FIRE & SAFETY EQUIPMENTS

MAINTENANCE

11/14/2017 1
 Important Definitions
 LOSS – Avoidable waste of any resource.

 HAZARD – A condition or practice with the potential for accidental loss.

 RISK- Combination of frequency /probability of occurrence and consequence of

a specified hazardous event.

 RISK EVALUATION – An assessment of probability and severity of result by

tools like : HAZOP , FTA, ETA, LOPA etc.
 HAZOP:
Hazards and Operability Analysis (hazards analysis technique for systems, hardware, procedures)
 FTA : Fault tree analysis
 ETA: event tree analys is.

 Lopa : layer of protection analysis .

• INCIDENT – An event which could have resulted in un intended harm or
damage.
11/14/2017 2
 ELEMENTS OF FIRE
• Three basic element must be present for a fire to occur i.e. Fuel ,
Heat and Oxygen. These three components form the fire triangle and
proper combination of these three items invariably result to a fire .

OXYGEN HEAT

FUEL
11/14/2017 3
 FIRE TETRAHEDRON
11/14/2017 4
The Fire Tetrahedron (A pyramid)
For many years the concept of fire was symbolized by the Triangle of
Combustion and represented, fuel, heat, and oxygen. Further fire
research determined that a fourth element, a chemical chain reaction,
was a necessary component of fire. The fire triangle was changed to a
fire tetrahedron to reflect this fourth element. A tetrahedron can be
described as a pyramid which is a solid having four plane faces.
Essentially all four elements must be present for fire to occur, fuel,
heat, oxygen, and a chemical chain reaction. Removal of any one of
these essential elements will result in the fire being extinguished.

The four elements are oxygen to sustain combustion, sufficient heat to

raise the material to its ignition temperature, fuel or combustible
material and subsequently an exothermic chemical chain reaction in
the material. Each of the four sides of the fire tetrahedron symbolise
the Fuel, Heat, Oxygen and Chemical Chain Reaction. Theoretically,
fire extinguishers
11/14/2017
put out fire by taking away one or more elements
5
of
the fire tetrahedron.
 FIRE TETRAHEDRON

11/14/2017 6
 Fire chemistry
The combustion process is usually associated with
the oxidation of a fuel in the presence of oxygen
with the emission of heat and light.
 Oxidation, in the strict chemical sense, means the
loss of electrons. For an oxidation reaction to
occur, a reducing agent the fuel, and an oxidizing
agent, usually oxygen must be present. As heat is
added, the ignition source, the fuel molecules and
oxygen molecules gain energy and become active.

11/14/2017 7
 Fire chemistry
This molecular energy is transferred to other fuel
and oxygen molecules which creates a chain
reaction. A reaction takes place where the fuel
looses electrons and the oxygen gains electrons.
 This exothermic electron transfer emits heat and/or
light. If the fire is in a fire grate/ or furnace we refer
to this process as a controlled fire, and it is a
building on fire we refer to this process as a
uncontrolled fire.

11/14/2017 8
 METHODS OF EXTINGUISHMENTS OF FIRE
1. STARVATION : ELIMINATION OF FUEL
2. SMOTHERING : LIMITING OF OXYGEN
3. COOLING : LIMITING TEMPERATURE
4. INHIBITION OF CHAIN REACTION
STARVATION : Removal / cut off the fuel supply.
SMOTHERING : Cut off the air / Oxygen
COOLING : Removal of heat / Temperature.
INHIBITION OF CHAIN REACTION: Removal of hydrogen and
hydroxyl radicals generated due to heat and oxidation

11/14/2017 9
 CLASSIFICATION OF FIRE
Class of Description Extinguishing Media
Fire

A Fires involving ordinary combustible materials Water

such as wood, paper, textiles etc
B Fires involving flammable liquids like oils, Foam Dry chemical
petroleum products, paints varnishes etc Powder Carbon
Dioxide, Halons./
AFFF
C Fires involving gaseous substances such as LPG, Dry Chemical Powder
Hydrogen etc. Carbon Dioxide
Halons
D Fires occurring in Combustible metals such as Special Dry Powders
Sodium, Potassium, Magnesium, Zinc etc. such as Ternary
Eutectic Chloride

F Involving Cooking oils

11/14/2017 10
 PROPERTIES OF PETROLEUM
FLASH POINT : is the minimum temperature at which liquid will give
sufficient vapour to combine with air to give a momentary flash on
application of a source of ignition.
FIRE POINT : is the lowest temperature at which the vapour of that fuel will continue
to burn for at least 5 seconds after ignition by an open flame. At the flashpoint, a
lower temperature, a substance will ignite briefly, but vapor might not be produced
at a rate to sustain the fire.
Fire point is higher than flash point.
AUTO IGNITION : The lowest temperature at liquid will cause self
sustained combustion without an external source of ignition.
HARZARDOUS AREA
An area will be deemed to be hazardous where:-
 Petroleum having flash point below 65oC or any flammable gas or vapor in
a concentration capable of ignition is likely to be present.
 Petroleum or any flammable liquid having flash point above 65oC is likely
to be refined, BLENDED or stored at above its flash point

11/14/2017 11
 PROPERTIES OF PETROLEUM
EXPLOSIVE LIMITS: These are the extreme
concentrations of a flammable vapour in air above and
below which propagation of flame will not occur.
 LOWER EXPLOSIVE LIMIT : The minimum
concentration of a particular combustible gas or vapor
necessary to support its combustion in air is defined as the
Lower Explosive Limit (LEL) for that gas. Below this level,
the mixture is too “lean” to burn.
 UPPER EXPLOSIVE LIMIT :The maximum concentration
of a gas or vapor that will burn in air is defined as the Upper
Explosive Limit (UEL). Above this level, the mixture is too
“rich” to burn. The range between the LEL and UEL is known
as11/14/2017
the flammable range for that gas or vapor. 12
 METHODS OF EXTINGUISHMENT

STARVATION : ELIMINATION OF FUEL

SMOTHERING: LIMITING OXYGEN SUPPLY

COOLING : REMOVAL OF HEAT

 INHIBITION OF CHAIN REACTION

11/14/2017 13
 STARVATION
The extinction of fire by starvation can be done in
following three ways
a)By removing combustible material from the neighbour hood
of fire.
b)By removing material on fire from the vicinity of combustible
Materials.
c)By subdividing the burning material into small sized fires.

Depressurizing system, shutting down the unit,

Closing the valves, re-routing the flow, pump out the vessel,
storage tanks
Dilution of burning material, covering , coating

11/14/2017 14
 SMOTHERING
 If the oxygen content of the atmosphere in the
immediate neighbourhood of the burning material
can be reduced, combustion will cease.
 The method involved is to prevent or impede the
access of fresh air to seat of fire and allow the
combustion to reduce oxygen content.
 Diluting the air by inert gas like co2,dcp,steam,
 Blanketing the fuel supply by gas tight barrier
like foam

11/14/2017 15
 COOLING
 The rate at which heat is dissipated is more than the
rate at which heat is generated the combustion
cannot persist.
 In applying the principle to fire extinction the first step is to
accelerate the speed with which the heat is removed from
the fire, thus reducing the temperature of the burning mass
and as a consequence the rate at which heat is produced. In
due course the rate at which heat is lost from fire exceeds the
rate of heat generation and the fire dies away
 METHODS:
 Direct- water jet, water vapourises, production of
steam
 Indirect-water fog, CO2, DCP

11/14/2017 16
 INHIBITION OF CHAIN REACTION
• The hydrogen and hydroxyl radicals i.e. the
chain carriers are to be prevented to react in
the flame front .
• It is the effective method in extinguishment of
burning hydrocarbons. This is the principle of
vapourising liquids

11/14/2017 17
 ACCESSORIES

 EXPLOSIMETER

 SPARK ARRESTOR

 PORTABLE FOAM APPLICATOR

 RESUSCITATION SET

11/14/2017 18
 BURNING CHARACTERISTICS OF HYDROCARBONS

BOIL OVER
The heat wave which develops in
crude oil or heavy oils, when it
comes in contact with water under
the oil surface causes the upper
layer of water to convert
immediately into steam causing
tremendous increase in volume. the
steam oil forth comes out as a wave
of burning oil out of the tanks &
then falls spreading even beyond the
dyke walls of the tank. this is called
the boil over.
11/14/2017 19
 BLEVE (BOILING LIQUID EXPANDING VAPOR EXPLOSION)

 This is a phenomenon which occurs when a vessel containing a

pressurized liquid substantially above its boiling point is ruptured,
releasing the contents explosively
 If a vessel partly filled with liquid with vapour above filling the
remainder of the container, is ruptured — for example, due to
corrosion,— the vapour portion may rapidly leak, lowering the
pressure inside the container.

11/14/2017 20
 BLEVE (BOILING LIQUID EXPANDING VAPOR EXPLOSION)

 This sudden drop in pressure inside the container causes violent

boiling of the liquid, which rapidly liberates large amounts of
vapour.
 The pressure of this vapour can be extremely high, causing a
significant wave of overpressure (an explosion) which may
completely destroy the storage vessel and project fragments over the
surrounding area

11/14/2017 21
 FIRE MANAGEMENT AT
PIPELINE INSTALLATION
11/14/2017 22
 TYPES OF FIRE PROTECTION
PASSIVE FIRE PROTECTION: is an integral
component of the three components of structural fire
protection and fire safety in a building. PFP attempts to
contain fires or slow the spread, through use of fire-
resistant walls, floors, and doors (amongst other
examples). PFP systems must comply with the
associated Listing and approval use and compliance in
order to provide the effectiveness expected by building
codes. It can be as:
 Fire proofing
 Dyke walls
 Proper layout
 Segregation of hazard
11/14/2017 23
 PASSIVE FIRE PROTECTION

 Fire seals in underground sewage

 Pressurization of enclosure
 Electric relay, fuses, circuit breakers
 Close system depressurisation
 Venting of process equipments & vessels
 Fire walls
 ELCB
 Safety valves

11/14/2017 24
 ACTIVE FIRE PROTECTION
 ACTIVE FIRE Protection: is an integral part
of fire protection. AFP is characterized by items
and/or systems, which require a certain amount of
motion and response in order to work, contrary
to passive fire protection.
 Fire suppression
 Sprinkler systems
 Fire detection
 Hypoxic air fire prevention
first aid fire fighting equipments.
mobile fire fighting equipments.
fixed fire fighting systems

11/14/2017 25
 FIRST AID FIRE FIGHTING EQUIPMENTS
1. Fire Extinguishers
 DCP fire extinguishers
 CO2 fire extinguishers
 Halon extinguishers
 Water base extinguishers
 Foam extinguishers (Protein Foam, Fluoroprotein Foam, Aqueous Film
Forming Foam (AFFF), Film Forming Fluoroprotein Foam (FFFP), Alcohol
Type AFFF, Alcohol Type FFFP, Expansion foam (Mid Expansion Foam and
High Expansion Foam. A

2. Hose Reels
3. Fire Blankets

11/14/2017 26
 MOBILE FIRE FIGHTING EQUIPMENTS
1. Fire Fighting Tenders
Foam tenders : 4 nos.
DCP tender : 1 no.
Foam Nurser : 2 nos.

2. MOBILE HVLRS –(HIGH

VOLUME LONG RANGE)
4000 GPM – 1 NO
750 GPM – 4 NOS.

3. Trailer Pumps:2 nos.:1800l

LPM
4. Fire Jeep – 2 NOS.

11/14/2017 27
 FIXED FIRE FIGHTING SYSTEMS
1. Fire water net work
2. Fire water booster pumps
3. Fire water storage
4. Fire hydrants.
5. Fire monitors
6. Foam pourers in storage tanks
7. High volume long range monitors
8. Elevated remote operated monitors
9. Automatic fire detection and extinguishing systems in tanks.
10. Local fire water booster pumps in new units.
11. Smoke detectors in buldings & sub stations.
12. Gas detectors in units.
11/14/2017 28
 FIXED FIRE FIGHTING SYSTEMS
13. Fire water sprinklers
14. CO2 flooding systems in gts
15. Clean agent base detection and
extinguishing system in new
control rooms.
16. Field alarm points –
17. Fire sirens
18. Fire call phone system
101 / 4333

11/14/2017 29
 GOALS OF LOSS CONTROL MANAGEMENT
1. IDENTITY ALL LOSS EXPOSURES.
 Planned inspections.
 Group meetings
 Accident investigations & reports.
2. EVALUATE THE RISK
 Hi-Risk identification
 Risk severity
 Frequency of exposure
 Probability of loss.
3. DEVELOP A PLAN
 Terminate
 Treat
 Transfer
 Tolerate
11/14/2017 30
GOALS OF LOSS CONTROL MANAGEMENT

4. IMPLEMENT THE PLAN

 Set standards
 Train employees
 Put plan to work
5. MONITOR THE PLAN
 Measure the performance
 Evaluate progress
 Review & revise

11/14/2017 31
 EXTINGUISHING MEDIA
Water

Foam

Dry chemical powder

Halon (been phased out)

Carbon
11/14/2017
dioxide 32
 FOAM
 It is considered to be the best extinguishing medium
for Class B fires.
 The foam is the mass of air bubbles formed by
aeration of foam solution made up of the water and
foam concentrate.
 The foam extinguishes the fire of liquid hydrocarbons
Insulating the surface of fuel. Prevent release of
vapours. Prevent mixing of vapour and atmospheric
oxygen forming a blanket
 The foam is classified in two types depending on the
method of generation
 i.e. chemical and mechanical foam
11/14/2017 33
 Aqueous film forming foam
Aqueous film forming foam - It is the most
commonly used synthetic foam in petroleum industries. It
has unique property of forming a film on the surface of
the liquid. It has low viscosity and surface tension. Hence
it floats on the surface of the liquid and spreads to cover
all the area. Even if the film is broken it has a
characteristic to bleed back which means it reseals the
surface due to which flashback is avoided. It has longer
shelf life of 15 years and excellent flashback resistance.
Effective knocking down property on spill fires.

11/14/2017 34
 FOAM SYSTEM
 Semi fixed foam pourer system :
Fixed piping network and mobile foam supply.

 Fixed foam pourer system :

Fixed piping network and fixed foam supply system.

 Mobile system :
Foam tender, Foam trolley, Foam tower.

11/14/2017 35
 FOAM POURER SYSTEM

Wind shield

4”  Foam pourer

Dam width
Foam maker

Floating roof

11/14/2017
Foam seal 36
 PORTABLE FIRE EXTINGUISHERS
 Every fire is small when it starts. At incipient
stage fire is small and heat and smoke released
is also considerably less. Hence it is easy to
extinguish fire at incipient stage
 Fire extinguishers have limited quantity of
extinguishing media, limited range and limited
duration, hence meant for tackling the fire at its
inception. Thus they are called as first aid fire
fighting equipment.

11/14/2017 37
 DRY CHEMICAL POWDER EXTINGUISHER

This extinguisher is Suitable

for Class B,C and
electrical fires.
Construction:
Cylindrical body made up
of sheet metal.It is fitted
with syphon tube. The
cap of the extinguisher
fitted with piercing
assembly. An
arrangement to hold the
CO2 cartridge.
11/14/2017 38
 DRY CHEMICAL POWDER EXTINGUISHER

 Inner container with tapering end having holes to

discharge the gas.
 Syphon tube connected to high pressure discharge
hose fitted with squeeze grip nozzle.
Charge:
 Dry chemical powder Sodium or Potassium
bicarbonate treated with Magnesium stearate or
silicones to prevent powder from caking and
moisture absorption. It enhances the free flowing
characteristics of powder.

11/14/2017 39
 DRY CHEMICAL POWDER
The dry chemical powder is used to extinguish
the Class B and Class C fires. The DCP for
Class A fires is also available and for Class
D fires special dry chemical is used.
The most commonly used DCP are
1. Sodium Bicarbonate.
2. Potassium Bicarbonate.
3. Monoammonium Phosphate. It also called
as ABC powder as it can be used on Class
A, B, C fires.
11/14/2017 40
 75/50 Kg DCP Extinguisher
 This extinguisher is similar to that of 10 Kg.
Capacity except it is bigger in size and is wheel
mounted.
 The expellant CO2 gas is stored in a separate
cylinder fitted with the extinguisher body. This
arrangement makes slight a changes in
operation and the construction of cap
assembly.

11/14/2017 41
11/14/2017 42
 CARBON DIOXIDE TYPE FIRE EXTINGUISHER
This type of extinguisher is
suitable for Class B, Class
C fires. The fire is put off
by following action.
 Smothering of fire by
displacement of oxygen
 Cooling effect due to rapid
physical change. Liquid
CO2 when converted to
gas has an expansion ratio
of 1:450 and it is this high
expansion ratio brings the
cooling effect.

11/14/2017 43
 CARBON DIOXIDE TYPE FIRE EXTINGUISHER
 Since CO2 is non conductor of electricity it can be used in
electrical fires. The clean extinguishing property makes it
suitable for use on sophisticated electrical and electronic
equipments.
 Construction: It consists of pressure container made of steel, a
valve for releasing CO2 , with locking safety pin and
discharge tube with horn for an effective application of CO2 on
fire. The container is charged with CO2 in liquid form, stored
at pressure of 51 Kg/ cm2.

11/14/2017 44
 Schematic layout of Conventional
detection system

Zone-1 S P S

Control Panel
Zone-2 T S P

Zone-3 S T P

S - Smoke
T - Heat
H P - Manual call point
H- Hooter
H
11/14/2017 45
 Schematic layout of Analog
addressable detection system

Loop S P S

Central Panel
C S P

C T P

C - Controller
S - Smoke
Computer H T - Heat
P - Manual call point
11/14/2017
H- Hooter 46
 USE OF PPEs
 Hand and Arm Protection-- It becomes necessary to
protect hand and arm when workers have to handle materials
having sharp edges, hot and molten metals corrosive
substances etc. PPE available are :
Hand gloves, gauntlets, wrist, sleeves, hand pad etc.
Rubber hand gloves are used when acid, alkali, and other
corrosive substances, oil or grease are handled. Leather
gloves are used during welding operations and while
handling metal sheets and sharp objects.
 Foot and leg protection -- To protect foot from falling of
heavy materials , splash of molten metals, Striking against
hard object.
 Safety shoe, Gumboot are common protective Equipments.
Safety shoe with steel toe cap prevent from falling objects.
Gumboots prevent from electric shock, hot liquids, moisture,
acids alkalies etc.
11/14/2017 47
 FIRE PROXIMITY SUIT
These suits are used during fire fighting
operations . Proximity suit is used to approach
the fire from the nearest possible distance. It has
capability to reflect 95% of the heat by the reflecting
surface. It can be used in the vicinity of temperature
of around 1000oC. It should not be used to enter in
the fire.

11/14/2017 48
11/14/2017 49
 Safety Belt
 As per The Factories Act 1948, any person
working at height of more than 2 metres is required
to wear the safety belt.
 It consists of leather belt of 3 inches in width tied
with ‘D’ ring at the back of fastening a rope.
 While working, safety belt should be worn with
rope, one end fastened to ‘D’ ring and other to a
fixed structure.

11/14/2017 50
 WATER GEL BLANKET
 It is a life saving cum fire fighting device. It contains Gel which
is basically de-ionized water as a base (97%) and rest 3% is
Glycerine, Keglum etc. The blanket in which the Gel is soaked
is a woolen blanket having intracellular weave which enables
easy absorption of gel. The blanket is capable of absorbing gel
13 times of its own weight.
 Use :
 First Aid – Place the victim on the ground, wrap the blanket
around him. Mold the body and leave the victim wrapped in the
blanket till the medical is sought. It is very effective in the
primary emergency treatment of burns. It brings relief to
damaged tissues, reduces pain and prevents possible external
contamination/infection of burn areas.
 For fire fighting place the blanket over the source of the flame.
 Shelf life of the WGB is 3 yrs for first aid medical use and 5 yrs
for fire fighting. Do not use the blanket on burn victims if the
bag inside is found open.
11/14/2017 51
 WATER JEL BLANKET AND RESUSCITATION SET
14/2017

52
 Noise Protection & BA sets
Noise protection : The protective Equipments used are earmuffs
and earplugs.
 Ear muffs consists of a plastic cup with a cushion material
made up of foam rubber. It covers external to give protection
from high noise level such as 130 db to 135 db.
 Ear plugs are inserted in ear and give protection from noise
levels of 115 db to 120 db.
BA sets:
 Fire fighters, Rescuers often require to work in oxygen
deficient, toxic atmospheres. To survive in such atmospheres
they must be given an equipment ensuring adequate protection
and supply of air throughout the operation. Hence the Breathing
Apparatus sets are used.

11/14/2017 53
 DAMAGE TO THE HOSE
Abrasion : Abrasion of the hose is caused by :
 Dragging of charged/ dry hose.
Allowing the vehicles to pass over when laid out.
To prevent the abrasion the hose should never be
dragged and no vehicle allowed to pass over it.

 Mildew : It is a type of fungus which is formed due to

dampness, stagnant air, temperature and food for the
fungus to exist. To prevent mildew the hose should be
properly dried, stored in well ventilated places not directly
under sunlight. A moisture absorbing powder is applied to
inner coating of the hose to be kept for a long time.
 Shock : Rough handling of hoses and throwing are main
causes of Shock. Sudden opening of delivery also causes
shock.
11/14/2017 54
 Precautions to minimize the wear and tear of the hoses
 Hoses should never be dragged.
 Kinks should be avoided while laying the hose.
 Remove last traces of water by properly draining the water
from the hose.
 Charged hoses laid across a road should be protected by
hose ramps.
 Where hoses are required to cross walls, parapets or sharp
corners padding should be provided by gunny bags or similar
material.
 Charged hoses should never be allowed to kink to prevent
damage.
 Hose coupling should never be dropped on the ground.
The people should be careful of the jet reaction of fire hoses
which may result in serious injury if proper attention is not
paid.
11/14/2017 55
 Hose Fitting and Accessories
 Nozzles : Various types of nozzles are
used for fighting the fire depending upon
the requirement.

Jet Nozzle : It delivers straight jet of water

used for tackling the ordinary class A fires.

11/14/2017 56
 For pipeline installations
For pipeline installations, the portable extinguisher shall
be provided as per the list, suitably amended along with
following additions:-

 Main line pump shed (Engine/Motor Driven):

1 No. 75 Kg DCP, 10 Kg DCP & 6.8 Kg CO2 extinguishers
per two pumps up to a maximum of 4 nos.

 Booster Pump : 1 N o. 10 Kg DCP per two pumps up

to a maximum of 3 nos. and 1 No. 6.8 Kg CO2

11/14/2017 57
 For pipeline installations
 Sump Pump / Trans mix Pump & Oil Water Separator Pump :
1 No. 10 Kg DCP extinguisher.
 Scrapper Barrel : 1 No. 10 Kg DCP extinguisher.
 Control Room : 2 Nos. 2.5 Kg Clean Agent and 1 No. 4.5 Kg CO2
extinguisher.
 UHF / Radio Room : 2 N o s. 2.5 Kg Clean Agent and 1 No. 4.5
Kg CO2 extinguisher.
 Meter Prover/Separator Filter : 1 No. 10 Kg DCP extinguisher.
 Repeater Station :1 No. 10 Kg DCP & 1 No. 2 Kg CO2
extinguisher.
 Mainline Emergency Equipment Centre : 4 Nos. 10 Kg DCP & 2
Nos. 2 Kg CO2 extinguishers.
 Air Compressor : 1 No. 2 Kg CO2 & 1 No. 5 Kg DCP
extinguisher.
11/14/2017 58
 For pipeline installations

Accessories
The following minimum no. of Personal Protective Equipment, First
Aid Equipment & Safety
 Instrument shall be provided as indicated against each item.
 Sand drum with scoop: 4 Nos.
 Safety helmet: 1 No. per person.
 Stretcher with blanket: 2 Nos.
 First Aid box: 1 No.

11/14/2017 59
 For pipeline installations

 Rubber hand glove: 2 Pairs.

 Explosimeter : 1 No.
 Fire proximity suit: 1 Suit.
 Resuscitator: 1 No.
 Electrical siren (3 Km range): 1 No. Hand operated siren: One
each at strategic locations such as Admn Bldg, Laboratory, T/L
Loading/Unloading Facility, T/W Loading/Unloading Facility,
Tank Farm, FW Pump House & Product Pump House (s).
 Water jel blanket: 1 No.
 Red & Green flag for fire drill: 2 Nos. in each color.
 SCBA Set (30 minute capacity): 1 set with spare cylinder.
11/14/2017 60
 For pipeline installations
 PA system - 1 No.
 Hose box: Between two hydrant points: Fire hose: 2 Nos. per
hose box.
 Jet nozzle: 1 No. in each hose box.
The above guidelines are minimum requirement of each item
and can be increased depending on the scale of operations/size of
installation or requirement of Local Statutory Bodies/State
Govt.
A trolley containing Fire Proximity Suit, B. A. Set, Water Jel
Blanket, Resuscitator, First Aid Box, Stretcher with blanket,
Spare fire hoses, Special purpose nozzles, Foam branch pipes,
Explosive meter, P. A. System shall be readily available at the
location and positioned to have easy access to it during
emergency situation.
11/14/2017 61
 ACCESSORIES AS PER OISD-117

ITEMS QUANTITY
• Sand Scoops 4 Nos.
• Safety helmets 8 Nos.
• Water curtain nozzles 2 Nos.
• Stretcher 1 No.
• First Aid Box with Anti snake serum 1 No.
• Rubber hand gloves for electrical jobs 3 Nos.
• Explosimeter 1 No.
• Fire Proximity suit 1 No.

11/14/2017 62
 • ITEMS QUANTITY
• Rescuscitator 2 Nos.
• Electrical siren (3 Km range) 1 No.
• Hand operated siren 1 No.
• Water jel blanket 1 No.
• Red/Green flag for fire drill 1 No.

•Positive Pressure type self contained breathing

apparatus with spare cylinder (30 minutes) 1
No.

11/14/2017 63
FIRE PROTECTION FACILITIES REQUIRED FOR
PETROLEUM DEPOTS, TERMINALS & PIPELINES
INSTALLATIONS AS PER OISD-117
Provisions:
 Fire water system
 Foam system
 Halon system
 First aid fire fighting equipment
 Mobile fire fighting equipment
 Fire alarm/ communication system
 Fire water pond(s)/above ground tanks for storage of water for f/f
 Engine&/motor driven f/f pumps, jocky pumps-for keeping the line
pressurised
 Fire water network with fire hydrants & monitors
 Portable fire extinguisher
 Automatic fire detection and alarm system
 F/F/ accessories like hoses, branches, nozzles, portable monitors, foam
branches etc
11/14/2017 64
 FIRE PROTECTION FACILITIES IN
PIPELINE INSTALLATION

 Fixed or semifixed foam pourer system for storage tank

 Water spray system for cooling tanks
 Water curtain for control building
 Total foam flooding system for mainline pumps
 CO2 total flooding system for control room, cable galleries etc
 CO2 flooding system in repeater stations

11/14/2017 65
11/14/2017 66
11/14/2017 67
11/14/2017 68
 Foam making Branch
In tackling oil fire with foam, a rapid rate of delivery of foam is of
great advantage. FB 5x is used to fight the oil fires.
 Dividing breaching : It divides one length of hose delivering
water into two .
 Collecting Breaching : It is used for the collecting water from two
hoses and delivers into one when the demand of water is more.
 Water curtain : It is a plate welded to the male coupling. When the
hose is connected it gives a curtain of water, used mainly for the
protection of fire fighters from heat radiation.

11/14/2017 69
 •

Deluge valve, foam maker,water monitor,

bladder tank
11/14/2017 70
Fog nozzle: These nozzles are capable of
delivering the water in atomized form for best
water dispersion the recommended pressure
should be more than 5 Kg/cm2. It is effective for-

Cooling of hot vapours and preventing ignition.

 Cooling of low flash oils fires and reduce their
intensity.
 Protecting the equipment preventing secondary fire
and spread of fire.
Dispersing vapour and preventing their ignition from
nearby source of ignition

11/14/2017 71
 Universal type branch
This branch can give a jet and spray the delivery of the water can be
shut off. The jet is used for tackling ordinary class A fires. The spray is
used for the purpose as:
a. Dispersing the vapours.
b. Cooling the equipments/ area to prevent to spread of fire.
c. Providing the water curtain to fire fighters against heat radiation.
d. Extinguishing Class A fires and fires involving high flash points
products.

11/14/2017 72
SPRINKLER SYSTEM
Sprinkler nozzle

12 “ FW line

8” line
6” line
Non return valve.

8” Gate valve.
11/14/2017 73
11/14/2017 74
 Sprinkler nozzles
11/14/2017 75
 SPRINKLER NOZZLE (Brass/ SS)

Deflector

Deflector pin

Housing

Orifice size= 9mm

K factor=51 = Nozzle constant in metric . Spray angle = 120 deg.
Q=K.(Sq.
11/14/2017 Root of P) 76
 Typical Rimseal Cylinder Assembly

11/14/2017 77
11/14/2017 78
 CODES AND STANDARDS
 OISD- 117, 118, 105, 142

 NFPA guidelines

 TAC guidelines

 BIS CODES- for f/f equipments / accessories procurement

 FACTORY ACT

 CCE GUIDELINES

11/14/2017 79
11/14/2017 80
 No work is so urgent
&
No work is so important that

You cannot take time

to perform it safely.

11/14/2017 81
11/14/2017 82