CHAPTER-1

INTRODUCTION

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 INTRODUCTION
Marketing is the science of meeting the needs of a customer by providing
valuable products to customers by utilizing the expertise of the organization, at same time, to
achieve organizational goals. According to the American Marketing Association.
Marketing is the activity, set of institutions, and processes for creating, communicating,
delivering, and exchanging offerings that have value for customers, clients, partners, and
society at large.
With this definition, it is important to realize that the customer can be an
individual user, a company, or several people who contribute to the purchasing decision. The
product can be a hard good, a service, or even an idea – anything that would provide some
value to the person who provides an exchange. An exchange is most often thought of as
money, but could also be a donation of time or effort, or even a specific action. A producer is
often a company, but could be an individual or non-profit organization.
Classical marketing is often described in terms of the four “P’s, which are:
 Product – what goods or services are offered to customers

 Promotion – How the producer communicates the value of its products

 Price – The value of the exchange between the customer and producer

 Placement – How the product is delivered to the customer.

A complete analysis of these categories is often called the Marketing Mix. More
detail on these categories can be found in the later entry on the Marketing Plan.
Marketing has both inbound and outbound activities. Inbound activities largely centre on
discovering the needs and wants of the potential customers. The collective group of all
potential customers is called a market. Categorizing these needs into groups is called
segmentation. Organizing markets into segments allows a producer to more logically decide
how to best provide value to that group of potential customers. The analysis of market
segment needs; analysis of existing sales and profitability; the descriptions, design and
introduction of new products; and the analysis of competitor offerings are also inbound
activities that are important but not often seen by the public.

Outbound activities include all aspects of informing the market that a product is
available, delivering that product, and encouraging the purchase decision. These activities

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include advertising, promotion, supply chain, sales support, product training, and customer
support.
To the public, the most common interaction with marketing is where it touches the
discipline of sales in the form of advertising. This interaction leads to a common
misconception that marketing is only this aspect of promotion. Instead, it is useful in
understanding that
Marketing is a Data Driven Science:
The good marketer will develop the data necessary to define the customer’s needs,
develop a good product based on the available resources, deliver the product in an effective
manner to the consumer at a price that reflects the customer value and the profit desired by
the producer.
Marketing Model:
When the producer is a commercial entity and the end user makes the purchasing
decision, the model used to describe this transaction is often called a Business to Consumer
(B2C) model. When the producer is a commercial entity and a second commercial entity
makes the purchasing decision but provides the product to their customer, then the model is
often called a Business to Business (B2B) model. The difference in these models affects how
the marketer constructs his marketing analysis and marketing mix.
Aspects of Marketing:
Marketing has many aspects or sub-disciplines within the broad discipline of
marketing. They include:
• Advertising.
• Branding
• Copywriting.
• Customer relationship management (CRM).
• Direct marketing.
• Event planning.
• Graphic design.
• Internet Marketing.
• Loyalty marketing.
• Market research.
• Marketing communications.
• Media relations.
• Merchandising.
• New product development.
• Pricing.
• Product management.
• Promotion.
• Public relations.

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 • Sales management and support.
• Search engine optimization (SEO).
• Social media optimization.
• Strategic planning.
• Supply chain management.

Marketing functions in all of these areas. A marketer can do many of these

functions within an organization or specialize in one or more.

The Market:
“Prospective customers for a given product, service, or idea”

The market consists of all prospective customers for a given product, service, or
idea. Customers can be purchasers who intend to resell the product or end users who intend to
use or consume the product. The market can be categorized into separate groups called
segments. When a producer appeals to a market or market segment, the producer must take
into account the distinction between the end user or consumer and the purchaser or decision
maker(s). This is especially true in B2B models. The market may be individuals or
organizations that are able to purchase the organization’s product. Each entity in the delivery
chain will have different needs, so a complete market needs analysis must include all
potential segments and all entities within each segment.
The Product:
“All goods, services, and ideas that are sold or traded”

Products that can be marketed include all goods, services, and ideas that are sold or
traded. Products can be either tangible, as in the case of physical goods, or intangibles, such
as those associated with service benefits or ideas (intellectual property), or any combination
of the three. The producer is the entity that offers the product to the market. The producer can
be the manufacturer, the wholesaler, the retailer, the service provider, or a combination of
these. For services, it is sometimes easier to use the term provider instead of producer.

 Goods:

Goods are a physical product capable of being delivered to a purchaser and

involve the transfer of ownership from seller to customer.

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  Services:

A service is a non-material action resulting in a measurable change of state for

the purchaser caused by the provider.

 Ideas (Intellectual Property):

Intellectual Property is any creation of the intellect that has commercial value, but
is sold or traded only as an idea, and not a resulting service or good. This includes
copyrighted property such as literary or artistic works, and ideational property, such as
patents, appellations of origin, business methods, and industrial processes.

Product Pricing:
Price is set at a level which indicates the perceived value agreement between
producer and purchaser.
Once an organization has its product to sell, it must then determine the appropriate
price to sell it at. The price is set by balancing many factors including supply-and-demand,
cost, desired profit, competition, perceived value, and market behavior. Ultimately, the final
price is determined by what the market is willing to exchange for the product. Pricing theory
can be quite complex because so many factors influence what the purchaser decides is a fair
value.
It also should be noted that, in addition to monetary exchange, price can be the
exchange of goods or services as in a barter agreement, or an exchange of specific behavior,
such as a vote in a political campaign.

Product Promotion:
Informing the market about a product, product line, brand, or company and
encouraging a purchase decision
Once an organization has learned the market needs, produced or procured a product,
and priced it, it then needs to promote the product by letting the market know that it exists,
and how it can be purchased.

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 Promotion involves providing information about a product, product line, brand, or
company. There are many ways to promote including:
 Advertising

 Personal selling

 Sales discounts

 Public Relations/Publicity

 Sampling

 Word of mouth, including electronic endorsements

 Product placement

Product Distribution:
“Delivery of the product to the purchaser”
Once an organization has produced or procured, priced, and promoted a product, it
then needs to deliver that product to the purchaser. Some distribution examples:
 Direct sale to the customer from the producer

 Wholesale distribution where the producer sells in large quantities only to an

intermediary, not the end user

 Retail sales where a retailer will buy large quantities, but sell smaller quantities to
individual customers

 Value added resale (VARs) where an organization purchases a product from a

producer and, in turn, resells it to a consumer after adding additional products,
services, or expertise.

Functions of Marketing:
To achieve success in your marketing effort you need to have glimpse of the big
pictures and the activities you need to perform in achieving your set marketing objectives,
these activities is referred to as
The function of marketing is refers to those specialize activities that you as a marketer
must perform in order to achieve your set marketing objectives.

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The ten (11) functions of marketing are;
1. Researching
2. Buying
3. Product development and management
4. Production
5. Promotion
6. Standardization and grading
7. Pricing
8. Distribution
9. Risk bearing
10. Financing
11. After sales-service

(1). Research Function:

The research function of marketing is that function of marketing that enables you
to generate adequate information regarding your particular market of target. You must carry
out adequate research to identify the size, behavior, culture, believe, genders etc. of your
target market segment, their needs and want, and then develop effective product that can meet
and satisfy these market needs and want.

(2). Buying Function:

The function of buying is performed in order to acquire quality materials for
production. When you design a good product concept, you should also ensure you're buying
the essential materials for the product. This function is carried out by the purchase and supply
department, but your specifications of materials goes a long way in assisting the purchasing
department to acquire the necessary materials needed for production.

(3)Product Development and Management:

Product development is an essential function of marketing since it was the duties
of the marketing department to identify what the market need or want and then design
effective product based on the identified need and want of the market. Product development
passes through some basic stages carried out by the marketers to develop a targeted market
specified product. And you can also manage your product by evaluating it performance and
changing them to fit the current market trend.

(4). Production Function:

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 Production is the function performs by the production department. Though, this is
interrelated to the department of marketing, because your product must possess the essential
characteristics that can meet the target market needs and want as identified during your
market research, such characteristics as in your product Test, Form, Packaging etc.

(5). Promotion Function:

Promotion is one of the core functions of marketing since your finish product
must not remain in the place of production, hence, you as a marketer must design effective
communication strategies to informing the availability of your product to your target market.

You must be able to design effective strategies to communicate your product

availability and features to your target market, such strategies as in; advertisement, personal
selling, public relation etc.

(6). Standardization and Grading:

The function of standardization is to establish specified characteristics that your
product must conform to, such standard as in having a specify test, ingredient etc. That makes
your product brand so unique.

Grading comes in when you sort and classify your product into deferent sizes or
quantities for different market segment while maintaining your product standard.

(7). Pricing Function:

You perform the function of pricing on your product offerings by designing
effective pricing systems base on your product stage and performance in the product life
cycle. Price is the actual value consumers perceive on your product, so you as a marketer
should ensure that your value of your product is not too high or too low to that of your
costumers.

(8). Distribution Function:

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 The function of distribution is to ensure that your product is easily and
effectively moved from the point of production to the target market, the kind of transportation
system to employ e.g. Road, rail, water or air, and ensures that the product can be easily
accessed by customers. You as a Marketer should also design the kind of middlemen to
engage in the channel of distribution, their incentives and motivations etc.

(9). Risk Bearing Function:

The process of moving a finished product from the point of production to the
point of consumptions is characterized with lots of risks, such risks as in product damaging,
pilferage and defaults etc. So you must provide effective packaging system to protect your
product, good warehouse for the storage of your product until they are needed, effective
transportation system to speedily deliver your product on time.

(10). Financing Function:

Financing deals with the part of marketing to providing incomes for your
business. It refers to how you can raise capital to start operation and remain in business. It
refers to your modes of payment for the goods and services transferred to your costumers.
(11). After Sales-Service:
In a more complex and technical product, you as a marketer should make
provision in order to assist your customers after they have purchased your product. In terms
of machines or heavy equipment product that requires installation or maintenance, most
marketing organization renders such services like installing the machine or maintaining it for
stipulated periods on time for free or by a little service charge.
After sales services is an effective marketing strategy to building a long lasting
customer relationship, staying ahead of your competitors while making profit for your
organization.
Adequate understanding of these functions enables you as a marketer to know
what is required to be done to having an effective transfer of ownership between you and
your costumers, creating a big picture of your business, while also making profit for your
organization.

Process of Marketing:

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 The activities of marketers both reflect and shape the world we live in. Every year
new products and services are launched and some of them succeed on an unprecedented
scale. As in the case of Apple's iPod, iPhone, and also iPad. They all are great inventions and
highly successful in market.
According to marketing concept, the organization must find ways to discover
unfulfilled customer needs and wants and bring products that satisfy those needs and wants.
This can be done in a sequence of steps that is called marketing process.
After reading this you will understand - what is marketing process, and the steps
involved in marketing process.

Meaning of Marketing Process:

The Marketing Process of a company typically involves identifying the viable and
potential marketing opportunities in the environment, developing strategies to effective utilize
the opportunities, evolving suitable marketing strategies, and supervising the implementation
of these marketing efforts.
Marketing process involves ways that value can be created for the customers to
satisfy their needs. Marketing process is a continual series of actions and reactions between
the customers and the organizations which are making attempt to create value for and satisfy
needs of customers. In marketing process the situation is analyzed to identify opportunities,
the strategy is formulated for a value proposition, tactical decisions are taken, plan is
implemented, and results are monitored.

Steps in Marketing Process:

Following are the steps involved in the Marketing Process:-
1. Situation Analysis
2. Marketing Strategy
3. Marketing Mix Decision
4. Implementation and Control

1. Situation Analysis:
Analysis of situation in which the organization finds itself serves as the basis for
identifying opportunities to satisfy unfulfilled customer needs. Situational and environmental

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analysis is done to identify the marketing opportunities, to understand firms own capabilities,
and to understand the environment in which the firm is operating.

2. Marketing Strategy:
After identifying the marketing opportunities a strategic plan is developed to
pursue the identified opportunities.

3. Marketing Mix Decisions:

At this step detailed tactical decisions are made for the controllable parameters of
the marketing mix. It includes - product development decisions, product pricing decisions,
product distribution decisions, and product promotional decisions.

4. Implementation and Control:

Finally, the marketing plan is implemented and the results of marketing efforts are
monitored to adjust the marketing mix according to the market changes.

NEED FOR THE STUDY

To analyse the existing situations of the company. In that the study gives the clear
cut picture to company regarding marketing. In such a competition in order to sustain and
grow and to market the products at a profit the company should have marketing system.
Any firm should study the needs and wants of its customer and should then make necessary
modifications fonts product range. It should determine the pricing strategies for its product
basing on the prices of competitors; income level of target group etc.., Promotions tools
involves complex issue in strategy and tactics and needs sophisticated knowledge and

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techniques in handling them effectively. A firm without proper physical distribution cannot
supply the production to their customers in time. Hence an attempt is made to study the
marketing management of proper industry with special reference to CHOWDARY
SPINNERS LIMITED, CHIVATAM, TANUKU.

SCOPE OF THE STUDY

The scope of the project is to study the marketing mix of Chowdary Spinning
Mills. The study is being done on various ranges of products of company and the price ranges
of them. It also focused on promotional activities undertaken by company to become a
successful business house in the industry. The scope of the study is also spread to understand
the positioning strategies adopted by the company at different times if the business cycle. Its
focus is the creation of long-term value, and not just short-term profits, for the company and
all it works with. The scope of marketing can thus be defined according to its constituencies,
how long-term value can be created for and with them and the benefits of doing so.

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 It is many times more expensive to win new customers than to keep existing ones.
That is marketing geared strategically to a company’s objectives offers crucial competitive
advantages.

OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

1. To Study Performance of Marketing Mix in CHOWDARY SPINNERS LIMITED.

2. To analyse the 4 P’s model in Market.
3. To examine the various products and services provided by the company.
4. To know investors experience on brand of Chowdary spinners limited.
5. To study what other services customers expect from the company.
6. To discuss the marketing activities in relation with marketing mix of Chowdary
spinners limited.

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 7. To identity the various problems related to marketing activities and provide
suggestions for improvement.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Research:-
The study of research method provides you with the knowledge and skills you need to
solve the problem and meet the challenges of the fast- based decision. Marketing
environment we define Business Research as a systematic inquiry whose objective is to
provide information to solve managerial problem.
It seeks to find explanation to unexplored phenomena to clarify the doubtful facts and to
correct the misconceived facts.
Types of Research:

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 1). Descriptive Research:
Descriptive study is a fact- finding investigation with adequate
interpretation. It is the simplest type of research. It is more specific than an explanatory study,
as it has focus on particular aspect of the problem studied. It is designed to get her descriptive
information and provide information for formulating more sophisticated studies. Data are
collected by using one or more appropriate method, observation, interviewing and mail
questionnaire.
Type of Data Used:-
There are basically two types of Data
1). Primary Data
2). Secondary Data
Primary Data:-
Primary Data is first hand information that the researcher collects. It helps in collecting
useful and most accurate information that is needed for the researcher to do his research.
Sources of Primary Data:-
 Questionnaire
 Interview Schedule
Secondary Data:-
Secondary data is what the researcher collects from different sources. It also help
researcher to get elaborate information to do his research.
Sources of Secondary Data:-
 Internet
 Journals

LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

1. Studies based on the given information by the departmental heads of the company are
biased.

2. Time spent in terms of data collection was less as most of the time we are busy to
complete our target

3. Non availability of related people.

4. Awareness level about the company is very low among the clients.

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5. Market was too busy during the period of research.

6. Sample size is small so sampling error may be committed.

CHAPTER-2

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 INDUSTRY PROFILE

PROFILE OF TEXTILE INDUSTRY IN INDIA

Spinning is a conversion of fibers into yarn. These fibers can be natural fibers
(cotton) or manmade fibers (polyester). Spinning also entails production of manmade
filament yarn (yarn that is not made from fibers). Final product of spinning is yarn. Cotton
value chain starts from Ginning that adds value to it by separating cotton from seed and
impurities. Spinning is the foundation process and all the subsequent value additions i.e.
Weaving, Knitting, Processing, Garments and Made ups, depend upon it. Any variation in
quality of spinning product directly affects the entire value chain. Spinning is a major part of
the textile industry. It is part of the textile manufacturing process where three types of fiber

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are converted into yarn, then fabrics, which undergo finishing processes such as bleaching to
become textiles. The textiles are then fabricated into clothes or other products. There are
three industrial processes available to spin yarn, and a handicraft community who use hand
spinning techniques. Spinning is the twisting together of drawn out strands of fibers to form
yarn, though it is colloquially used to describe the process of drawing out, inserting the twist,
and winding onto bobbins.
A spinning wheel is a device for spinning thread or yarn from natural or synthetic
fibers. Spinning wheels appeared in Asia, probably in the 11th century, and very gradually
replaced hand spinning with spindle and distaff. Spinning machinery, such as the spinning
jenny and spinning frame, displaced the spinning wheel during the Industrial Revolution.
The spinning wheel replaced the earlier method of hand spinning with a spindle. The
first stage in mechanizing the process was mounting the spindle horizontally so it could be
rotated by a cord encircling a large, hand-driven wheel. The great wheel is an example of this
type, where the fiber is held in the left hand and the wheel slowly turned with the right.
Holding the fiber at a slight angle to the spindle produced the necessary twist. The spun yarn
was then wound onto the spindle by moving it so as to form a right angle with the spindle.
This type of wheel, while known in Europe by the 14th century, was not in general use until
later. The construction of the Great Wheel made it very good at creating long drawn soft
fuzzy wools, but very difficult to create the strong smooth yarns needed to create warp for
weaving. Spinning wheels ultimately did not develop the capability to spin a variety of yarns
until the beginning of the 19th century and the mechanization of spinning.

TYPES

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 Numerous types of spinning wheels exist, including the great wheel also known
as walking wheel or wool wheel for rapid long draw spinning of woolen-spun yarns; the flax
wheel, which is a double-drive wheel used with a distaff for spinning linen; Saxony and
upright wheels, all-purpose treadle driven wheels used to spin both woolen and worsted-spun
yarns; and the charkha, native to Asia. Until the acceptance of rotor spinning wheel, all yarns
were produced by aligning fibers through drawing techniques and then twisting the fiber
together. With rotor spinning, the fibers in the roving are separated, thus open end, and then
wrapped and twisted as the yarn is drawn out of the rotor cup.
 Charkha
 Great wheel
 Treadle wheel
 Double drive
 Single drive
 Castle style
 Electric spinning wheel
1. Importance
The spinning wheel increased the productivity of thread making by a factor of
greater than 10. Medieval historian Lynn White credited the spinning wheel with increasing
the supply of rags, which led to cheap paper, which was a factor in the development of
printing.
2. Culture
The ubiquity of the spinning wheel has led to its inclusion in the art, literature
and other expressions of numerous cultures around the world, and in the case of South Asia it
has become a powerful political symbol.
3. Political Symbolism:
His starting in since 1931, his traditional spinning wheel became the primary
symbol on the flag of the Provisional Government of Free India. Gandhi’s manner of dress
and commitment to hand spinning were essential elements of his philosophy and politics. He
chose the traditional loincloth as a rejection of Western culture and a symbolic identification
with the poor of India. His personal choice became a powerful political gesture as he urged
his more privileged followers to copy his example and discard or even burn their European-
style clothing and return with pride to their ancient, pre-colonial culture.4 Gandhi claimed
that spinning thread in the traditional manner also had material advantages, as it would create

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the basis for economic independence and the possibility of survival for India’s impoverished
rural This commitment to traditional cloth making was also part of a larger Swedish
movement, which aimed for the boycott of all British goods. As Gandhi explained to Charlie
Chaplin in 1931, the return to spinning did not mean a rejection of all modern technology but
of the exploitive and controlling economic and political system in which textile manufacture
had become entangled. Gandhi said, “Machinery in the past has made us dependent on
England, and the only way we can rid ourselves of the dependence is to boycott all goods
made by machinery. This is why we have made it the patriotic duty of every Indian to spin his
own cotton and weave his own cloth.
4. Opera:
Spinning wheels also feature prominently in the Wagner opera The Flying Dutchman the
second act begins with local girls sitting at their wheels and singing about the act of spinning.
5. Art:
Spinning wheels may be found as motifs in art around the world, ranging from their status
as domestic, utilitarian items to their more symbolic role (such as in India, where
they may have political implications).
Types of Fiber:
Artificial fibers are made by extruding a polymer through a spinneret into a
medium where it hardens. Wet spinning (rayon) uses a coagulating medium. In dry spinning
(acetate and triacetate), the polymer is contained in a solvent that evaporates in the heated
exit chamber. In melt spinning (nylons and polyesters) the extruded polymer is cooled in gas
or air and sets. All these fibers will be of great length, often kilometers long.

Natural fibers are either from animals (sheep, goat, rabbit, silk-worm), mineral
(asbestos), or from plants (cotton, flax, sisal). These vegetable fibers can come from the seed
(cotton), the stem (known as best fibers: flax, hemp, jute) or the leaf (sisal). Without
exception, many processes are needed before a clean even staple is obtained each with a
specific name. With the exception of silk, each of these fibers is short, being only centimeters
in length, and each has a rough surface that enables it to bond with similar staples.

Artificial fibers can be processed as long fibers or batched and cut so they can be
processed like a natural fiber.

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Spinning:
Ring-spinning is the most common spinning method in the world. Other systems
include air-jet and open-end spinning. Open-end spinning is done using break or open-end
spinning. This is a technique where the staple fiber is blown by air into a rotor and attaches to
the tail of formed yarn that is continually being drawn out of the chamber. Other methods of
break spinning use needles and electrostatic forces.
The processes to make yarn short-staple yarn (typically spun from fibers from 0.75
to 2.0") are blending, opening, carding, pin-drafting, roving, spinning, and if desired plying
and dyeing. In long staple spinning, the process may start with stretch-break of tow, a
continuous "rope" of synthetic fiber. In open-end and air-jet spinning, the roving operation is
eliminated. The spinning frame winds yarn a bobbin. Generally, after this step the yarn is
wound to a cone for knitting or weaving.
In mule spinning the roving is pulled off a bobbin and fed through rollers, which
are feeding at several different speeds. This thins the roving at a consistent rate. If the roving
was not a consistent size, then this step could cause a break in the yarn, or could jam the
machine. The yarn is twisted through the spinning of the bobbin as the carriage moves out,
and is rolled onto a cop as the carriage returns. Mule spinning produces a finer thread than the
less skilled ring spinning.
 The mule was an intermittent process, as the frame advanced and returned a
distance of 5ft.It was the descendant of a 1779 Crompton device. It produces a
softer, less twisted thread that was favored for fines and for weft.
 The ring was a descendant of the Arkwright water frame of 1769. It was a
continuous process; the yarn was coarser, had a greater twist and was stronger
so was suited to be warp. Ring spinning is slow due to the distance the thread
must pass around the ring, and similar methods have improved on this; such as
flyer and bobbin and cap spinning. Sewing thread was made of several threads
twisted together, or doubled.
The pre-industrial techniques of hand spinning with spindle or spinning wheel
continue to be practiced as a handicraft or hobby, and enable wool or unusual vegetable and
animal staples to be creatively used.

 Checking:
This is the process where each of the bobbins is rewound to give a tighter
bobbin.

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 Folding and Twisting:
Plying is done by pulling yarn from two or more bobbins and twisting it
together, in the opposite direction from that in which it was spun. Depending on the
weight desired, the yarn may or may not be plied, and the number of strands twisted
together varies.

History and Economics:

Hand-spinning was a cottage industry in medieval Europe, where the wool
spinners (often women and children) would provide enough yarn to service the needs of the
men who operated the loom. This would occur in districts favorable to sheep husbandry. The
introduction of the flying shuttle upset this balance. The subsequent invention of the spinning
jenny water frame redressed the balance but required water power to operate the machinery,
and the industry relocated to West Yorkshire where this was available. The nascent cotton
industry was located on wetter side of the same hills. The British government was very
protective of this technology, restricting its export. By the aftermath of World War I the
colonies where the cotton was grown started to purchase and manufacture significant
quantities of cotton spinning machinery. The next breakthrough was with the move over to
break or open-end spinning, and then the adoption of artificial fibers. By then most
production had moved to India and China.
During the industrial revolution, spinners, doffers, and sweepers were employed in
spinning mills for the 18th to 20th centuries. Many employees of the mill were children, who
were preferred due to their small size and agility.
Spinning is manufacturing process for creating polymer fibers. It is a specialized
form of extrusion that uses a spinneret to form multiple continuous filaments. There are four
types of spinning wet, dry, melt, and gel spinning. First, the polymer being spun must be
converted into a fluid state. If the polymer is a thermoplastic then it is just melted, if not then
it may be dissolved in a solvent or chemically treated to form soluble or thermoplastic
derivatives. The fluid polymer is then forced through the spinneret, where the polymer cools
to a rubbery state, and then a solidified state.

1. Dry Spinning:
Dry spinning is also used for fiber-forming substances in solution.
However, instead of precipitating the polymer by dilution or chemical reaction, solidification
is achieved by evaporating the solvent in a stream of air or inert gas. The filaments do not

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come in contact with a precipitating liquid, eliminating the need for drying and easing solvent
recovery. This process may be used for the production.
2. Wet Spinning:
Wet spinning is the oldest process. It is used for fiber-forming substances
that have been dissolved in a solvent. The spinnerets are submerged in a chemical bath and as
the filaments emerge they precipitate from solution and solidify. Because the solution is
extruded directly into the precipitating liquid, this process for making.
3. Melt Spinning:

In melt spinning, the fiber-forming substance is melted for extrusion

through the spinneret and then directly solidified by cooling. Nylon, olefin, polyester, saran
and sulfas are produced in this manner. Melt spun fibers can be extruded from the spinneret
in different cross-sectional shapes (round, trigonal, pentagonal, octagonal, and others).
Trigonal-shaped fibers reflect more light and give an attractive sparkle to textiles.
Pentagonal-shaped and hollow fibers, when used in carpet, show less soil and dirt. Octagonal-
shaped fibers offer glitter-free effects.
4. Gel Spinning:
Gel spinning is a special process used to obtain high strength or other
special fiber properties. The polymer is not in a true liquid state during extrusion. Not
completely separated, as they would be in a true solution, the polymer chains are bound
together at various points in liquid crystal form. This produces strong inter-chain forces in
the resulting filaments that can significantly increase the tensile strength of the fibers. In
addition, the liquid crystals are aligned along the fiber axis by the shear forces during
extrusion. The filaments emerge with an unusually high degree of orientation relative to each
other, further enhancing strength. The process can also be described as dry-wet spinning,
since the filaments first pass through air and then are cooled further in a liquid bath. Some
high-strength polyethylene and aramid fibers are produced by gel spinning.
5. Open end Spinning:
Open end spinning or open-end spinning is a technology for
creating yarn without using a spindle. It was invented and developed in Czechoslovakia in
Výzkumný ústav bavlnářský / Cotton Research Institute in Ústínad Orlicí in 1963. It is also
known as break spinning or rotor spinning. The principle behind open end spinning is similar
to that of a clothes dryer spinning full of sheets. If you could open the door and pull out a

23
sheet, it would spin together as you pulled it out. Sliver from the card goes into the rotor, is
spun into yarn and comes out, wrapped up on a bobbin, all ready to go to the next step. There
is no roving stage or re-packaging on an auto-corner. This system is much less labor-intensive
and faster than ring spinning with rotor speeds up to 140,000rpm. The Rotor design is the key
to the operation of the open-ended spinners. Each type of fiber may require a different rotor
design for optimum product quality and processing speed. The first open-end machines in the
United Kingdom were placed, under great secrecy, by Curtails into Maple Mill, Oldham in
1967.
One disadvantage of open-end spinning is that it is limited to coarser counts,
another is the structure of the yarn itself with fibers less in parallel compared to ring spun
yarns for example, consequently cloth made from open-end yarn has a 'fuzzier' feel and
poorer wear resistance.
History:
The global demand for spun fiber is huge. Converting raw fiber to yarn is a
complicated process. Many manufacturers compete to provide the spinning machines that are
essential to meeting the demand by delivering increases in spinning productivity and
additional improvements in yarn quality. Over the past three centuries spinning technology
has been continuously improved through thousands of minor innovations, and occasional
major advances that have collectively increased the quality and lowered the cost of producing
yarn dramatically.
Major technology advances have included:

 Hand spinning,
 Mule spinning
 Ring spinning
 Rotor spinning
 Draft Friction Spinning
 Open-End spinning.

Characteristics:
A good Open-end machine should have,
 Higher Productivity:
This is a major criterion as productivity reduces the cost of manufacturing. The O.E
machines which are now in market boasts of many a basic needs like, longer length of

24
machine, higher speeds, able to process coarser hank, fewer changes for Count, easy access to
parts (less downtime for cleaning), longer production time between cleaning schedules,
computerized controls for less power consumption and lower downtime and complete report
generation giving leads to problem area are some points to discuss.
 High Content Sliver Cans (up to 18”):
In early days large machines were equipped with less distance between Rotors
(Gauge of machine). This led to creeping of very small cans, which required frequent can
changes. Each can change requires a break in the yarn. All major manufacturers currently
allow cans up to 18” diameter leading to less breakage, less joining of yarn, hence better
quality and higher productivity. Originally round cans were used. Rectangular cans are used
because they double sliver capacity in the same sliver can footprint.
 Larger Packages of Yarn (4 to 5 kg):
The final package size has continued to increase. The final package size is
important because it reduces tube change frequency and thus reduces idle time for creeping.
Current yarn packages typically weigh 4 to 5 Kgs. The Savior Super Spinner 3000 currently
has the largest package size at 6kgs.
 Less Power Consumption:
Using individual motors and electronic controls for each of the various drives of the
machine maximize energy efficiency and minimize downtime.
 Automation:
All spinning machines, whether ring or open end, need yarn joining to repair breaks or
start new sliver cans. Joining the yarn has historically been a labor intensive activity and a
source of quality defects. Auto piecing units are robots that automate this process. Market
leaders like Schlafhorst, Reiter, and Savior have machines that incorporate good quality auto
pieces and auto doffing. This automation leads to less material handling costs and helps
improve quality of the final product.
 Flexibility of Spinning Components:
Many vendors are offering machines that can be programmed to produce many
different types of yarns. The ability to rapidly change production results in the flexibility to
serve multiple markets. A contemporary spinning mill should be able to produce a range of
products: denim, knitting, towels, structured fabrics, construction fabrics and various other
products like core spun, multi count etc.
 Handling Count Range:
25
 Machines need to be easily programmed to spin yarns from 4sNe to 60sNe. This
ability allows a single machine to produce yarns that cater to many different end user
requirements.
Advantages:
 Disappearance of simplex frame.
 Under certain circumstances elimination of the second passage draw frame.
 In some cases, with the use of auto-leveler at the cards, elimination of even the draw
frame passage.
 Bigger supply of cans to open end and bigger packages to weaving.
 Elimination of winding.
 Less labor and power cost per kg of yarn.
 Higher productivity almost 7 times in the case of 10s and high efficiency.
 Fully automated mill a reality.

Disadvantages:
 Restricted only coarse counts.
 High capital cost.
 Usage restricted in case yarn is weak.
 Yarn realization in the case of waste mixing will be poor, resulting in increased mixing
cost.
 Wear and tear of rotors, combing rollers, and navels are very high when highly trash
content mixing is used resulting in heavy replacement cost.
 In case reeling is done additional reeling cost is involved resulting in higher
manufacturing cost.
Textile Yarn Types:
Types of yarns include spun yarn and filament yarn. Yarns are made by utilizing either
staple or filament fibers or strands or by combining both. Filament tow is a term applied to a
long rope like bundle of raw fibers which has not been cut or processed into staple form. The
tow is composed of numerous strands of continuous fibers which are extruded from the
spinneret in preparation of forming a tow to be processed for cutting. Filament yarns are also
classified as monofilament and multi-filament yarns.

26
Cotton Spun Yarn and Cotton Staple (Fiber):
Spun yarn is a kind of yarn made by gathering together a bundle of staple by
spinning the spindles at a very high speed to twist the staples together to form a piece of yarn.
The usual length of the staple of any kind, such as wool, ramie, or any type of synthetic fiber
for spinning should be less than 7”. Cotton staple is usually between 3/8” and 2- ¼” long.
Cotton staple of less than ½” long is usually not used for quilt, padding or spinning into yarn
because spun yarn of such short staple will have very weak tensile strength which is not
suitable for these fabrics. The quality of cotton is determined by the length of staple. Long
staple means high quality and vice versa. By quality cotton is basically divided into the
following four major groups.
1. Sea Island Cotton:
This is the best quality cotton in the world. It has the longest and finest staple reaching 2-
¼” which is the maximum length by nature. It is named so because this type of cotton is
particularly found in South Carolina, Georgia and Florida and many islands off the coast
of these states.

2. Pima Cotton:
It is the name given to the cotton of the second longest staple reaching 1- 3/4”. It is grown
in Peru and Egypt (also called as Peruvian and Egyptian cotton). However, it is also grown
in the south western U.S.
3. U.S Cotton :
Generally refers to cotton in United States other than Sea Island cotton .The staple length
varies but may reach 1- ½”.

27
 4. Asian Cotton:
This cotton is grown in Asia, Japan, China, Pakistan and India. The staple length is usually
not longer than 1- 1/8” Other than the length of cotton staple which is of great importance,
the thickness of it is important too because only cotton of long and fine staple to make
high quality fine fabrics. The wool thickness varies depending on the kind of wool and
origin of it. Synthetic fiber is made by machine and we can adjust the thickness usually
between 0.01 mm and 0.04 mm based on our needs. The staple length of each kind of the
above mentioned cotton can be substantially shorter than indicated. Before spinning yarn,
cotton of different staple length is sorted into groups such as: Cotton of all long staple
length (called as fully combed cotton) is sorted for making fully combed yarn. Cotton of
medium length staple (called as semi combed cotton) for making semi combed yarn.
Cotton of all short staple (called as carded cotton) for making carded yarn. Fabrics of fully
combed yarn would have a smooth silky surface where as fabrics made of carded yarn
would have nubs or dead cotton on the surface, which are usually less color absorbent. As
a result it is coarse and not very soft. Therefore, we usually use combed yarn to make light
weight fabrics such as shirting’s etc. but use carded yarn which is cheaper to make heavy
fabrics such as heavy denim canvas. Theoretically, a piece of yarn can be made of any
size, usually from 4 count to 120 count or even heavier than 4 count or finer than 120
count.1 count yarn means 840 yards to weigh 1 lb. 2 count yarn means 1,680 yards (twice
as long as 1 lb), and of 10 count yarn means 8400 yards (10 times as long) to weigh 1 lb
and so on. Therefore split the one count yarn into almost any number and call it yarn of
that count .This is the system used to control the size of the spun yarn of 100% cotton,
polyester, wool, acrylic, ramie, rayon or any mixture of them.

Characteristics of Textile Spun Yarn:

1. composed of short staple fibers of definite length
2. Made from natural cotton, flax or wool staple fibers
3. Made from natural or man-made filaments which are chopped or cut into short lengths
and referred to as filament staple yarns
4. Individual fiber length vary
5. Bigger and wider in diameter than filament fiber yarns

28
6. Fuzzy appearance and feel, fiber ends protrude from yarn
7. Uneven number of fibers throughout
8. Range from soft, loose construction to hard finished, fine twist yarns
9. Thick and thin areas highly twisted
10. Fall apart when untwisted
11. Dull or flat in appearance
12. Rough to touch
13. Natural textural appearance and feel
14. Bulkier to the feel
15. Provide good covering power
16. Snagging depends on fabrics structure
17. Pilling depends on fiber content.
Market:
The world cotton cultivation area and cotton production are estimated at around
30-31 million hectares and 20 million tons respectively. The biggest cultivators of cotton are
America, India, China, Egypt, Pakistan, Sudan and Eastern Europe. India is the third largest
producers of cotton after USA and China. USA has a considerable share in world exports.
India and China both fall short of their domestic requirement and are net importers. Andhra
Pradesh is 3rd largest state in India which grows cotton. Among the consumers China leads
the way being followed by India, Pakistan, USA and Turkey.
Indian Textile Industry contributes 4% to the GDP of the country, it
contributes14% to Industrial Production, 9% of excise collections, 18% of employment in
industrial sector, and has 16 % share in country’s export. Textile industry provides
employment to 35 million people in India.

 Raw Material:
The main raw material for the spinning process is Ginned cotton will be available in
Bales of 170 Kgs/bale.

 Manufacturing Process& Technology:

Spinning process is shown in the flowchart given below. Cotton which is in the
form bales is fed to blow room followed by various operations like carding and combing

29
depends on the requirement. The final yarn of required specifications are met through these
operations and winded.

Figure: Manufacturing Process& Technology

hile there has been a steady rise in plumage, there has been an increase in the number of mills
Growth Sickness:
Even w “that stopped production temporarily” and those closed and sick. While the
number or mills (non SSI) was 130 in 1991-1992 and 132 in 1994-1995, it rise 383 in 2000-
2001. There is a feeling that serious efforts should be made to identifying and support mills
that can be revived. The spinning industry gradually increased in private sector day by day.
The spinning industries can increase its value around the world by exporting thread, cotton
etc.., the government given the spinning industry to private people to increase the our source
of income in market
Spun Yarn Production by Private, Public and Co-operative Mills (Million
kg)
YEAR PRIVATE PUBLIC COOPERATIVE TOTAL

30
 2000-2001 2053.43 58.96 154.47 2266.86
2001-2002 2195.24 50.31 143.36 2388.91
2002-2003 2209.35 48.25 139.92 2397.67
2003-2004 2764.42 45.37 136.92 2946.71
2004-2005 2874.32 43.63 130.74 3048.69
2005-2006 2963.25 41.73 128.37 3133.35
2006-2007 3120.40 38.36 100.42 3259.18
2007-2008 3236.19 37.20 97.35 3370.74
2008-2009 3350.62 34.89 96.59 3420.40
2009-2010 3397.84 35.15 95.95 3528.94
2010-2011 3454.20 33.60 94.86 3582.66
2011-2012 3612.31 32.44 92.23 3736.98
2012-2013 3758.90 32.10 89.54 3880.54
2013-2014 3890.57 30.38 85.24 4006.19
2014-2015 4020.67 33.23 84.50 4138.40
2015-2016 5200.30 25.33 65.30 5641.20

The Textiles Commissioner Organization:

The function of the organization are many and diverse to advise the Government and
Planning commission on the targets of production for the various five year plans, to scrutinize
proposals from mills. Few expansion recommend new installations for licensing to exercise
control over the pattern of production, to ensure adequate supplies of raw materials to the
industry and to make recommendation to Government in this regard to collect and publish all
relevant statistical data relating to production, stocks, imports, exports etc., in short one might
say that the textile commissioner in the administrative authority for implementation of
Government policies with regard to all textile industry.
Cotton textile industry being the largest industry in India, has spread all parts of the
country. It is mostly localized in the states of Maharashtra and Gujarat. In recent years, cotton
textiles industry has also spread to a number of other states like Madhya Pradesh, Bihar,
Kerala, Andhra Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh and Tamilnadu.
Product Characterization:
The process of making fabric from raw cotton is a long one and
c o n s i s t s o f v a r i o u s stages. There are two technologies available to spin the
yarn, first and the foremost is Ring Spun and second is Open End. With the development
in technology, and changing need of people world over different types of cotton yarns like
100% cotton compact yarn,100% organic cotton yarns, 100% cotton mercerized yarns
etc. have been developed which are used to manufacture a wide variety of cotton fabrics

31
and clothing. Mostly rings p u n y a r n s a r e u s e d f o r p r o d u c i n g f i n e q u a l i t y
c l o t h i n g , b e d l i n e n s , b e d s h e e t s , b e d spreads, pillow covers etc., while open end
yarns are used for manufacturing denim wear, towels, etc This is similar to treating different
diseases with different medicines. Like a wrong medicine can prove hazardous for the heath
of a patient, in a similar way a wrong choice of yarn will result in the creation of the wrong
type of fabric or clothing. The basic difference between the yarns is their count. Different
counts are used to make different type of fabrics. In some cases, the cotton yarn is blended
with some other yarn in different ratios to provide different effects like shining or to lend
more elasticity to the yarn. It is the yarn count and the twisting mode of the yarn
that actually determines the overall strength and look of the manufactured fabric.
100% cotton compact yarn and100% cotton mercerized yarns have less hairiness
and the fabric made from these is of fine quality are is used for manufacturing luxury
clothing and bedding The count of Yarn can vary from 2’s to 72’s, the higher the number,
the finer the yarn is.
The Indian Textile and Spinning Industry:
The Indian textile industry is one the largest and oldest sectors in the country and
among the most important in the economy in terms of output, investment and employment.
The sector employs nearly 35 million people and after agriculture, is the second-
highest employer in the country. The Indian Spinning Industry is an integral part
of the Indian Textile Industry.
 India claims to be the second largest manufacturer as well as provider of
cotton yarn and textiles in the world
 India holds around 25 percent share in the cotton yarn industry across the globe
 India contributes to around 12 percent of the world's production of cotton yarn and
textiles
 India covers 61 percent of the international textile market
 In terms of spindle age, the Indian textile industry is ranked second, after
China, and accounts for 23% of the world’s spindle capacity.
Spinning Companies in India:
T h e s p i n n i n g i n d u s t r y i s d o m i n a t e d b y l a rg e u n i t s a n d i t h a s b e e n
a b l e t o u n d e rg o significant modernization since the 1990s. The main factors
behind the modernization include lowering of custom duties and other restrictions
on imports of machinery and equipment and lowering of restrictions on imports
and exports of raw cotton and yarn. The spinning industry, which is dominated by
medium and large units producing more than 90 percent of the output and total
32
value added. During an early period of policy reform (1983–1990), the demand
increased due to spurt in exports, which caused better utilization of existing spindles and
led to reduction in idle capacity. During later phase (1990–2005), the investment in
new spindles increased at a very rapid rate. This lead to rise in efficiency of the working
spindles and relative productivity of working spindles compared to the most recent
technology improved over time. The units in spinning sector are relatively less as most of the
units in this segment belong to large sector. This becomes clear as units belonging to cotton
and synthetic spinning in terms of value added accounts for 22.4 per cent in the total
value added in textile and clothing sector. The high share in value added
compared to units is mainly because of dominance of medium and large units in
spinning sector. The share of large units in total value addition in cotton and synthetic
spinning sector accounts for 86.1 per cent.

There are 1834 cotton/man-made fiber textile mills (non-Small Scale) in the country
with37.07 million spindles, 4, 89,718 rotors and 56,524 looms.
Share in GDP:
Its importance is underlined by the fact that The Textile industry accounts for around
4% of Gross Domestic Product, 14% of industrial production, 9% of excise collections, 18%
of employment in the industrial sector, and 16% of then
country’s.Total exports earnings. TheSpinning sector, which is integrated to the Textileindustr
y accounts to22.4% of the total value of the Textile Industry.
Economic Trends:
The Textile industry has been witnessing a massive upsurge in the recent
years. The industry size has expanded from USD 49 billion in 2006-07 to USD 65 billion in
2009-16. During this era, the local market witnessed a growth of USD 15 billion, that is, from
USD 30 billion to USD 45 billion increased by every year.
Domestic Production:
The Production of Yarn has been on the rise. Raw material has been less with respect
to the demand for Spun Yarn. The prices of Cotton Hank Yarn increased by 32.5% in
Oct.2010 in comparison to the prices of Oct. 2009.The consumption of the Raw material
i.e. Cotton and the production of yarn have been going up gradually.

33
 The share of medium and large units in total value added of the sector is
92.8 per cent whereas their share in value of output is 90.2 per cent. These units
employ around 66 percent of the total labor engaged in the spinning sector.
Foreign Exports:
The textiles industry accounts for 14% of industrial production and accounts for
nearly 12% share of the country's total exports basket. The Government fixed the
target for 2008-09 at US $ 26.55 billion and increase of 20% over the actual
performance of US$22.14 billion in 2007-08, for export of textiles. However, no targets
were fixed for 2009-2016. Later it should be in increasing position.
At present, Indian textile indus try holds 3.5 to 4 percent share
in the total textile production across the globe and 3 percent share in the export
production of clothing.USA is known to be the largest purchaser of Indian textiles. Nearly
half of Indian export was accounted by eight countries namely Bangladesh, Egypt, China,
Portugal, Italy, Turkey, Iran and South Korea Russia (In order of export
value).Las t year, the proportion w as accounted by only seven countries name
ly Turkey, Bangladesh, Brazil, Egypt, Italy, South Korea and Peru

Percentage of Spinning Mills in Country Wide:

34
 The prices of Yarn export have been increasing with no sign of relief due to
the recent increase in demand after a lull period in academic years.
Trends in Cotton Consumption by the Textile Industry Over the Last Years
2001-2015:

Year Cotton Consumption

2000-2001 160.33
2001-2002 158.70
2002-2003 154.05
2003-2004 163.39
2004-2005 180.55
2005-2006 199.00
2006-2007 216.15
2007-2008 217.75
2008-2009 192.00
2009-2010 230.00
2010-2011 225.67
2011-2012 210.83
2012-2013 226.12
2013-2014 230.98
2014-2015 240.88
2015-2016 340.30

35
36
 CHAPTER-3
COMPANY PROFILE

37
 COMPANY PROFILE
Profile of the Company:
Chowdary Spinners Limited was promoted by Sri Ch.V.V. Prasad Chowdary in the
year 1982 for manufacture of Cotton Yarn .The company was initially incorporated as
‘Chowdary Spinners Private Limited’ and became Limited Company and the name was
changed to ‘CHOWDARY SPINNERS LIMITED’ on 01-07-1998 The Company modestly
commenced operations in 1995 with 9,216 spindles and gradually expanded to
20,400spindles as on date .They have availed Term Loan from AP State Financial
Corporation and Cash Credit From Union Bank of India and repaid the same in scheduled
time .They are enjoying monopoly status in some counts of yarn in local market .Their brand
is well established in local market as well as upcountry markets like Mumbai, Ichalkaranji,
Burhanpur, Kolkata, etc. The main objectives of the company is
 To carry on the business of manufacturers of and dealers in all kinds of cotton, rayon,
polyester, manmade fiber, silk, woolen, linen, hemp, jute and other yarn and all kinds
and classes of cloth and fabrics manufactured from such yarn.
 To carry on the business of bleaching, dying, printing, coating, singeing, mercerizing,
calendaring, finishing, resin finishing, sewing and all other kinds of processing of
yarn and procuring unfinished yarn, cloth, any other textile fabric or other apparel and
converting of such procured goods into finished article of marketable nature with
added utility and value.
 To carry on the business of spinning, weaving, ginning, dyeing, printing, bleaching,
manufacturing or dealing in cellulose, viscose, rayon, yarns and fibers, all kinds of
synthetic and manmade fibers and yarn
Company Information:
1. a) NAME OF THE COMPANY Chowdary Spinners Limited
b) DATE OF INCORPORATION 1994

2. CONSTITUTION LIMITED COMPANY

3. ADDRESS
a) Regd. / Admin. Office D.No: 1-168,
CHIVATAM – 534 216,
TANUKU, W.G.Dt, AP.

38
 b) Unit / Works D.No: 1-168,
CHIVATAM – 534 216,
TANUKU, W.G.Dt, AP.

4. NAMES OF DIRECTORS NAME OF DIRECTORS

1.Sri.Ch.V.V.Prasad Chowdary
2.Sri.N.Srirama Krishna Rao
3.Sri.N.Ganesh
4.Sri N.Sudhakar
5.Sri K.NarayanaRao
6.Sri S.Rama Krishna

5. BACKGROUND OF PROMOTERS / Sri.Ch.V.V.Prasad Chowdary is the main

DIRECTORS person, who is managing the day today
affairs of the company. Though other
Directors are on the board (close
relatives), from Sri Ch.V.V.Prasad
Chowdary is actively involved in the
development of the company. He is
successfully running three textile mills
and a Finance Company.

Sri Ch.V.V.Prasad Chowdary is Bachelor

of Engineering (B.E) from reputed
University in Tamilnadu After taking his
degree, he starts spinning mill and
gradually increased spinning mill
capacity from 9216 Spindles 20400
Spindles He is the Chairman &
Managing Director for Chowdary
Spinners Limited.

6. CAPITAL STRUCTURE

a) Authorised Capital Rs.70.00 Lakhs Equity shares of Rs.10/-

each aggregating to Rs.700.00 lakhs.

39
 b) Issued Capital Issued Capital 56 lakhs Equity shares of
Rs.10/- each aggregating to Rs.560.00
lakhs .

c) Subscribed/Paid Capital Subscribed & paid capital 56.00 lakhs

Equity shares Rs.10/-each aggregating
Rs.560.00 lakhs.

7 LINE OF ACTIVITY Manufacturers of Cotton, Polyester

blended yarn, various counts.

MIXING

BLOW ROOM

CARDING

CARDED COMBED
YARyROUTE ROUTE
LAP FORMAR

COMBER

DRAW
FRAME-I
DRAW
FRAME-II
SIMPLEX

RING FRAME

HANK YARN CONE YARN DOUBLED YARN

REELING AUTO
AUTOCONE
CONE AUTO CONE
WINDING
WINDING WINDING

BUNDLING CONE PACKING PLY WINDER

BALING DOUBLING

PROCESS FLOW CHART

HANK YARN CONE YARN

REELING CONE WINDING

40
BUNDLING CONE PACKING

BALING
Process of Manufacture:

41
 A brief note regarding the process of manufacture along with flow chart of the
product, under reference shall be given:
 Mixing:
Cotton bales according to the staples strength, MIC.Value and
cleanliness selected for the desired counts are opened and mixing is done. The stock
is allowed to stand for 24 hours to regain natural / moisture conditions.
 Blow Room:
The cotton from the mixing is fed into Blow Room line consisting of
various openers, beaters followed by exhaust fans and case condensers wherein
cotton tufts is subjected to more opening, beating and cleaning, during this process
heavy impurities, trash, dust and dirt is removed and by proper feed control system
uniformity of weight is maintained and finally Made into a lap of define measure of
weight and length.
 Carding:
The lap from the Blow Room is fed into the carding Machines where
the fibers are individualized / parallel thereby removing Trash, Foreign matter and
other impurities and made to the form of sliver.
 Pre Comb Drawing:
The sliver from the carding are fed to the drawing machine where the
fibers are drafted and made to lie parallel to one another and in this process Sliver is
made uniform by blending. The object of Drawing process is attenuation of
increasing the length per unit weight of Sliver.
 Lap Former:
For combed counts the sliver from the Drawing are doubled and made
into the form of a small lap (sliver lap) for feeding to the comber conveniently.
 Combing:
The laps from the former is fed to the combers. The object is to remove
short fibers, naps and impurities by using special type of needle combers. The
quantity of waste extract is called comber moil. The varieties from 15% to 20%
depending upon requirement as semi combing, medium combing and super combing.
At present the company using medium and super coming for high counts. The
company at most conveniently using the comber noel in O.E. mixing as a self-
consumption. Proper accounting treatment has been given to the concerned higher
mixing and O.E. mixing.
42
  Post Comb Drawing:
The combed sliver from that combed process is fed to the drawing
machines the fibers are crafted and made to lie parallel to one another and in this
process sliver is made uniform by blending.
 Simplex:
In carding process after drawing the sliver will be taken to “Inter
Process” directly. Where as in combing process after pre-comber Drawing it will go
to super lap former, Comber and again one more Drawing Process (Post comber
Drawing) before feeding to inter (simplex). The object of inter is to continue the
drafting (attenuation) to introduce a small amount of twist and to prepare a proper
package of Roving for feeding Ring Frame.
 Ring Spinning:
The roving bobbins from the Simplex Machine are fed to Ring Frame
where it is drafted to the required count and twist is inserted. The soft waste
produced is collected in a pneumatic chamber and the same is used in mixing.
The cops from Spinning will go to reeling and Cone-winding according to the
requirements. Ring Frames are provided with overhead Traveling Cleaners, which
runs on the rails, fixed above the Ring Frames.
The Overhead Traveling done by Blowing and sucking keeps Ring Frame
Top Creel area, drafting zones, and floor clean. This reduces loose fluff and dirt
enables to improve the quality and for better housekeeping.
 Cone-Winding:
Cops from Spinning are made in the form of cones weighing 1 kg. or
as to a desired cone weight each and then packed in cartons bags.
 Doubling:
The cheeses prepared on doublers winder are cruelled in doubling
machine and the two yarns are twisted in the form of cops. The cops are conditioned
in water and reeled for the next process.
 Reeling:
The cops from spinning are conditioned in water and fed to reeling
where the hanks are produced and knots prepared for the next process. Plain and
cross reeling is done as per requirements.
 Bundling & Baling:

43
 The loose knots of reeling machines are pressed to bundles and then
they are packed into Bales in Baling Machine
SWOT ANALYSIS
Strengths:
i) The Promoters are experienced and the company is an existing, profit making unit.
ii) The Promoters are from well educated and have good knowledge in textiles.
iii) Existing infrastructure can be made use for marketing the products of the Company.
iv) The Company’s past track record in repayment of its loan commitments has been
good.
Weaknesses:
i) The Company faces severe competition in the industry.
ii) The company is not re-investing extra funds.

Opportunities:
i) There is a wide demand and supply gap for the yarn manufactured by the company.
ii) Government also given very good push-up to moderate the spinning mills with
sophisticated machinery and announced export oriented incentives for development of
the industry.
Threats:
i) This industry purely depends on agro based products. Due to lack good monsoon,
industry is facing some shortage of raw materials and it leads higher production cost
and finished products are not getting such level of benefit.
ii) Because of the above reason, our (India) production cost is higher than other countries
so we are facing some problems to compete in international market.

44
 CHAPTER-4
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

45
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK OF MARKETING MIX
The marketing mix is one of the most famous marketing terms. The marketing mix
is the tactical or operational part of a marketing plan. The marketing mix is also called the
4Ps and the 7Ps. The 4Ps are price, place, product and promotion. The services marketing
mix is also called the 7Ps and includes the addition of process, people and physical evidence.
The marketing mix is . . . The set of controllable tactical marketing tools – product,
price, place, and promotion – that the firm blends to produce the response it wants in the
target market.
Kotler and Armstrong (2010).
The concept is simple. Think about another common mix – a cake mix. All cakes
contain eggs, milk, flour, and sugar. However, you can alter the final cake by altering the
amounts of mix elements contained in it. So for a sweet cake add more sugar!
It is the same with the marketing mix. The offer you make to your customer can be
altered by varying the mix elements. So for a high profile brand, increase the focus on
promotion and desensitize the weight given to price.
Another way to think about the marketing mix is to use the image of an artist’s
palette. The marketer mixes the prime colours (mix elements) in different quantities to deliver
a particular final colour. Every hand painted picture is original in some way, as is every
marketing mix. Let’s look at the elements of the marketing mix in more detail. Click on the
links to go to the lesson on each element.

 Price:

Price is the amount the consumer must exchange to receive the offering.
Solomon et al (2009).

46
 The company’s goal in terms of price is really to reduce costs through improving
manufacturing and efficiency, and most importantly the marketer needs to increase the
perceived value of the benefits of its products and services to the buyer or consumer.
There are many ways to price a product. Let’s have a look at some of them and try to
understand the best policy/strategy in various situations.
 Place:
Place includes company activities that make the product available to target
consumers.
Kotler and Armstrong (2010).
Place is also known as channel, distribution, or intermediary. It is the mechanism
through which goods and/or services are moved from the manufacturer/ service provider to
the user or consumer.
 Product:
Product means the goods-and-services combination the company offers to the
target market.
Kotler and Armstrong (2010).
For many a product is simply the tangible, physical item that we buy or sell. You can
also think of the product as intangible i.e. a service.
In order to actively explore the nature of a product further, let’s consider it as three
different products – the CORE product, the ACTUAL product, and finally the AUGMENTED
product.
The Product Life Cycle (PLC) is based upon the biological life cycle. For example, a
seed is planted (introduction); it begins to sprout (growth); it shoots out leaves and puts down
roots as it becomes an adult (maturity); after a long period as an adult the plant begins to
shrink and die out (decline).
The Customer Life Cycle (CLC) has obvious similarities with the Product Life Cycle
(PLC). However, CLC focuses upon the creation and delivery of lifetime value to the
customer i.e. looks at the products or services that customers need throughout their lives.
 Promotion:
Promotion includes all of the activities marketers undertake to inform
consumers about their products and to encourage potential customers to buy these products.
Solomon et al (2009).

47
 Promotion includes all of the tools available to the marketer for marketing
communication. As with Neil H. Borden’s marketing mix, marketing communications has its
own promotions mix. Whilst there is no absolute agreement on the specific content of a
marketing communications mix, there are many promotions elements that are often included
such as sales, advertising, sales promotion, public relations, direct marketing, online
communications and personal selling.
 Physical Evidence:
The environment in which the service is delivered, and where the firm and
customer interact, and any tangible components that facilitate performance or communication
of the service.
Zeithaml et al (2008)
Physical Evidence is the material part of a service. Strictly speaking there are no
physical attributes to a service, so a consumer tends to rely on material cues. There are many
examples of physical evidence, including some of the following buildings, equipment, signs
and logos, annual accounts and business reports, brochures, your website, and even your
business cards.
 People:
All human actors who play a part in service delivery and thus influence the
buyers’ perceptions, namely, the firm’s personnel, the customer, and other customers in the
service environment.
Zeithaml et al (2008).
People are the most important element of any service or experience. Services tend to
be produced and consumed at the same moment, and aspects of the customer experience are
altered to meet the individual needs of the person consuming it.
 Process
The actual procedures, mechanisms, and flow of activities by which the service
is delivered – this service delivery and operating systems.
Zeithaml et al (2008).
There are a number of perceptions of the concept of process within the business and
marketing literature. Some see processes as a means to achieve an outcome, for example – to
achieve a 30% market share a company implements a marketing planning process. However
in reality it is more about the customer interface between the business and consumer and how
they deal with each other in a series of steps in stages, i.e. throughout the process.

48
The Marketing Mix and the 4Ps of Marketing:
Understanding How to Position Your Market Offering:
How to use the 4P’s, with James Mankte low and Amy Carlson.
What is marketing?
The definition that many marketers learn as they start out in the industry is:
“Putting the right products in the right place, at the right price, at the right time.”
It's simple! You just need to create a product that a particular group of people want,
put it on sale some place that those same people visit regularly, and price it at a level which
matches the value they feel they get out of it; and do all that at a time they want to buy. Then
you've got it made!
There's a lot of truth in this idea. However, a lot of hard work needs to go into finding
out what customers want, and identifying where they do their shopping. Then you need to
figure out how to produce the item at a price that represents value to them, and get it all to
come together at the critical time.
But if you get just one element wrong, it can spell disaster. You could be left
promoting a car with amazing fuel-economy in a country where fuel is very cheap; or
publishing a textbook after the start of the new school year, or selling an item at a price that's
too high – or too low – to attract the people you're targeting.
The marketing mix is a good place to start when you are thinking through your plans
for a product or service, and it helps you avoid these kinds of mistakes.
Understanding the Tool:
The marketing mix and the 4Ps of marketing are often used as synonyms for each
other. In fact, they are not necessarily the same thing.
"Marketing mix" is a general phrase used to describe the different kinds of choices
organizations have to make in the whole process of bringing a product or service to market.
The 4Ps is one way – probably the best-known way – of defining the marketing mix,
and was first expressed in 1960 by E J McCarthy.
The 4Ps are:
 Product (or Service).
 Place.
 Price.
 Promotion.

49
 A good way to understand the 4Ps is by the questions that you need to ask to define
your marketing mix. Here are some questions that will help you understand and define each
of the four elements:
Product/Service
 What does the customer want from the product /service? What needs does it satisfy?
 What features does it have to meet these needs?
 Are there any features you've missed out?
 Are you including costly features that the customer won't actually use?
 How and where will the customer use it?
 What does it look like? How will customers experience it?
 What size(s), colour(s), and so on, should it be?
 What is it to be called?
 How is it branded?
 How is it differentiated versus your competitors?
 What is the most it can cost to provide, and still be sold sufficiently profitably? (See
also Price, below).
Place
 Where do buyers look for your product or service?
 If they look in a store, what kind? A specialist boutique or in a supermarket, or both?
Or online? Or direct, via a catalogue?
 How can you access the right distribution channels?
 Do you need to use a sales force? Or attend trade fairs? Or make online submissions?
Or send samples to catalogue companies?
 What do your competitors do, and how can you learn from that and/or differentiate?
Price
 What is the value of the product or service to the buyer?
 Are there established price points for products or services in this area?
 Is the customer price sensitive? Will a small decrease in price gain you extra market
share? Or will a small increase be indiscernible, and so gain you extra profit margin?
 What discounts should be offered to trade customers, or to other specific segments of
your market?
 How will your price compare with your competitors?
Promotion
50
  Where and when can you get across your marketing messages to your target market?
 Will you reach your audience by advertising online, in the press, or on TV, or radio, or
on billboards? By using direct marketing mail shot? Through PR? On the Internet?
 When is the best time to promote? Is there seasonality in the market? Are there any
wider environmental issues that suggest or dictate the timing of your market launch,
or the timing of subsequent promotions?
 How do your competitors do their promotions? And how does that influence your
choice of promotional activity?
Note
As the four Ps all need to be considered in relation to each other, it doesn't really
matter in what order you define them. This is why you may find them quoted in a different
order from the one used above. In particular, they're often referred to in the order "place,
price, product, promotion."
The 4Ps of marketing is just one of many lists that have been developed over the
years. And, whilst the questions we have listed above are key, they are just a subset of the
detailed probing that may be required to optimize your marketing mix.
Amongst the other models that have been developed over the years is Boom and
Bitner's 7Ps, sometimes called the extended marketing mix, which include the first 4Ps, plus
people, processes and physical layout decisions.
Another approach is Lauter boron’s 4Cs, which presents the elements of the marketing
mix from the buyer's, rather than the seller's, perspective. It is made up of Customer needs
and wants (the equivalent of product), Cost (price), Convenience (place) and Communication
(promotion). In this article, we focus on the 4Ps model as it is the most well-recognized, and
contains the core elements of a good marketing mix.
Using the 4Ps of Marketing
The model can be used to help you decide how to take a new offer to market. It can
also be used to test your existing marketing strategy. Whether you are considering a new or
existing offer, follow the steps below help you define and improve your marketing mix.
1. Start by identifying the product or service that you want to analyze.
2. Now go through and answer the 4Ps questions – as defined in detail above.
3. Try asking "why" and "what if" questions too, to challenge your offer. For example,
ask why your target audience needs a particular feature. What if you drop your price

51
 by 5%? What if you offer more colours? Why sell through wholesalers rather than
direct channels? What if you improve PR rather than rely on online advertising?
Tip
Check through your answers to make sure they are based on sound knowledge and
facts. If there are doubts about your assumptions , identify any market research , or
facts and figures that you may need to gather.
4. Once you have a well-defined marketing mix, try "testing" the overall offer from the
customer's perspective, by asking customer focused questions:
1. Does it meet their needs? (product)
2. Will they find it where they shop? (place)
3. Will they consider it's priced favourably? (price)
4. And will the marketing communications reach them? (promotion)
5. Keep on asking questions and making changes to your mix until you are satisfied that
you have optimized your marketing mix , given the information and facts and figures
you have available.
6. Review your marketing mix regularly, as some elements will need to change as the
product or service, and its market grow, mature and adapt in an ever-changing
competitive environment.
Key Points
The marketing mix helps you define the marketing elements for successfully positioning
your market offer.
One of the best known models is the 4Ps of Marketing, which helps you define your
marketing options in terms of product, place, price and promotion. Use the model when you
are planning a new venture, or evaluating an existing offer, to optimize the impact with your
target market.

52
 CHAPTER-5
DATA ANALYSIS
&
INTERPRETATIONS

53
 DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

1). Which brands of Chowdary Spinning Ltd you are aware of?

S.No. Option No. of Respondents Percentage (%)

1 Chowdary cones 16 16%

2 Chowdary cotton threads 28 28%
3 Chowdary yarn 20 20%
4 Cotton and Silk clothes 36 36%
Total 100 100%

INTERPRETATION:

The above table shows that, the 36% respondents accept cotton and silk clothes in Chowdary
spinning mill and 20% respondents accept Chowdary cotton yarn and cotton threads and 8%

54
respondent tells Chowdary cones. The Chowdary spinning mill should provide more cotton
and silk clothes more in market which available to customers easy to buy products.

55
2). How Retailing is done by Chowdary Spinning Ltd?

S. No. Option No. of Respondents Percentage (%)

1 Directly through Company Outlets 20 20%

2 Through Intermediary (Dealers) 80 80%

Total 100 100%

INTERPRETATION:

The above table shows that, the 80% respondents tell that the company use through
intermediates (dealers) to reach customers and 20% of respondents tell that the company uses
directly through company output. The company outgoing products through intermediaries
only main because the customers are need products footsteps. The company sales will me
more in this process only.

56
3). How many of you are satisfied with the delivery service of Chowdary Spinning Ltd?

S. No. Option No. of Respondents Percentage (%)

1 Yes 70 70%
2 No 30 30%
Total 100 100%

INTERPRETATION:

The above table shows that, 70% of respondents tell the company satisfies the delivery
levels and 30% of respondents tell that company not satisfies the delivery levels. The
company providing a proper channel of distribution to deliver the products. By using
effective utilization of transportation we can give satisfaction to the customers.

57
4). Which factor do you think drives the sales of Chowdary Spinning Ltd Products?

S.No. Option No. of Respondents Percentage (%)

1 Design 16 16%
2 Technology 50 50%
3 Packaging 20 20%
4 Convenience of use 6 6%
5 Quality 8 8%
Total 100 100%

INTERPRETATION:

The above table shows that, 50% respondents tell that the technology and 20% respondents
tell that packing style and 16% is design and 6% is convenience use of goods and 8% of

58
quality of goods. The technology plays a key role in the organization and packing will attract
the customer. The customers are loyal to buy a product by seeing the design of packing.

5). Which Promotional Activity of Chowdary Spinning Ltd helped dealers the most?

S.No. Option No. of Respondents Percentage

(%)
1 Special offers 20 20%
2 Advertisements 40 40%
3 Campaigns 20 20%
4 Leaflet and Posters 6 6%
5 Free Gifts 14 14%
Total 100 100%

INTERPRETATION:

The above table shows that, the 40% respondents accept the advertising is main and 20%
respondents accept the special offers and campaigns and 14% respondents accept free gifts

59
and 6% respondents accept leaflet and posters. The advertisement will play a key role in
market and create awareness to buy products. The campaigns and special offers will help to
us more.

60
6). Does Chowdary Spinning Ltd provide tailor made process facilities for dealers?

S. No. Option No. of Respondents Percentage (%)

1 Yes 70 70%
2 No 30 30%
Total 100 100%

INTERPRETATION:

The above table shows that, the 70% respondents tell that they provide tailor made process
facility and 30% respondents tells they are not providing tailor process. The company will
provide tailor made products to the customers in the market. The people are ready to buy new
varieties of products readymade which are easily available in market. The company
understanding the market conditions and should provide tailor made products.

61
 7). Does Chowdary Spinning Ltd takes feedback on product quality frequently?

S. No. Option No. of Respondents Percentage (%)

1 Yes 70 70%
2 No 30 30%
Total 100 100%

INTERPRETATION:

The above table shows that, the 70% respondents tell that they will take feedback on quality
of product from market and 30% respondents are not taking feedback on the quality of
products. Every company should take feedback on their products compulsory. The company
focuses on the quality of products and takes customer ideas on products.

62
8). What kind of pricing strategy is followed by Chowdary Spinning Ltd?

S.No. Option No. of Respondents Percentage (%)

1 Penetration Pricing 16 16%

2 Competitive Pricing 44 44%
3 Premium Pricing 14 14%
4 Optional Pricing 6 6%
5 Value Pricing 20 20%
Total 100 100%

63
INTERPRETATION:

The above table shows that, there are six pricing strategies the company follows. 44%
of respondents accept the competitive pricing and 20% tells value pricing and 16% is
penetration pricing and 14% premium pricing and 6% optional pricing. The company should
understand the market conditions and competitors. The competitive pricing useful to us buy a
product easily by customers because customers are price sensitive.

9). In which way the customers are selecting your product?

Opinions No. of respondents Percentage (%)

Quality 50 50
Services 20 20
Brand name 30 30

Total 100 100

INTERPRETATION:

64
In the above table 50% of customer selecting Chowdary Spinning Ltd products through
quality and 30% of people through brand name and remaining 20% are services. The
customers are preferred to buy quality products, which have a life time more. The people are
preferred a brand products in market which have high name on it.

10). Is the Chowdary Spinning Ltd providing any credit facility to the customers/dealers?

Opinions No. of respondents Percentage (%)

Yes 66 66
No 34 34

Total 100 100

INTERPRETATION:

65
In the above table shows that the 66% respondents tell that the company gives credit facility
and 34% of respondents tell that the company not gives credit facility. The Chowdary
spinning mills providing credit facilities to dealers/wholesalers with in a limited time period.
The company should provide credit facility according to transactions done by dealers by
taking surety. Mostly the company provides credit facility to regular dealers.

11). Which type of discounts the Chowdary Spinning Ltd offering?

Opinions No. of respondents Percentage (%)

Trade discount 54 54
Credit discount 46 46
Total 100 100

INTERPRETATION:

The above table shows that 54% of respondents tell that the company gives Trade discounts
and 46% of respondents tell that the company not giving any Credit discounts. The company
provides majorly trade discount only but not credit discount. The dealers who take bulk

66
products from a company will have more trade discount. Trading discount will have high
beneficiary to the dealers and wholesalers.

12). What is the time period given by the Chowdary Spinning Ltd to the buyers?

Opinions No. of respondents Percentage (%)

15 days 08 08
1 month 60 60
2 months 32 32
Total 100 100

INTERPRETATION:

The above table shows that the company gives 3 types of payment periods to the buyer 60%
of respondents tell the company gives 1 month period of the time and 32% of respondents tell
that the company gives 2 months period of time and 08% of respondents tell that the

67
company gives 15 days period of time. The company will give time period to pay the bills to
dealers and creditors.

13). Whether the Chowdary Spinning Ltd is doing any activities to motivate employees?

Opinions No. of respondents Percentage (%)

Yes 60 60
No 40 40
Total 100 100

INTERPRETATION:

The above table shows that the 60% of respondents tell the company motivates the channel
members and 40% of respondents tell that the company not motivates the channel members.
The company doing training activities and providing employees children fees facility to
study. The Chowdary spinning mills have their own planning to motivate their employees by
providing bonus to employees work performance analyzing.

68
14). Are you satisfied with Chowdary Spinning Ltd products?

Opinions No. Of respondents Percentage (%)

Yes 70 70
No 30 30
Total 100 100

INTERPRETATION:

The above table shows that the 70% of respondents tell that they satisfied the Chowdary
Spinning Ltd Products and 30% respondents tell that they do not satisfied the Chowdary
Spinning Ltd Products. Yes, customers are satisfied with the Chowdary spinning mills
products which are available in market. The different designs and models they are providing
with less price only.

69
15). Whether the Chowdary Spinning Ltd is adopting new technology?

Opinions No. of respondents Percentage (%)

Yes 35 35
No 65 65
Total 100 100

INTERPRETATION:

The above table shows that 35% of respondents tell that the Company adopts new technology
and 65% respondents tell the company not adopts new technology. By adopting new
technology the maintenance of products and employees become high in now days. The
adopting technology is not an easy process to an company by taking necessary actions we
should take care of machinery and technology.

70
16). In which way you know about the Chowdary Spinning Ltd products?

Opinions No. of respondents Percentage (%)

News papers 20 20
Advertisements 16 16
Pamphlets 20 20
Public relations 44 44

Total 100 100

INTERPRETATION:

The above table shows that 44% of respondents tell they reach the Chowdary Spinning Ltd
products through public relations and 20% news papers and pamphlets and 16% through
advertisements. The Chowdary spinning ltd have more public relations they interact with
customers more. They will have less price with high quality and brand to customers reach by
pamphlets nearby shops and colleges awareness of products directly.

71
 CHAPTER-6
FINDINGS, SUGGESTIONS &
CONCLUSION

FINDINGS

72
1. It was found that most of respondents select the products from Chowdary Spinning
Mills ltd, because of good quality.
2. Most of the respondents said that the company follows low pricing strategy.
3. Most of the respondent said that the company is doing activities to motivate the
distribution channel.
4. Most of the people satisfy the quality of the clothes which are coming from the
Chowdary Spinning Mills ltd products.
5. Chowdary Spinning Mills ltd started personal selling strategy to gain the profits in
sales.
6. Chowdary Spinning Mills ltd offering credit facility to the loyal customers on
personal selling.
7. Most of the customers are satisfied with the delivery time of Chowdary Spinning
Mills ltd.

SUGGESTIONS

73
1. I suggest the company to improve services to customers and then the company can
gain more loyal customers.
2. I suggest the company to adopt new pricing strategies like going rate pricing, demand
based pricing. along with the cost plus pricing strategy.
3. Chowdary Spinning Mills ltd needs to increase the advertising to attract the customers
more and more.
4. The company should provide the special offers to the dealers to gain the sales profit in
market.
5. Chowdary Spinning mill should start more personal selling showrooms to gain the
profits by giving some offers and discounts to the customers.
6. I suggest that company need to increase the payment period to the customers.

CONCLUSION
• Chowdary Spinning mill is using its brand name to promote its products & it‘s very
popular as compared to its competitors. Its price is high against its competitors but it
matches its quality with its competitors. Its packaging is good. We can easily find
Chowdary Spinning mill retailer shop is available. Due to its advertisement,
Chowdary Spinning mill attracts more customers & has very prosperous future if it
continues to promote its products and bring all the possible innovational aspects using
different product line strategies. It has always maintained the quality of its products.

74
 BIBLIOGRAPHY
Text Books:

 Philip Kotler, Gary Armstrong – “Principles of Marketing”, 12th Edition, Prentice

Hall of India Private Limited, New Delhi, 2008.

 V.S.Ramaswamy, S.Namakumari – “Marketing Management”, 4th Edition,

Macmillan Publishers India Limited, New Delhi, 2009.

 RajanSaxena – “Marketing Management”, 3rd Edition, Tata McGraw Hill Publishing

Company Limited, New Delhi, 2008.

75
Websites:
1. https://www.chowdaryspinners.com
2. corporatedir.com/company/Chowdary-spinners-limited
3. www.tuugo.in/Companies/chowdary-spinners/0150003153512
4. https://www.scribd.com/doc/45424959/Indian-Spinning-Industry
5. http://www.scribd.com/doc/45424959/Indian-Spinning-Industry#scribd
6. www.ynfx.com/pictures/companies/ chowdaryspinners.com.

ANNEXURE
76
 Questionnaire
1) Which brand of Chowdary Spinning Ltd you are aware of?
a) Chowdary yarn b) Chowdary cones
c) Chowdary Cotton threads d) Cotton and Silk clothes
2) How Retailing is done by Chowdary Spinning Ltd?
a) Directly through Company Outlets b) Through Intermediary (Dealers)
3) How many of you are satisfied with the delivery service of Chowdary Spinning Ltd?
a) Yes b) No
4) Which factor do you think drives the sales of Chowdary Spinning Ltd Products?
a) Design b) Technology

77
c) Packaging d) Convenience of use
e) Quality
5) Which Promotional Activity of Chowdary Spinning Ltd helped dealers the most?
a) Special offers b) Advertisements
c) Free Gifts d) campaigns
e) Leaflet and Posters
6) Does Chowdary Spinning Ltd provide tailor made process facilities for dealers?
a) Yes b) No
7) Does Chowdary Spinning Ltd takes feedback on product quality frequently?
a) Yes b) No
8) What kind of pricing strategy is followed by Chowdary Spinning Ltd?
a) Penetration Pricing b) Optional Pricing
c) Premium Pricing d) Competitive Pricing
e) Value Pricing f) Skimming Pricing
9) In which way the customers are selecting your product?
a) Quality b) Services c) Brand name
10) Is the Chowdary Spinning Ltd providing any credit facility to the customers/dealers?
a) Yes b) No
11) Which type of discounts the Chowdary Spinning Ltd offering?
a) Trade discount b) Credit discount
12) What is the time period given by the Chowdary Spinning Ltd to the buyers?
a) 15 days b) 1 month c) 2 months

13) Whether Chowdary Spinning Ltd is doing any activities to motivate employees?
a) Yes b) No
14) Are you satisfied with Chowdary Spinning Ltd products?
a) Yes b) No
15) Whether the Chowdary Spinning Ltd is adopting new technology?
a) Yes b) No
16) In which way you know about the Chowdary Spinning Ltd products?
a) News papers b) Advertisement
c) Pamphlets d) Public relations

78
79