ASSIGNMENT

TITLE:

Introductions to CFD Softwares

SUBMITTED BY:
MS Mechanical 17-19

MS Nuclear 17-19

Phd Students

SUBMITTED TO:
Dr. Ajmal Shah

Department of Mechanical Engineering,

Pakistan Institute of Engineering & Applied Sciences,

Nilore, Islamabad, Pakistan.

 CFD Simulation Softwares

1. Ansys CFX 16. Gerris

2. Ansys Fluent 17. Actran

3. Adina CFD 18. Paraview

4. Salome 19. AutoDesk

Simulation
5. OpenFOAM
20. SU2 Code
6. Javafoil
21. Adaptive
7. XFLR Simulations

8. Autodesk CFD 22. SimScale

23. Conself CFD and

9. Open FVM
FEA
10. Code Saturne
24. Ingrid Cloud
11. Advance Simulation
25. Star CCM+
Library

12. CFDTool- FEA

Multiphysics

13. Solidworks Flow

Simulation

14. KIVA

15. OverFlow
 1. ANSYS CFX
ANSYS CFX software is applied to solve wide-ranging fluid flow problems for
over 20 years. It is the foundation for an abundant choice of physical models that
capture virtually any type of phenomena related to fluid flow. The solver and models
are wrapped in a modern, intuitive, and flexible GUI and user environment, with
extensive capabilities for customization and automation using session files, scripting
and a powerful expression language

ANSYS CFX is a high-performance computational fluid dynamics (CFD)

software tool that delivers reliable and accurate solutions quickly and robustly across a
wide range of CFD and multi-physics applications. CFX is recognized for its
outstanding accuracy, robustness and speed with rotating machinery such as pumps,
fans, compressors, and gas and hydraulic turbines. The built-in parameter manager
makes it easy to conduct design exploration.

CFX is fully integrated into the ANSYS Workbench environment, a platform

designed for efficient and flexible workflows, ANSYS CFX can model most difficult
fluid flow-related physics phenomena and solve sophisticated models for multiphase
flows, chemical reaction and combustion. Even complicated viscous and turbulent,
internal and external flows, flow-induced noise predictions, heat transfer with and
without radiation can be modeled with ease.

ANSYS CFX is the recognized leader in rotating machinery including pumps,

fans, compressors, and gas and hydraulic turbines. These models demand the highest
accuracy, robustness and speed. ANSYS CFX software places special emphasis on
providing a wide range of turbulence models to capture the effects of turbulence
accurately and efficiently. CFX handles all types of radiative heat exchange in and
between fluids and solids from fully and semi-transparent to radiation, or opaque A
complete suite of models capture the interplay between multiple fluid phases like gases
and liquids, dispersed particles and droplets, and free surfaces.

ANSYS CFX provides complete mesh flexibility, including the ability to solve
flow problems using unstructured meshes that can be generated about complex
geometries with ease. Supported mesh types include triangular, quadrilateral,
tetrahedral, hexahedral, pyramid, and prism (wedge). ANSYS Workbench allows us to
import our CAD geometry, prepare it for CFD use in ANSYS Design Modeler and
mesh it automatically or manually with the ANSYS Mesh component whether
simulating combustion design in gas turbines, automotive engines, or coal-fired
furnaces or assessing fire safety in and around buildings and other structures, ANSYS
CFX software provides a rich framework to model chemical reactions and combustion
associated with fluid flow.

2. AUTODESK CFD
Autodesk CFD software provides flexible fluid flow and thermal simulation
tools with improved reliability and performance. This software provides computational
fluid dynamics and thermal simulation tools to help us to predict product performance,
optimize designs, and validate product behavior before manufacturing. Autodesk CFD
is available in 2 levels i.e. CFD Premium and CFD Ultimate. The CFD Design Study
Environment is included in both solvers. CFD Premium provides complex solving for
fluid flow and thermal simulation while CFD Ultimate provides advanced solid body
motion simulation in addition to fluid flow. Main features are;

Stable release Autodesk Simulation Mechanical/CFD 2014

Operating system Linux, Microsoft Windows

Type FEM software

Autodesk recommends a supported 64-bit operating system, a supported 64-bit

processor, and a minimum of 12 GB RAM or higher. Autodesk® recommends allowing
Microsoft Windows to manage virtual memory, as needed. There should always be at
least twice as much free hard disk space as system memory (RAM). A DVD-ROM
drive is not required if installing with the electronic download. The system requirements
for latest version of Autodesk CFD 2019 is Operating System should be Microsoft
Windows 8 and 8.1 (Standard, Pro, or Enterprise), Microsoft Windows 7 Home
Premium, Professional, Ultimate, or Enterprise edition Windows Server 2008 R2,
Windows Server 2012, or Windows Server 2012 R2. This software is also available in
English languages along with other six languages.
 3. SIMSCALE
SimScale is a computer-aided engineering (CAE) software product based on
cloud computing. SimScale was developed by SimScale GmbH and allows
Computational Fluid Dynamics, Finite Element Analysis and Thermal simulations. The
backend of the platform uses open source codes i.e FEA (Code_Aster and CalculiX)
and CFD (OpenFOAM). Thus SimScale is a browser-based online-platform that
provides powerful modeling and simulation capabilities.

The cloud-based simulation feature of this software enables us to test, validate,

and optimize our designs through Computational Fluid Dynamics via a standard web
browser. The cloud-based platform of SimScale allows users to run more simulations,
and in turn iterate more design changes, compared to traditional local computer-based
systems. It allows the analysis of a wide range of problems related to laminar and
turbulent flows, incompressible and compressible fluids, multiphase flows and more
everything 100% in the web browser, eliminating the barrier of limited computing
power, accessibility, and cost.

Developer SimScale GmbH

Initial release 2013; 5 years ago

Platform Web browser

Type Computer-aided engineering

SimScale allows import of geometry in STEP, IGES, BREP, Rhinoceros 3D,

Autodesk Inventor, SolidWorks, Parasolid, ACIS and STL formats; mesh in
OpenFOAM, UNV, EGC, MED, CGNS formats. In addition, the geometry can be
directly imported from their partner CAD platform, namely Onshape.

SimScale integrates a broad variety of simulation tools from structural

mechanics, fluid dynamics and thermodynamics. Both Finite Element as well as Finite
Volume based solvers are available. The SimScale team and its partners are constantly
expanding the platform with new analysis types and other features.
SimScale's CAE software finds application in a wide range of industries — such as
HVAC, wind engineering, automotive, aerospace, electronics, industrial equipment and
machinery, heat sinks, consumer products, biomechanics etc. Its use cases are very
diverse. With SimScale, heat transfer, moving and rotating parts, and flows in a porous
medium can also be investigated.

The SimScale is constantly enhancing the functionality of the SimScale

platform in order to provide more advanced modeling and simulation capabilities. This
arises some known limitations or issues. These issues are concerned with dimension as
The current version of the SimScale platform only supports 3D workflows. The current
pre-processing viewer does not support meshes of arbitrary sizes. It is recommend to
use mesh sizes below four million cells, which are displayed fluently depending on user
system.

4. OpenFOAM
OpenFOAM"Open source Field Operation and Manipulation" is the free, open
source CFD software released and developed primarily by OpenCFD Ltd since 2004.
It is a C++ toolbox for the development of customized numerical solvers, and pre-
/post-processing utilities for the solution of continuum mechanics problems, including
computational fluid dynamics (CFD). It has a large user base across most areas of
engineering and science, from both commercial and academic organizations.

OpenFOAM has an extensive range of features to solve anything from complex

fluid flows involving chemical reactions, turbulence and heat transfer, to acoustics,
solid mechanics and electromagnetics OpenFOAM is professionally released every six
months to include customer sponsored developments and contributions from the
community. OpenFOAM releases are scheduled every six months in June and
December.

Original author Henry Wellerz

Developer CFD Direct / OpenCFD

Initial release 10 December 2004

 Stable release 10 July 2018 and 29 June 2018

Written in C++

Operating system Unix/Linux

Type CFD/ simulation software

Main advantages and disadvantages of OpenFoam are

Advantages

 Friendly syntax for partial differential equations

 Fully documented source code.
 Unstructured polyhedral grid capabilities
 Automatic parallelization of applications written using OpenFOAM high-level
syntax
 Wide range of applications and models ready to use
 Commercial support and training provided by the developers
 No license costs

Disadvantages

 The development community suffers from fragmentation, giving rise to

numerous forked projects.
 Absence of an integrated graphical user interface (stand-alone open-source and
proprietary options are available)
 The Programmer's guide does not provide sufficient details, making the
progress slow if we need to write new applications or add functionality
 5. Gerris Flow Solver
Gerris is computer software in the field of computational fluid dynamics (CFD).
Gerris is a Free Software program for the solution of the partial differential equations
describing fluid flow. The source code is available free of charge under the Free
Software GPL license. Gerris was created by Stéphane Popinet and is supported by
Institut Jean le Rond d'Alembert.

Gerris belongs to the finite volumes family of CFD models. Gerris solves the
Navier–Stokes equations in 2 or 3 dimensions, allowing to model industrial fluids
(aerodynamics, internal flows, etc.) or for instance, the mechanics of droplets, thanks
to an accurate formulation of multiphase flows (including surface tension). Actually,
the latter field of study is the reason why the software shares the same name as the
insect genus. On the contrary Gerris does not allow (in its current status) the modeling
of compressible fluids (supersonic flows).

Initial release 2001; 17 years ago

Written in C

Operating system Unix, Linux

Type CFD

Licence GPL

A brief summary of its main features:

• Solves the time-dependent incompressible variable-density Euler, Stokes or

Navier-Stokes equations , linear and non-linear shallow-water equations
• Adaptive mesh refinement: the resolution is adapted dynamically to the features
of the flow
• Entirely automatic mesh generation in complex geometries
• Second-order in space and time
• Unlimited number of advected/diffused passive tracers
• Flexible specification of additional source terms
• Portable parallel support using the MPI library, dynamic load-balancing,
parallel offline visualisation
• Volume of Fluid advection scheme for interfacial flows
• Accurate surface tension model
 6. SU2
SU2 is a suite of open-source software tools written in C++ for the numerical
solution of partial differential equations (PDE) and performing PDE constrained
optimization. The primary applications are computational fluid dynamics and
aerodynamic shape optimization, but has been extended to treat more general equations
such as electrodynamics and chemically reacting flows. SU2 supports continuous and
discrete adjoint for calculating the sensitivities/gradients of a scalar field. SU2 is a
leading technology for adjoint-based optimization. Through the initiative of users and
developers around the world, SU2 is now a well-established tool in the computational
sciences with wide applicability to aeronautical, automotive, naval, and renewable
energy industries, to name a few.

The SU2 tools suite solution suite includes;

 High-fidelity analysis and adjoint-based design using unstructured mesh

technology.
 Compressible and incompressible Euler, Navier-Stokes, and RANS solvers.
 Additional PDE solvers for electrodynamics, linear elasticity, heat equation,
wave equation and thermochemical non-equilibrium.
 Convergence acceleration (multi-grid, preconditioning, etc.).
 Sensitivity information via the continuous adjoint methodology approach.
 Adaptive, goal-oriented mesh refinement and deformation.
 Modularized C++ object-oriented design.
 Parallelization with MPI.
 Python scripts for automation.

The configuration file is a text file that contains a user’s options for a particular
problem to be solved with the SU2 suite. It is specified as an input upon execution of
SU2 components. SU2 mainly uses a native mesh file format as input into the various
suite components. Limited support for the CGNS data format has also been included as
an input mesh format. CGNS support can be useful when it is necessary to create
complex geometries in a third-party mesh generation package that can export CGNS
files. A converter from CGNS to the native format is also built into SU2.
 7. Open FVM
OpenFVM is a general open source three-dimensional Computational Fluid Dynamics
(CFD) solver for Linux and Windows. It uses the unstructured finite volume method to
simulate non-isothermal transient flow. Gmsh is used for pre- and post- processing.

OpenFVM is a general CFD solver released under the GPL license. It was
developed to simulate the flow in complex 3D geometries. Therefore, the mesh can be
unstructured and contain control volumes with arbitrary shape. The code uses the finite
volume method to evaluate the partial differential equations. As well as solving the
velocity and pressure fields, the code is capable of solving non-isothermal multiphase
flow. The code can run in parallel mode using PETSc. One object is to tackle fluid
structure dynamics. The code is small and simple to understand.

OpenFVM is a free software application from the other subcategory, part of the
Education category. The app is currently available in English and it was last updated
on 2011-04-02. The program can be installed on All 32-bit MS Windows
(95/98/NT/2000/XP) All POSIX (Linux/BSD/UNIX-like OSes).

The code has two implementations: serial and parallel. The serial version uses
LASPACK as the linear matrix solver and the parallel one uses the PETSc library. Both
implementations use the open source tool Gmsh for pre- and post-processing.
OpenFVM is concerned with maily following fields;
Multiphase flow with high density and viscosity ratios,

 Non-newtonian flow,
 Compressible flow,
 Turbulence modelling,
 Adaptive mesh refinement (AMR),
 Mesh movement,
 Parallel processing (using PETSc),
 Graphical user interface for pre-processing (automatic generation of *.bnd,
*.mtl, *.par files) and Packaging (Windows installers, Linux packages).
 8. Code Saturne
Code_Saturne is a general-purpose computational fluid dynamics free computer
software package. Developed since 1997 at Électricité de France R&D, Code_Saturne
is distributed under the GNU GPL licence. Code_Saturne is an open source CFD
software. It is based on a co-located finite-volume approach that accepts meshes with
any type of cell (tetrahedral, hexahedral, prismatic, pyramidal, polyhedral...) and any
type of grid structure (unstructured, block structured, hybrid, conforming or with
hanging nodes...).

It solves the Navier-Stokes equations for 2D, 2D-axisymmetric and 3D flows,

steady or unsteady, laminar or turbulent, incompressible or weakly dilatable, isothermal
or not, with scalars transport if required. Several turbulence models are available, from
Reynolds-Averaged models (a. k. a. RANS models) to Large-Eddy Simulation models.
In addition, a number of specific physical models are also available as "modules": gas,
coal and heavy-fuel oil combustion, semi-transparent radiative transfer, particle-
tracking with Lagrangian modeling, Joule effect, electrics arcs, weakly compressible
flows, atmospheric flows, rotor/stator interaction for hydraulic machines.

Code_Saturne, may be installed on a Linux or other Unix-like system by

downloading and building it. CAE Linux (latest version CAE Linux 2011), which is
based on Ubuntu 10.04 LTS, includes Code_Saturne pre-installed.

Code_Saturne is only able to run single-phase flows simulations, with some

exceptions:

 Particles tracking with a Lagrangian approach.

 cases where the particles are handled as an Eulerian field

Two examples of the above would be different combustion models used in the
code, where pulverized coal is a separate phase from air. Also, multi-gas or multi-liquid
computations may be handled, though this requires a more advanced setup (usually
assigning a species field for secondary fluids mixture fraction, and defining fluid
properties such as density and viscosity based on the mixture.
 9. ADINA
ADINA is a commercial engineering simulation software program that is
developed and distributed worldwide by ADINA R & D, Inc. by Dr. Klaus-Jürgen
Bathe, at , Massachusetts, United States.

ADINA is the acronym for Automatic Dynamic Incremental Nonlinear

Analysis. The ADINA program consists of four core modules: ADINA is used in
industry and academia to solve structural, fluid, heat transfer, and electromagnetic
problems. ADINA can also be used to solve multiphysics problems, including fluid-
structure interactions and thermo-mechanical problems.

Type Private

Industry Computer Software

Founded September 3, 1986

Founder Dr. Klaus-Jürgen Bathe

Headquarters Watertown, Massachusetts, United States

The ADINA CFD program provides state-of-the-art finite element and control
volume capabilities for incompressible and compressible flows. The flows may contain
free surfaces and moving interfaces between fluids, and between fluids and structures.
An arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian (ALE) formulation is used.

The procedure used in ADINA CFD is based on finite element and finite volume
discretization schemes, with a most general and efficient solution approach. General
flow conditi Basic assumptions used in modeling fluid flows:

These modules can be used fully coupled together to solve multiphysics

problems, where the response of the system is affected by the interaction of several
distinct physical fields (e.g. fluid-structure interaction, thermo-mechanical analysis,
piezoelectric coupling, Joule heating, fluid flow-mass transfer coupling,
electromagnetic forces on fluids and structures, etc.).
 10. Advanced Simulation Library
Advanced Simulation Library (ASL) is a free and open source hardware
accelerated multiphysics simulation platform (and an extensible general purpose tool
for solving Partial Differential Equations). Its computational engine is written in
OpenCL and utilizes matrix-free solution techniques which enable extraordinarily high
performance, memory efficiency and deployability .

The engine is hidden entirely behind simple C++ classes, so that no OpenCL
knowledge is required from application programmers. Mesh-free, immersed boundary
approach allows one to move from CAD directly to simulation drastically reducing pre-
processing efforts and amount of potential errors. ASL can be used to model various
coupled physical and chemical phenomena and employed in a multitude of fields.

Developer Avtech Scientific

Initial release May 14, 2015;

Stable release 0.1.7 / November 9, 2016

Operating system Unix/Linux, WindowsMac

Multiphysics, Computer-aided engineering,

Type
Computational fluid dynamics, Simulation software

License GNU Affero General Public License, optional commercial

license (based on MIT License)

Language C++

Main advantages and disadvantages are:

Advantages

 C++ API (no OpenCL knowledge required)

 Mesh-free, immersed boundary approach allows users to move from CAD
directly to computations reducing pre-processing effort
 Dynamic compilation enables an additional layer of optimization at run-time
(i.e. for a specific parameters set the application was provided with)
 Automatic hardware acceleration and parallelization of applications
 Deployment of same program on a variety of parallel architectures - GPU, APU,
FPGA, DSP, multicore CPUs
 Ability to deal with complex boundaries and microscopic interactions

Disadvantages

 Absence of detailed documentation (besides the Developer Guide generated

from the source code comments)
 Not all OpenCL drivers are mature enough for the library.

11. CFDTool- FEA Multiphysics

CFDTool, short for Computational Fluid Dynamics Toolbox, is based on
FEATool Multiphysics and has been specifically designed and developed to make fluid
flow and coupled heat transfer simulations both easier and more enjoyable. Setting up
and performing CFD simulations in MATLAB has never before been as simple and
convenient as with CFDTool.

Developer Precise Simulation

Stable release 1.8 / 17 May 2018

Written in MATLAB, Octave

Operating system Unix/Linux/Windows/Mac/Web browser

Computer-aided engineering (CAE), multiphysics,

Type
analysis (FEA) software

 In addition to the built-in incompressible Navier-Stokes and Heat Transfer

physics modes in CFDTool, FEATool Multiphysics supports a wider range of
flow regimes and CFD simulations
 Stationary and time-dependent
 Laminar and Incompressible
 Incompressible Flows
 Non-isothermal (Boussinesq approximation)
 Varying density and viscosity
 Two-phase flows (level set)
 Flow through porous media
 User-defined equation types
 Main features are;
 Completely stand-alone and self-contained MATLAB CFD simulation toolbox
 One-click installation with fully integrated and easy to use Graphical User
Interface (GUI)
 Built-in geometry and design tools with STL CAD file import
 Automatic unstructured grid generation, and mesh import from several different
formats
 Pre-defined equations and boundary conditions for laminar incompressible fluid
flows and heat transfer (1D, 2D, axisymmetric, and swirl flows)
 Stationary and time dependent, linear and non-linear flow solvers
 Built-in post processing and visualization
 Support for general expressions and custom MATLAB functions in equation,
boundary, and post processing expressions
 12. KIVA
The KIVA family of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) software predicts
complex fuel and air flows as well as ignition, combustion, and pollutant-formation
processes in engines. The KIVA family of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD)
software predicts complex fuel and air flows as well as ignition, combustion, and
pollutant-formation processes in engines. It has following main features

Developer Los Alamos National Laboratory

Initial release 1985; 33 years ago

Stable release KIVA-4mpi / 2009; 9 years ago

Operating system Linux, Unix, Windows

Available in Fortran

License Proprietary

In order to optimize combustion processes, engine designers have traditionally

undertaken manual engine modifications, conducted testing, and analyzed the results.
In response to these problems, Los Alamos National Laboratory scientists developed
KIVA, an advanced computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling code that
accurately simulates the in-cylinder processes of engines.

KIVA, a transient, three-dimensional, multiphase, and multicomponent code for

the analysis of chemically reacting flows with sprays has been under development at
LANL for decades. KIVA’s functionality extends from low speeds to supersonic flows
for both laminar and turbulent regimes. Transport and chemical reactions for an
arbitrary number of species and their chemical reactions is provided. A stochastic
particle method is used to calculate evaporating liquid sprays, including the effects of
droplet collisions, agglomeration, and aerodynamic breakups.
 13. OVERFLOW
OVERFLOW is a Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) flow solver under
development by NASA. It uses structured overset grids to simulate fluid flow, and is
being used on projects for Aeronautics Research, Science, Space Technology, and
Human Exploration Mission Directorates. The code is available to U.S. companies and
individuals under an appropriate Software Usage Agreement.

Original author Pieter Buning, Dennis Jespersen, others

Developer NASA

Stable release 2.2k / 18 March 2015; 3 years ago

Platform Unix like

OVERFLOW is a software package for simulating fluid flow around solid bodies
using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). It is a compressible 3-D flow solver that solves
the time-dependent, Reynolds-averaged, Navier-Stokes equations using multiple overset
structured grids. VERFLOW is a three-dimensional time-marching I mplicit Navier-Stokes
code that can also operate in two-dimensional or axisymmetric mode. The code uses structured
overset grid systems.

OVERFLOW was developed as part of a collaborative effort between NASA's

Johnson Space Center in Houston, Texas and NASA Ames Research Center (ARC) in
Moffett Field, California. The driving force behind this work was the need for evaluating
the flow about the Space Shuttle launch vehicle. Originally developed in the early 1990s
by NASA's Pieter Buning, Dennis Jespersen and others, the code is an outgrowth of earlier
codes F3D and ARC3D, and a result of ARC's long history of flow-solver development.
 14. SALOME
SALOME is an open-source software that provides a generic Pre- and Post-
Processing platform for numerical simulation. It is based on an open and flexible
architecture made of reusable components. It can be used as a standalone application
for generation of the CAD model, its preparation for the numerical calculations and
post-processing of the calculation results.

Salome is based on an open architecture made of reusable components. It is

open source, released under the GNU Lesser General Public License, and both its
source code and binaries may be downloaded from its official website. SALOME can
also be used as a platform for integration of the external third-party numerical codes
to produce a new application for the full life-cycle management of CAD models.

Initial release 2001; 17 years ago

Stable release 8.4.0 / February 17, 2018; 6 months ago

Written in C++, Python

Operating system Linux/Windows/Unix-like

License GNU Lesser General Public License

Main Features

 Supports interoperability between CAD modeling and computation software (CAD-

CAE link).
 Makes easier the integration of new components on heterogeneous systems for
numerical computation.
 Sets the priority to multi-physics coupling between computation software.
 Provides a generic user interface, user-friendly and efficient,economical
 Reduces training time to the specific time for learning the software solution which
has been based on this platform.
 All functionalities are accessible through the programmatic integrated Python
Modules, plugings, samples, tools: V8_5_0.
 15. ANSYS Fluent
With ANSYS Fluent the most powerful computational fluid dynamics (CFD)
software available Fluent includes well-validated physical modeling capabilities that
deliver reliable and accurate results across the widest range of CFD and multiphysics
applications.Fluent also offers highly scalable high-performance computing (HPC) to
help us to solve complex, large-model CFD simulations quickly and cost-effectively.

Fluent’s task-based workflow guides through an organized simulation process

that offers the most accurate results in less time. At each step in the process, the software
provides the most relevant design options or defaults to a best-practice option. Fluent
meshing now includes a unique patent-pending technology that delivers higher quality
results at faster speeds. This Mosaic meshing technology uses a high-quality boundary
layer mesh to automatically combine a variety of boundary layer meshes, for fast and
accurate flow resolution. In a benchmark simulation of a Formula One wing, the Mosaic
mesh had fewer, better quality cells, required 34 percent less memory and achieved a
47 percent faster solve time.

ANSYS Fluent software contains the broad physical modeling capabilities

needed to model flow, turbulence, heat transfer, and reactions for industrial applications
ranging from air flow over an aircraft wing to combustion in a furnace, from bubble
columns to oil platforms, from blood flow to semiconductor manufacturing, and from
clean room design to wastewater treatment plants. Fluent covers a broad reach,
including special models with capabilities to model in-cylinder combustion, aero-
acoustics, turbo machinery and multiphase systems.

 Built for Multiphysics.

 High-Performance Computing for Speed.
 Turbulence Modeling.
 Heat Transfer and Radiation.
 Multiphase Flows.
 Reacting Flows and Combustion.
 Fluid-Structure Interaction.