natural starts and stops
c. Lack of rhythm
d. Change of capital letters

22. Which of the following forgery is accomplished without outline?

a. Traced
b. Simulated
c. Spurious
d. Freehand

23. Which of the following tests is used to determine whether the blood is of human origin or not?

a. Heman crystals test

b. Schombein’s test
c. Takayama test
d. Precipitin test
 24. Photographic file of wanted or missing persons.

a. Portrait parle’
b. Spoken oicture
c. Rougue’s galary
d. Anthropometry

25. The device used as a method of Deception Detection to record the Psycho-physiologic response of the subject is:

a. Through hypnotic induction

b. Administration of truth serum
c. Use of word association test
d. Administration of sodium penthotal

26. The following are allowable methods of Deception Detection, EXCEPT:

a. Confession made under the influence of parental sentiment

b. Scientific interrogation

c. Use of drugs that try to “inhibit the inhibitor”

d. Use of devices which record the psycho-physiological response

27. One of the missing passengers of the plane which flew into the Twin Towers in NY whose name was on the airplane
manifest but body was never recovered, is legally presumed dead after a period of :

a. Seven years
b. Ten years
c. Five years
d. Four years

28. Post-mortem examination is:

a. The same as autopsy examination

b. Includes determination of the position of approximate time of death
c. Examination of the crime scene
d. B and C

29. The following are physiological and psychological signs and symptoms of guilt, EXCEPT:

a. Sweating
b. Excessive salivation
c. Color change
d. Fidgeting

30. A defendant accused of rape confessed that he had carnal knowledge with the complainant at the time and place
mentioned. The defendant made a:

a. Involuntary confession
b. Admission
c. Voluntary confession
d. Extra-judicial confession

1. This is a condition which is a reliable basis to determine virginity.

A. lacerated hymen ​
B. sharp vaginal rugosities ​
C. labia majora/minora
D. breasts

2. A condition of a female who has not experienced sexual intercourse and whose genital organs have not been altered by carnal connection.

A.Virgo Intacta ​
B. Physical virginity ​
C. Moral Virgin ​
D. All of the above

3. If the victim is hit by a bus or truck, the impact is usually:

A. Below the center of gravity

B. Above the center of gravity
C. At the center of gravity

4. Which among the statements is true?

A. In a head-on collision, more than 50% of the accident result in death of the driver;
B. Side-sweeping can be fatal if due to the impact, the pedestrian hits his head on the ground;
C. Due to sudden deceleration, whiplash injury does not occur.

5. It is a human factor commonly responsible in an automotive crash.

A. Chemical factor ​
B. Pedestrian ​
C. Poor brake ​
D. Atmosphere

6. This is usually a single vehicle and single occupant crash.

A. Roll over crash

B. Side impact crash ​

C. Front impact crash ​
D. Suicidal crash

7. It is the first violent contact between the pedestrian and the motor vehicle.

A. Run-over injuries ​
B. Primary impact ​
C. Secondary impact ​
D. None of the above

8. A condition when the bullet travels the whole length of a tight fitting barrel, it is rotated by the lands and the scraping is ejected from the barrel and
strikes the target, causing small abrasions or superficial lacerations on the skin around the main wound.

A. Shoring of the bullet

B. Muzzle imprint ​
C. Powder burns

D. Metal fouling ​
​
An unidentified body of a naked man was discovered at Irisan Dumpsite. There was a rope around his neck, his tongue was protruding from his
mouth, a gunshot wound on his right knee where the edges of the entrance are inverted. A bullet was recovered in his right thigh. The back of his
head is covered with blood where the wound is already contused and swollen, and his body bore superficial multiple slashes. A suspected gun was
found among the garbage far from the body.
​
9. What is the cause of death of the man?

A. Gunshot wound

B. Asphyxia ​
C. Multiple Slashes
D. Contused Head Injury

10. What is the range of the gun when it was fired to the man’s knee?

A. Near Fire ​
B. Short Range Fire ​
C. Medium Range Fire ​
D. Long range

11. How would you characterize the infliction of the slashes?

A. Suicidal
B. Accidental
C. Homicidal
D. all of the above

12. What kind of wound is inflicted at the back of the man’s head?

A. Lacerated wound ​
B. Incised Wound ​
C. Closed wound ​
D. Open wound ​
13. What kind of wound are the slashes found in his body?
​
A. Lacerated wound

B. Incised Wound ​
C. Closed wound ​
D. Open wound

14. The recovered firearm should be subjected to:

A. ​Ballistic examination ​
B. Paraffin test
C. Microscopic Examination
D. all of the above

15. ​The gunshot wound on the knee is:

A. Gun shot wound of exit
B. Gunshot wound of entry
C. Shored gunshot wound
D. Muzzle imprint

16. ​The following are the characteristics of a Gun shot wound of entry except:
A. Usually smaller than the missle

B. Usually oval or round depending on the angle of approach ​

C.Absence of tattooing or smudging ​
D. paraffin test is always negative.

17. ​Instances when the number of gunshot wounds of entrance is less than the number of gunshot wound of exit except:

A. Bullet entered the body, split into several fragments, each of which made a separate exit. ​
B. Bullet entered the natural orifice of the body and produce wound of exit.
C. Two or more bullets entering the body through a common entrance and later making
individual exit wounds.
D. One or more bullets lodged in the body.

18. Instances when there is no gunshot wound of exit but the bullet is not found in the `
body of the victim except:

A. Bullet entered into the gastro-intestinal tract and expelled through the mouth by coughing
B. Near fire with blank cartridge
C. Bullet may enter a common wound of entrance and upon hitting the bone, the course is
deflected and goes back to the wound of entrance as the wound of exit.
D. Near shot the bullet splinters and make a separate exit.

19. Evidences to prove that the gunshot wound is suicidal except:

A. The presence of usually but one gunshot wound.

B. Presence of defense wounds
C. Wounding weapon usually held tightly by the palm of the hand.
D. Presence of suicide note.

A six year old child suddenly run across the street and was bumped by a speeding vehicle with a 40 kph speed.

20. The primary impact is:

A. Below the center of gravity

B. Above the center of gravity
C. At the center of gravity
D. None of the above.

21. In the above problem, if the brake was applied during or immediately before the crash, the following will be expected except:
A. The child will continue to move forward and land on the road
B. The primary impact will be much lower than the center of gravity because of the dipping of the bumper of the car
C. The child will pass over the top of the hood, windshield and windshield frame
D. The length of skid or tire marks will be appreciated before the point of primary impact.

22. In hit and run injuries:

A. A fast moving vehicle may run over, hit, or side-swipe a pedestrian

B. Collide with another vehicle or fixed object.
C. Get away from the scene without regard to the victim
D. Usually happens when the driver is drunk or high.
E. All of the above

23. In drunk driving, the driver should have at least:

A. 0.30% alcohol in the blood

B. 0.40% alcohol in the blood
C. 0.15% alcohol in the blood
D. 0.05% alcohol in the blood

24. The reasons why there is a high percentage of motorcycle crash are:

A. A motorcycle can attain a high speed compared with other ordinary record vehicle
B. It has a small profile that the driver of the other vehicles may fail to see it
C. At high speed and frequently at high curves, the cyclist may lose control of the bike.
D. All of the above

25. The following are the criminal characteristics of rape except:

A. It is one of the ancient and universal crimes.

B. Many sex crimes are committed but not reported.
C. There is close physical contact between the offender and the victim.
D. It is usually a crime committed by one sex against the opposite sex.
E. It is a crime committed in public.

26. Death of the female partner related to the sexual act are the following except:

A. Accidental strangulation or suffocation of the female partner.

B. In oral sex, the penis may totally block the air passages, causing asphyxia.
C. Ejaculation of seminal fluid may occlude respiratory tract.
D. Cunnillingus, in pregnant women may cause multiple orgasm causing heart attack.

27. The following are true in DNA fingerprinting except:

A. Identical twins or clones will have a different DNA fingerprint.

B. In rape cases, there would be no need for the rape victim to testify as to whether the sexual act took place if the suspect’s DNA matches with the DNA taken from the
semen of the victim’s vagina.
C. The chance that any two individuals would have the same DNA fingerprint is one in several billion.
D. Mitochondrial DNA (mt DNA) is the most effective for identification.

28. In human sexual excitation, there are several identified stages;

​
A. Excitatory phase;
B. Plateau;
C. Orgasm;
D Resolution
E. All of the above

29-30. Give two distinctions between a gunshot wound of entry and a gunshot wound of exit.

MATCHING TYPE:
ORDINARY PHYSICIAN
.
MEDICAL JURIST
.

_________1. When there is an injury, he is more interested in finding out what possible treatment could be done.

_________2. He gives importance to all injuries, whether major or minor.

_________3. He does not give importance to minor wounds in his examination because they heal without treatment.

_________4. The purpose of his examination is to arrive at a proper diagnosis for treatment.

_________5. He performs an examination in order to determine the cause of the injury.

 ESSAY (E)

1.

a. Crime Scene – is anywhere evidence may be located that will help explain the events

b. Forensic Entomology-a branch of Forensic Medicine which use insect evidence to help reconstruct the circumstances
(e.g. time of death, movement of the body) surrounding human death.

c. Medical Evidence- Medical Evidence – means sanctioned by the Rules of Court of ascertaining in a judicial
proceeding the truth respecting a matter of fact.

d. Psycho-physiological Response Psycho-physiological response – one mode of deception detection which is currently
being used or applied by law enforcement agencies.

e. Forensic Odontology- science used to identify people from dental structures and analysis/comparisons of bitemarks,
etc.

2. During an investigation, Pedro was made to drink large amounts of alcohol until he finally “loosened-up”. He made a graphic description of
his sexual contact with Maria two months ago, for which a complaint of rape was filed against him.
a. Is this a confession or an admission?
ANS: Admission. It is an admission to the fact that a sexual intercourse occurred but NOT a confession to the crime of rape.

b. If a suspect is under the influence of alcohol during an extrajudicial confession, when may confessions be admissible in evidence?

ANS: If Pedro can recall what he said when he was under the influence of alcohol and under investigation.

3. What is Locard’s Exchange Principle.(5%) –

Answer:
“Every contact leaves a trace.” Since physical contact is involved in almost every crime, the analysis of trace evidence plays a crucial role in
crime investigation. No one can enter an environment without leaving some trace of his or her presence and without carrying away some trace
of that environment (e.g. crime scene)

4. In a case where there was a presentation of a suspected blood stained knife allegedly found in a crime scene, what test or tests must be done
in order to determine if the blood is of human origin or not? (10%)

Answer:
​Prescipitin Test,
​Blood typing test
​DNA
5. A male suspect was apprehended by Police Officers because he looks exactly like a cartographic sketch of a male person with the
following characteristics and findings:

a. He has a shaven head;

b. He has an earring on the left earlobe;
c. He had 2 missing front teeth;
d. His latent fingerprints were found on the crime scene and confirmed on investigation.

Of the above findings, what would positively establish the identity of the suspect? Explain.(10%)

Answer: His latent fingerprints which were found on the crime scene will definitely identify the suspect. Fingerprint examination is 99.9% reliable
and is conclusive as to the presence of the suspect in the crime scene. Fingerprints never change, no two fingerprints are alike

6. A cadaver of a person was found under the bed in one of the rooms at Nova Lodge. The body was totally burned, and no identification
whatsoever was found inside the room. The body was found after one week.

a. Give the possible methods in identifying the cadaver.

Answer: Skeletal identification & Dental examination and DNA Fingerprinting because of the deterioration of the soft tissues, these are remaining
means of identification.

b. May sex of the person be determined by dental features?

Answer: No, dental features cannot determine sex, but cells available may be used in order to locate Barr bodies which are present only in female
cells.
Sex determination may be done through the skeletal remains based on the appearance of the pelvis, skull, sternum, long bones.l

7. Rolly is questioning the paternity of J. R., his alleged son with Marie. The following are the results of blood type examination:

​Rolly: ​Blood type O

​Marie: ​ ​Blood type O
​J. R.: ​Blood type B
a. When is blood typing examination conclusive as to paternity?

Answer: When the blood typing results does not match the father, it is conclusive. NEGATIVE result is conclusive that Rolly is not the father.

b. Is Rolly the father of J. R.?

Answer: No. If both parents are type O only Type O children can be produced.

c. Is Marie the mother of J. R.?

Answer: Marie is the mother of Jr. She knows this as a fact.

d. What other methods of determining paternity studies maybe undertaken?

​Answer: DNA fingerprinting.

8. DNA is an organic substance found in a person’s cells which contains his or her genetic code. Each person’s DNA
profile is distinct or unique. What is the exception? Why?

​
Answer:
Identical twins, they have identical DNA components because the identical twins came from a single fertilized egg.

Define/Explain:

1. Importance of IDENTIFICATION

a. In the prosecution of criminal offense, the identity of the offender and the victim must be established;

b. to facilitate the settlement of estate of a person missing or presumed dead;

c. Identification resolves the anxiety of the next of kin, other relatives and friends as to true whereabouts of the missing person;

d. Identification is needed in certain commercial transaction such as encashment of check, delivery of parcels of registered mail, sale of property, release of dead bodies
to the relatives etc.

2. Rules in Personal Identification;

Laws of Multiplicity of evidence in identification- the greater the number of points of similarities and dissimilarities of two persons compared, the
greater is the probability for the conclusion to be correct.

a. The value of the different points of identification varies in the formulation of the conclusion;
b. The longer the interval between death and the examination of the remains for purposes of identification, the greater is the
need for experts in establishing identity;
c. Inasmuch as the object to be identified is highly perishable, it is necessary for the team to act in the shortest possible time
especially in cases of mass disaster;
d. There is no rigid rule to be observed in the procedure of identification of persons.

3. DNA Finger Printing: is a recent method of identification through a person’s DNA. It is so reliable because of its irrefutable way of
identifying a person, much like a fingerprint.

4. Physics of Wound Production:

Wound is equals to kinetic energy x time x area x “other factors”
2
Kinetic Energy =MV
2 ​
Velocity component is more important;
Time- the longer the time of impact, the lesser the injury;
The larger the area of transfer, the lesser the injury;
Other factors, skin elasticity, location of bones in area injured, etc.
 5. Locus Minoris Resistencia- Physical injury located not at the site nor opposite the site of the application of force but in some areas offering
the least resistance.

6. Defense wound- is the result of the person’s instinctive reaction of self-protection or preservation.

7. Patterned wound- wound in the nature /shape of an object or instrument and which infers the object or instrument causing it.

8. Portrait Parle- is the verbal, accurate and picturesque description of the person to be identified which is reduced into a cartographic sketch.

9. Mayhem is the unlawful and violent deprivation of another of the use of a part of the body so as to render him unable to fight either to
defend himself or annoy his adversary.

10. Closed wounds are wounds where there is no breach in the continuity of the skin or mucous membrane.

11. Ecchymosis or “love bites” blood is accumulates underneath the skin caused by sucking of the skin.

12. Dislocation- displacement of the articular surface of bones entering into a formation of a joint.

13. Sprain- partial or complete disruption in the continuity of the muscular or ligamentous support of a joint. It is usually caused by a blow,
kick or torsion force.

14. Subluxation- incomplete or partial dislocation.

15. Cerebral Contusion/ concussion- is the jarring or stunning of the brain characterized by more or less complete suspension of its functions,
as a result of injury to the head, which leads to some commotion of the cerebral substance.

ESSAY (F):

1. Nestor was known to be depressed for one year because of some marital problems. He was found lying on his back in his bedroom with the
following findings on autopsy:
b. A blooded knife was found near his left hand;
c. A stab wound was found on his lower back penetrating his left kidney;
d. Beginning rigor mortis and algor mortis ;
e. Dilated pupils;
f. Complete postmortem lividity on the anterior (front) of his body.

QUESTIONS:

1. Is the death of Nestor homicidal, suicidal or accidental?

ANS: The death of Nestor is Homicidal because:

• the stab would was found on the lower back which is inaccessible to the hands of Nestor if it is suicide;
• The postmortem lividity was found on the anterior portion of the body of Nestor which indicates that the body was moved by
another person before the completion of the postmortem lividity;
• The blooded knife was found was not found grasped in cadaveric spasm which would rule out suicide.

2. What is the significance of the postmortem lividity found on the anterior part of his body?

ANS: The postmortem lividity found on the anterior portion of the body of Nestor which indicates that the body was moved by another
person before the completion of the postmortem lividity considering that he was found lying on his back;

3. Distinguish between Cadaveric spasm and rigor mortis? (5 points)

2. Bobby was a victim of a kidnap for ransom. After his kidnappers killed him, he was totally burned. The Police Investigators found on the
crime scene a partially burned upper and lower jaw with teeth. An eyewitness testified that he saw the persons who killed Bobby while he
was standing on top of the hill 100 meters away at 9:00 o’clock AM.

QUESTIONS:

a. What is the best way to determine the identity of Bobby? (5 points)

b. Assess the probative value of the testimony of the witness. (5 points)

3. A garbage Collector found a fetus in a garbage can measuring 25 cm in length. Using the Hess’s or Haase’s rule, determine the age of the
fetus in months. (5 points)

4. Marie and Rolly has a case of disputed paternity over Junior. The following are the results of the blood type examinations.
 Rolly – Blood type A
Marie – Blood type AB
Junior – Blood type O

QUESTIONS:

a) Is Junior the child of Rolly? (5 points)

b) Is Junior the child of Marie? (5 points)
c) When is blood typing conclusive in cases of paternity disputes? (5 points)

5. Jose was mauled by Pedro and suffered physical injuries which without medications healed for 28 days but incapacitated him for 5 days.
During the trial, he did not present any medical certificate.

QUESTION:
a) Can Jose file a case of less serious physical injuries against Pedro? (5 points)

6. A male suspect was apprehended by the Police officer because he look exactly like a cartographic sketch of a wanted person. With the
following characteristic and findings:
a. Mole on the left cheek;
b. Earring on the left earlobe;
c. Two missing front teeth;
d. Positive finger prints of the male suspect in the scene of the crime;
e. Blood stained knife in the crime scene;
f. Positive DNA fingerprinting.

QUESTIONS:

2. Of the above findings, which would positively identify the suspect? (5 points)
3. What test or tests should be make on the blood stained knife if the blood is of human origin or not? (5 points)

How will you present an expert witness who is a physician?