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ME 720 Howe S12

This course further develops the theory of acoustics and fluid mechanics. It will review background acoustic theory and analyze acoustic problems using Green's functions, Fourier analysis, and diffraction theory. Students will develop an intuitive understanding of underlying physics and complete a numerical analysis project of an acoustic problem. The course consolidates knowledge of acoustics, fluid mechanics, and their applications to problems like transport noise and vibrations.

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123 views7 pages

ME 720 Howe S12

This course further develops the theory of acoustics and fluid mechanics. It will review background acoustic theory and analyze acoustic problems using Green's functions, Fourier analysis, and diffraction theory. Students will develop an intuitive understanding of underlying physics and complete a numerical analysis project of an acoustic problem. The course consolidates knowledge of acoustics, fluid mechanics, and their applications to problems like transport noise and vibrations.

Uploaded by

ReginaldRemo
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ME720: Acoustics II

Acoustic noise and accompanying structural vibrations are a major environ-


mental problem for all types of mechanised transport, household and industrial
appliances, heating and air conditioning systems, etc, ... This course will
consolidate and draw together your knowledge and understandings of acoustics
and fluid mechanics. It begins with a review of background acoustic theory,
which forms a stand-alone introduction to acoustics. Acoustic problems are
analysed by various approaches involving Green’s functions, Fourier analysis
and diffraction theory. The ‘compact Green’s function’ will be developed
to predict sound generation by vibrating surfaces and by mean-flow surface
interactions. This and related methods are designed to provide an intuitive un-
derstanding of the underlying physics, and each student will undertake a project
involving a numerical analysis of an acoustic or fluid-acoustic-interaction problem.

Prerequisites: Multivariate Calculus; some knowledge of fluid mechanics,


acoustics or continuum mechanics useful, but not essential. Open to seniors
with instructor approval.
Day & Time: Tues and Thurs 6-8pm, Spring 2012
Instructor: Michael Howe, Room EMA 218, [email protected]
Spring 2012 ME 720 Acoustics II

ENG ME 720 Acoustics II


Instructor:
M. S. Howe
EMA 218
[email protected]

This course develops the theory of acoustics and provides the student with a mature
approach beyond that found in a first course in acoustics or fluid mechanics.

Outline syllabus:
Mathematical preliminaries. Equations of motion; acoustics as a branch of fluid mechanics.
Sound waves and sources of sound in one, two and three dimensions. Scattering of sound by
rigid and elastic bodies. Diffraction by sharp edges and apertures. General solution of the
wave equation using Green’s functions and compact Green’s functions; retarded potentials;
energy flux. Sound produced by vibrating bodies and by flow-structure interactions; noise.
Radiation from open-ended ducts; end-correction.

Prerequisites:
Working knowledge of multivariate calculus; some familiarity with fluid mechanics, acoustics
or continuum mechanics will be useful, but not essential. Open to properly qualified seniors
with instructor permission.
Textbooks:
Students of fluid mechanics and acoustics should aim to build a library of classic texts.
These are usually considered to be ‘too difficult’ for the average graduate, and most
textbooks in use in American universities are simplifications that present interpretations
and often misguided simplifications of the originals. Many valuable classics are now out of
print, but are often available from libraries and online sources.

The engineering text Mathematical Methods for Mechanical Sciences (MMMS) can be
downloaded from the ME 720 Website.

Course grading:
• Class participation (20%) (Students will be asked to discuss and make class presenta-
tions of selected homework problems.)

• One take-home examination (40%)

• One Project (40%)

Spring 2012 1 ME 720 Acoustics II


Spring 2012 ME 720 Acoustics II

Students are expected to:

• Exhibit a level of mathematical maturity roughly equivalent that derived from an


advanced undergraduate course on ‘Engineering Mathematics’ (Review material will
be found in MMMS).

• Independently study and attempt to solve problems in the recommended texts. Some
of these will be set as homework problems and used in class discussions.

Recommended texts:
Blackstock, D. T. Fundamentals of Physical Acoustics, Wiley, 2000.
Howe, M. S. Theory of Vortex Sound, Cambridge University Press, 2003.
Howe, M. S. Hydrodynamics and Sound, Cambridge University Press, 2006
Lighthill, James 1978 Waves in Fluids. Cambridge University Press.
Noble, B. 1958 Methods based on the Wiener-Hopf Technique. London: Pergamon Press.

Other books related to acoustics:


Rayleigh, Lord 1945 Theory of Sound, Volumes 1 and 2. New York: Dover.
Howe, M. S. Acoustics of Fluid-Structure Interactions, Cambridge University Press, 1998
Pierce, A. D. 1989 Acoustics, An introduction to its principles and applications. American
Institute of Physics.
Baker, B. B. and Copson, E. T. 1969 The Mathematical Theory of Huygens’ Principle,
Second edition. Oxford University Press.
Crighton, D. G. Dowling, A. P., Ffowcs Williams, J. E., Heckl, M. and Leppington, F. G.
1992 Modern methods in analytical acoustics (Lecture Notes). Springer-Verlag:
London.
Dowling, A. P. and Ffowcs Williams, J. E. 1983 Sound and sources of sound. Ellis Horwood
(ISBN 0-85312-400-0).
Goldstein, M. E. 1976 Aeroacoustics. New York: McGraw-Hill.

Classics:
Batchelor, G. K. 1967 An Introduction to Fluid Dynamics, Cambridge University Press.
Birkhoff, G. 1955 Hydrodynamics – a study in logic, fact and similitude. Dover publications
(republication of edition published by Princeton University Press, 1950)

Spring 2012 2 ME 720 Acoustics II


Spring 2012 ME 720 Acoustics II

Birkhoff, G. and Zarantonello 1957 Jets, wakes and cavities. New York, Academic Press.
Durand, W. F. 1934. (editor) Aerodynamic Theory, 6 volumes. See especially volumes II
and III. Second hand only.
Gurevich, M. I. 1965 Theory of jets in ideal fluids. New York, Academic Press.
Goldstein, S. 1960 Lectures on fluid mechanics. Interscience: New York. (out of print)
Lamb, Horace 1932 Hydrodynamics (6th. ed.). Cambridge University Press. (Also available
from Dover; paperback version reprinted as a Cambridge Classic by Cambridge
University Press, 1993). All serious students should have this!
Landau, L. D. and E. M. Lifshitz 1987 Fluid Mechanics (Second edition). Oxford:
Pergamon.
Lighthill, J. 1986 An Informal Introduction to Theoretical Fluid Mechanics. Oxford:
Clarendon.
Milne-Thomson, L. M. 1968 Theoretical Hydrodynamics (5th. edition). London: Macmillan.
(Also available from Dover)
Prandtl, L. 1952 Essentials of Fluid Dynamics. London, Blackie and Sons. (out of print)
Sedov, L. I. 1965 Two dimensional problems in hydrodynamics and aerodynamics. New
York: John Wiley.

For a review of elementary fluid mechanics:


Acheson, D. J. 1990 Elementary Fluid Dynamics. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

Spring 2012 3 ME 720 Acoustics II


Spring 2012 ME 720 Acoustics II

Rough course syllabus:

Lecture 1: T, 17 Jan
Preliminary math review

Lecture 2: R, 19 Jan
Equations of motion
Equation of linear acoustics

Lecture 3: T, 24 Jan
Sound produced by a pulsating sphere
Sound produced by an impulsive point source
Free space Green’s function

Lecture 4: R, 26 Jan
Retarded potential
Monopoles, dipoles and quadrupoles
Acoustic energy flux

Lecture 5: T, 31 Jan
Calculation of the acoustic far field
Multipole expansion
Examples
Problems 1

Lecture 6: R, 2 Feb
Volume and surface integrals
Kirchhoff’s formula
Radiation from a noncompact surface

Lecture 7: T, 7 Feb
The Helmholtz equation
The reciprocal theorem

Lecture 8: R, 9 Feb
Problems 2
The influence of solid boundaries
Time-harmonic compact Green’s function
Kirchhoff vector

Spring 2012 4 ME 720 Acoustics II


Spring 2012 ME 720 Acoustics II

Lecture 9: T, 14 Feb
Compact Green’s function for a rigid sphere
Compact Green’s function for cylindrical bodies

Lecture 10: R, 16 Feb


Symmetric compact Green’s function
Radiation from a vibrating body
Sphere, panel, disk
Problems 3

Lecture 11: R, 23 Feb


Diffraction radiation
Green’s function summary and special cases
Method of descent

Lecture 12: T, 28 Feb


Vorticity and the kinetic energy of incompressible flow
The vorticity equation

Lecture 13: R, 1 Mar


The Biot-Savart law
Surface force expressed in terms of vorticity

Lecture 14: T, 6 Mar


The complex potential
Motion of a line vortex

Lecture 15: R, 8 Mar


Generalized Kirchhoff formula
Rayleigh scattering

Lecture 16: T, 20 Mar


Vortex sound
Lighthill’s theory
Problems 4

Lecture 17: R, 22 Mar


Vortex-surface interaction noise
Examples

Lecture 18: T, 27 Mar


The baffled piston

Spring 2012 5 ME 720 Acoustics II


Spring 2012 ME 720 Acoustics II

Lecture 19: R, 29 Mar


Radiation from an open end
Rayleigh’s method for low frequency sound
Physical significance of the end correction

Lecture 20: T, 3 Apr


Radiation into a semi-infinite duct
Compact Green’s function

Lecture 21: R, 5 Apr


Wave generation by a train entering a tunnel

Lecture 22: T, 10 Apr


Problems 5

Lecture 23: R, 12 Apr


Sound transmission by a compact aperture
Sources near a circular aperture

Lecture 24: T, 17 Apr


Kirchhoff diffraction theory
Circular aperture and disk
Babinet’s principle

Lecture 25: R, 19 Apr


Diffraction of sound by a half-plane
Wiener-Hopf theory

Lecture 26: T, 24 Apr


Far field calculated by stationary phase

Lecture 27: R, 26 Apr


Review

Lecture 28: R, 1 May


Review

Spring 2012 6 ME 720 Acoustics II

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